NSTP

Monday, October 3, 2022 9:43 PM

DECISION MAKING AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP

• DECISION MAKING - An act of making up your mind about something as
objectively as possible, as timely as possible, and as necessary.
○ Example of a decision making model;
1. STATE THE PROBLEM/ CONSTRAINTS IDENTIFYING THE REAL
PROBLEM
□ Identify the problem separate from its symptoms.
□ Do not attack the symptoms; uncover the cause of the
symptoms.
2. IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVES AND LIMITING FACTORS
□ The Limiting Factors - Information, time, personal,
equipment, and supplies make the best alternatives in
view of the limitations of the resources available.
3. EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES
□ Evaluation of Alternatives - FEASIBILITY, EFFECTIVENESS,
CONSEQUENCES
4. MAKE A DECISION ON THE SOLUTION
□ DECIDE
 SELECT THE BEST ALTERNATIVE
 HIGHEST PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS
5. IMPLEMENT DECIDED SOLUTION
□ IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECISION
 Everyone involved with the decision must know
their role/part in ensuring successful outcomes.
○ WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT INVOLVEMENT IN DECISIONS?
▪ The Plop
Group makes a decision by not making a decision.
▪ The One - Person Decision
Quickly made, but later when the decider depends on
free or voluntary support to implement it.
▪ The Handclasp
One person makes a suggestion and matter is decided
without further discussion.
▪ The Clique
This decision is made by a small group who plan
beforehand to get their way.
▪ Minority
These decisions are agreed by a few powerful
personalities
▪ Majority Vote
These decisions are agreed by a most number of the
member.
▪ Silent Consensus
Assumes unanimous decisions.
▪ Consensus
An agreement involving compromise or the combination
of various possibilities, after all opinions have been
heard.
○ Difficulties in Decision Making
▪ FEAR OF CONSEQUENCES
□ Possible outcome of an impending decision may bring
division and disagreement.
▪ CONFLICTING LOYALTIES
□ When one person is a member of a number of groups,
this frequently leads to divided loyalties about decisions.
▪ INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT
□ Personal differences occur which provokes feelings of
affection or dislike among members and which interfere
with sound decision making.
▪ HIDDEN AGENDA
□ One person may try to get the group to make a certain
decision, which he wants for reasons which he will not
share with the group.
▪ BLUNDERING METHODS
□ A group may be so bound by rigid procedures that there
is the ability to inspire or influence others towards the leader's goal
• Leader - the person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country.
• Good Leadership
○ UNWAVERING COMMITMENT - (John 10.11) The good shepherd lays his life
for the sheep.
○ UNQUESTIONED FAMILIARITY - (John 10:3-4) He calls his own sheep by name
and leads them out … his sheep follow him because they know his voice.
○ UNSHAKABLE PRIORITIES - (John 21:16) take care of my sheep.
• Concepts of Leadership
○ Intelligence
○ People skills
○ Decisiveness
○ Creativity
○ Competency
○ Trustworthiness
• AWARENESS OF FOLLOWERS’ NEEDS
○ For members to perform maximum effectiveness, leaders should see to it that
their basic needs are met
• PROVIDE STABILITY
○ Clarifies direction and goals so those who follow can support and contribute
to the mission
• Pointers on Becoming a Good Leader
○ Leaders are what people desire and expect.
▪ Motivate people to get involved
▪ Negotiate a compromise in conflict
▪ Identify a correct course of action to take
▪ Decide with the best interest of the people even if it is not popular
▪ Train and develop other leaders to help
○ Lead like parents
▪ Empower members to members to follow their natural “bend”
▪ Addressing the needs of the members is top priority
▪ Leaders leave a legacy by preparing future leaders
• Leader - member relationship
○ Slaves, obey your earthly masters with respect and fear, and with serenity of
heart, just you would obey Christ.
○ Obey them not only to win their favor when their eyes are on, but like slaves
of Christ, doing the will of God from your heart.
○ Serve whole heartedly, as if you are serving the Lord and masters, treat your
slaves the same way. Do not threaten them, since you know that he who is
both their master and yours in heaven, and there is no favoritism with him
• Lao Tzu
○ “But as for the best leaders, the people hardly notice their existence, the next
best, the people honor and praise, the next, the people fear, the next, the
people hate. But when the best leader’s work is done, the people say, “WE
DID IT OURSELVES”.
PEACE EDUCATION
The process of acquiring the values, the knowledge and developing the attitudes, skills, and behaviors to
live in harmony with oneself, with others, and with the natural environment
• Peace education should be based on unchanging principles and shared values.
• Such principles and values are often expressed in a nation’s founding documents. 
• This peace education module draws on the Preamble to the Philippine Constitution and the
national motto: Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Maka-Kalikasan at Maka-Bansa.
• Unchanging principles ultimately relate with the transcendent, intangible, spiritual dimensions of
life.
• Such principles are the necessary foundation for shared values and an ethical society.
• References to the Creator God are in no way intended as religious or sectarian in character
• Core vision: We are all part of one family under God.
• All people belong to the one global human family.
• We share a common origin – the Creator God.
DISMANTLING THE CULTURE OF WAR and VIOLENCE
• If we see others as threats, as foreign, as different from or less than us, we may do violence to
them.
• To change this culture of war and violence requires a strong sense of our common humanity.
CULTIVATING INNER PEACE
• Inner peace requires a clear sense of self-value and identity.
• Inner peace is the starting point for peace in the family, community, and world.
LIVING WITH JUSTICE AND COMPASSION
• When we see, others are fundamentally connected to us as part of the one human family, we are

