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Chapter 2
Perceiving the Self and Others
CHAPTER OUTCOMES
• Describe how our personal perspective on the world influences our communication
• Explain how we use and misuse schemas when communicating with others
• Define the attributions we use to explain behavior
• Describe cultural differences that influence perception
• Identify how our self-concept—who we think we are—influences communication
• Describe how our cognitions about ourselves and our behavior affect our communication
with others
LECTURE NOTES
• Perception is the cognitive process through which we interpret our experiences and come
to our own unique understandings.
▪ Perceptions affect how we communicate with others and how we interpret others’
communications.
▪ Understanding perception’s role in the communication process is crucial to our success as
communicators.
• Perception: Making Sense of Your World explores how our interpretations of what we
see, hear, and touch are unique because of the ways in which we select, organize, and
interpret information. Communication processing is how information is gathered,
organized, and evaluated by individuals.
▪ Selecting information involves sifting through what we consider important in every
situation.
▪ Schemas: Organizing Perceptions
○ Schemas are mental structures that help us put together bits of information to form
patterns and create meaning.
○ The function of schemas is to help us to understand and anticipate how things should
work.
○ Challenges with schemas and perceptions include the following:
♦ Inaccurate recall
♦ Uncritical evaluation
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○ Be thoughtful when you seek explanations—don’t just go with the most obvious
explanation you observe.
○ Look beyond first impressions by delaying reactions or judgments until you make
further perceptions.
• Perception in a Diverse World explores how our perceptions are linked to the wide
diversity we encounter in the world.
▪ The Cultural Context
○ Culture has a profound effect on the way we perceive ourselves and those around us.
○ Diversity is the differences among people, such as race, education, ability, and
geography. Effective communication requires that we understand and appreciate those
who are different from us.
▪ Perceptual Barriers are barriers to competent communication that are caused by
perceptual challenges; these may include:
○ A Narrow Perspective
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○When you interact with others, you get impressions from them about how they evaluate
you, and that information gets woven into your self-concept.
○ When you communicate with others, you get information that can affect your self-
concept; this information comes in the following forms:
▫ Direct evidence—compliments, insults, support, or negative remarks
▫ Indirect evidence—revealed through innuendo, gossip, subtle nonverbal cues, or lack
of communication
▫ Social comparison theory—how we compare ourselves to others as we develop
ideas about ourselves
▪ Self-Esteem: How You Feel About Yourself
○ Self-esteem is the way a person feels (or attitude) about himself or herself.
○ Self-concept is tied to self-esteem in that you must first know yourself before you have
an attitude about yourself.
○ People with high self-esteem are confident in what they do and think and in how they
perform.
○ Those with low self-esteem often lack information about themselves, mistrust the
knowledge they do possess, or have an inconsistent view of themselves.
▪ Self-Efficacy: Assessing Your Own Abilities
○ Self-efficacy is the ability to predict actual success from self-concept and self-esteem.
▫ People often avoid situations where they believe their self-efficacy to be low.
▫ Feelings of low self-efficacy can cause a person to dwell on shortcomings, resulting
in a lack of effort and lowering of self-esteem.
▫ Feelings of high self-efficacy help protect against emotional scarring from failures
but can result in overconfidence.
▫ Self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that causes an individual to alter behavior in
a way that makes the prediction more likely to occur.
▪ Assessing Our Perceptions of Self
○ Whenever we communicate, we are assessing our strengths and weaknesses.
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Watt, from old stern-hearted but at last relenting Tanna. The Church
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kindly greeting. May you and I meet in the glory of Jesus, and
continue our fellowship there! Good-bye.
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX A.
(See p. 354.)
VERY-DAY LIFE IN CHINA, or, Scenes along River and Road in the
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