MIDTERMS Page 1
 □ One person may try to get the group to make a certain
decision, which he wants for reasons which he will not
share with the group.
▪ BLUNDERING METHODS
□ A group may be so bound by rigid procedures that there
is little chance for a free expression of differences.
▪ INADEQUATE LEADERSHIP
□ May hinder good decision-making if he restricts the
expression of opinion or discussion on issues too soon.
▪ Clash of interest
□ Different groups or individuals within an organization
have opposing interest.
○ Conflict - It is a sharp disagreement or clash of ideas, interest, etc.
○ Conflict Management - Practice of identifying and handling conflict
in a sensible, fair, and efficient manner.
▪ SKILLS NEEDED IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
□ SKILLS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
□ PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS
□ NEGOTIATION SKILLS
▪ COMMON CAUSES OF CONFLICT
□ SCARCITY OF RESOURCES
□ DIFFERENT ATTITUDES, VALUES, AND PERCEPTION
□ DISAGREEMENT ABOUT NEEDS, GOALS, AND PRIORITIES
□ POOR COMMUNICATION
□ INADEQUATE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
□ LACK OF TEAMWORK
□ LACK OF CLARITY IN ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
▪ TECHNIQUES OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
1. COMPETING
2. COMPROMISING
3. ACCOMMODATING
4. AVOIDING
5. COLLABORATING
NATIONAL SECURITY
• a state or condition where our most cherished values and beliefs, our
democratic way of life, our institutions of governance, and our unity,
welfare, and well -being as a nation and the people are permanently
protected and continuously enhanced
ELEMENTS OF NATIORNAL SECURITY
• MILITARY SECURITY
○ capability of the nation to defend itself on its military force
• POLITICAL SECURITY
○ system of a state, political importance including tribes, minorities,
stability of social order (no more graft and corruption
• ECONOMIC SECURITY
○ implement policies to develop the nation’s economy such as
international trade relations; no economic sabotage such as money
laundering, smuggling
• ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
○ climate change; severe calamities that resulted in food shortage
• SECURITY OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
○ availability of natural resources such as water, land, minerals,
sources of energy
• NATIONAL SECURITY OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOM
○ preservation of the State and the rights and freedom of every
individual; role of authority in matters of civil and human rights
Article II (Declaration of Principles and State Policies Principles) sec 3 of the
1987 Philippine Constitution states that…
○ Civilian authority is, at all times, supreme over the military.
○ The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people
and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and
the integrity of the national territory
MIDTERMS Page 2
CULTIVATING INNER PEACE
• Inner peace requires a clear sense of self-value and identity.
• Inner peace is the starting point for peace in the family, community, and world.
LIVING WITH JUSTICE AND COMPASSION
• When we see, others are fundamentally connected to us as part of the one human family, we are
naturally inclined to treat them with compassion.
• When we understand the source of rights for all people, we can be more motivated to promote
justice for all
Promoting Human Rights and Responsibilities
• Essential human rights are endowed to all people by the Creator.
• Therefore, human rights are universal, and should be protected (but are not given) by
governments.
LIVING IN HARMONY WITH THE EARTH
• The earth is the home for the entire human family.
• Just as we want to create a good environment for our immediate families by caring for our homes,
so too, understanding the earth as the home of our global human family encourages living in
harmony with the environment.
Building Intercultural Respect, Reconciliation and Solidarity
• We are one family under God.
• Creating a culture that practices this vision will naturally build respect,
reconciliation and solidarity among all people.
Our Common Identity: Conflict Resolution and Peace-Building
My identity as an individual and as part of a group
• Every day, your identity, who you uniquely are, is expressed and shared with others. When you
introduce yourself to another, you share your identity with them: "hello, I'm Juan." You also seek
to know the identities of others: "and your name is?" It is the first thing we want to share and the
first thing we want to receive when we meet others. Thus, we can say, knowing who you are, and
what is your identity, is important in connecting with others in a meaningful way.
Group identity and conflict
• Your peers affect your identity. If we want to have friends, we often try to accommodate and
reflect on their tastes and habits. You tend to gravitate toward those who like you, who think you
are a "cool" person. By the same token, you avoid people that dislike you or are critical of you.
Your peers can affect your identity and your sense of inner peace. You want people to like you
because that validates you and makes you feel good; it gives you a sense of belonging and a
positive identity.
Group identity and conflict
• The groups we belong to also shape our identity. We are all social beings, and being part of a
group – my nationality, my ethnic group, my religion, etc. - gives us a strong sense of belonging.
But sometimes seeing yourself only within a group definition is limiting and constraining. There is
a deeper sense within every person that tells us we are something more essential than the
limited, temporary, changing identity provided by the group
Finding the source of unchanging identity
• Some people seek happiness and inner peace by merely surrounding themselves with people who
admire them. They try to maintain acceptable behavior within that defined group. Yet, somehow,
this is not enough to bring a lasting sense of positive identity, fulfillment, and inner peace.
• Generally, people may feel insecure about their identity when surrounded by others unfamiliar to
them. In such circumstances, we tend to be guarded and reserved. It shows how much we can be
dependent on others for our own sense of security and well-being.
Conflict
• That is why conflict can easily result when we are confronted by others who aggressively
challenge our identity by name-calling, or by projecting negative and angry emotions toward us.If I
lack confidence in my own identity, I may get the wrong impression that others can negate my
inner sense of self and impose their negative concept of who I am. Why do we believe them? Why
do we grant them such illegitimate power?
• Sometimes conflict can arise from a sense of the special identity provided by the group.It is a
common occurrence that often leads to a “US vs. THEM” mentality where we may then define our
group identity as opposed to others. This mindset is often the prelude to violence and conflict. 
• But those who have had the most impact on others and have even changed the course of history
were men and women who displayed a firm inner sense of their identity and purpose. They were
able to step outside the “comfort zone” of their identity group and stand up for principles that
benefit all.
The role of the family in shaping my identity 
• Therefore, to find this firm foundation of our identity, we must consider a simple yet profound
truth: we did not create ourselves. We did not choose to be born nor did we choose our parents.
Thus, the search for the true self begins with our parents, our conception, and our birth. Likewise,
we did not choose our brothers and sisters, aunts, uncles, or cousins. Thus, family identity is an
important foundation of unchanging quality. Friends and associates, fashion, fads, and social
norms all change over time, but your family is forever.
• A person is supported within the family; it is through love that one's identity is nurtured toward
goodness.
• Through being loved, one discovers a true human identity not only for the self but for all
humanity. That is why people raised in loving families more naturally recognize the value of others
and tend to live unselfishly. They are more able to sense the love that links them to their other
family members. Thus, the common interests among brothers and sisters mold them into a
cohesive unit, and they naturally care for and protect each other. It is an important pattern for
successful living.
Our common origin
• In order for people to get to know one another, they must share something in common.
Otherwise, they will feel awkward and not open. This is why when we try to get to know someone,
we start the conversation with simple subjects such as sports, weather, or hometown. We search
for a general common base that can draw us together.
Making a common base for a relationship
• This is the value of discovering that not only do we have simple things in common, but we all
share very important elements of human life, as well. We all share in the fact that we are spiritual
beings whose origin is in the same God. This profound truth means that, because we share this
deepest essence, we can engage in the most genuine trusting, loving relationships of common
 ○ The Armed Forces of the Philippines is the protector of the people
and the State. Its goal is to secure the sovereignty of the State and
the integrity of the national territory
EXTERNAL THREATS
Our common path to peace
The Philippines had two territorial disputes in 1991 that had national security
implications.
1ST TERRITORIAL DISPUTE:
• Kalayaan Group of Islands (Spratly Islands)
○ located in a shallow section of the South China Sea west of the
Philippine archipelago,
○ it is a rich fishing area that had been identified as a potential
source of petroleum deposits.
○ Claimed by China, Vietnam, Taiwan, and Malaysia
Making a common base for a relationship
• This is the value of discovering that not only do we have simple things in common, but we all
share very important elements of human life, as well. We all share in the fact that we are spiritual
beings whose origin is in the same God. This profound truth means that, because we share this
deepest essence, we can engage in the most genuine trusting, loving relationships of common
benefit. When we recognize this fact, we automatically understand that everyone, no matter what
their racial, social, cultural, or religious background, is deserving of justice and compassion.
• Our common identity as one family under God can inform our approach to conflict resolution and
peace-building. Instead of the “us vs. them” dynamic, we can choose to address disagreements
and conflicts by seeking mutual benefit for all.
• That is the ideal of One Family Under God. It is not just a happy slogan, but rather, the way things
should be. Therefore, even more, than being of a race, religion, nationality, or family identity, and
certainly before the changing definitions of the modern media-driven culture, we are one family
under God.
• Our core true human identity is that of a member of the human family with each person, an equal
member deserving of love, honor, and respect. Therefore, having respect for other cultures,
finding a heart to reconcile past conflicts, and building the solidarity of One Family Under God is
the duty of good citizenship.

2ND TERRITOTIAL DISPUTE

• involves the Malaysian state of Sabah in northern Borneo.
• SABAH
○ The Philippines established diplomatic relations with Malaysia but
then immediately broke relations over the Sabah Issue and did not
reestablish them until 1969.
○ Marcos publicly renounced the claim to Sabah in 1977, but
Malaysia insisted that the total renunciation required a
constitutional amendment

INTERNAL THREATS

• Moro Islamic Liberation Front

○ The main internal threat arises from the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF) which, in open rebellion against the government
○ Has the avowed objective of establishing an independent Islamic
state in the Southern Philippines. (Mindanao)
• Organize Crime (Illegal Drugs)
○ Is a national security concern.
○ The challenge of illegal drugs, in particular, has grown into a major
threat to the national community.
○ Of the 42,979 barangays nationwide, about 12 percent are affected
in varying degrees
• Grave Incidence of Poverty
○ is also a serious threat to national security. Especially to the extent
that it breeds and abets rebellion, crime, and dissidence.
○ Poverty incidence affects about one-third of Filipino families
nationwide.
• Economic Sabotage
○ undermines the market economy, the financial system, and the
nation’s resources.
○ Under this category are underground activities such as:
▪ Counterfeiting
▪ money laundering
▪ Large-scale smuggling
▪ inter-oceanic poaching
▪ commercial dumping.
• Graft and Corruption
○ has become another threat to our national security by virtue of the
huge scale by which it saps public resources, undermines the
morale of the civil service, and affects the delivery of quality basic
services.
• Severe Calamities
○ cause severe food shortage, abet hoarding, and profiteering and
cause hunger, disease, and deprivation.
• Persistent Environment Degradation
○ poses a long-term security threat.
○ The attrition of forests and watersheds, air-land-water pollution,
and the proliferation of toxic substances are a cause of sickness,
death, and the diminution of national productivity and well-being

MIDTERMS Page 3