SRI LANKA STANDARD

NA to SLS EN 1991-4: 2018

SRI LANKA NATIONAL ANNEX

TO EUROCODE 1: ACTIONS ON
STRUCTURES –
PART 4: SILOS AND TANKS

SRI LANKA STANDARDS INSTITUTION

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 SRI LANKA NATIONAL ANNEX
TO EUROCODE 1: ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES - PART 4: SILOS AND TANKS

NA to SLS EN 1991-4: 2018

Gr.6

Copyright Reserved
SRI LANKA STANDARDS INSTITUTION
No.17, Victoria Place
Elvitigala Mawatha
Colombo 8
SRI LANKA.

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 Sri Lanka Standards are subject to
periodical revision in order to
accommodate the progress made by
industry. Suggestions for improvement
will be recorded and brought to the notice
of the Committees to which the revisions
are entrusted.

This Standard does not purport to include

all the necessary provisions of a contract

© SLSI 2018

All right reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
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 NA to SLS EN 1991 - 4: 2018

Committees responsible for this National Annex

The preparation of this National Annex was entrusted by the Technical Committee on Euro
codes, appointed by the Sectoral Committee on Building & Construction Materials, upon
which the following members were represented:

Eng. S A Karunarathne (Chairman) -The Society of Structural Engineers , Sri Lanka

Eng. (Prof) Priyan Dias
Eng. K L S Sahabandu
Eng. (Dr) H Sooriyaarachchi
Eng. W M D N Ranasinghe
Eng. G T R de Silva
Eng. B V D N Chandrasiri
Eng. K S Abeygunawardane
Eng.(Ms.) T A E I Siriwardhane
(Secretary )
- University of Moratuwa, Department of Civil Engineering
- Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau
- University of Ruhuna, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
- Provincial Engineering Organization – Western Province
- The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka
- Road Development Authority
- Sri Lanka Standards Institution
- Sri Lanka Standards Institution

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 NA to SLS EN 1991 - 4: 2018

SRI LANKA NATIONAL ANNEX (INFORMATIVE) TO

EUROCODE 1: ACTIONS
ON STRUCTURES – PART 4: SILOS AND TANKS

INTRODUCTION

This National Annex has been prepared based on SLS EN 1991-4:2015 by the Working
group on the development of the National Annexes to Euro Codes (SC35/WG/12). It is to be
used in conjunction with SLS EN 1991-4:2015 along with any further revision, amendment
or corrigendum thereto.
This National Annex was approved by the Sectoral Committee on Building and Construction
Materials and was authorized for adoption and publication as a Sri Lanka National Annex by
the Council of the Sri Lanka Standards Institution on 2018 -07-13.
In the preparation of this standard the assistance derived from the publication of the European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) and British Standards Institution (BSI) is gratefully
acknowledged.

NA.1 SCOPE

This National Annex gives:

a) the Sri Lanka decisions for the Nationally Determined Parameters described in the following sub
clauses of SLS EN 1991-4:2015
2.5(5)
3.6(2)
5.2.4.3.1(3)
5.4.1(3)
5.4.1(4)
A.4 (3)
B.2.14 (1)

b) the Sri Lanka decisions on the status of SLS EN 1991-4:2015 informative annexes; and
c) references to non-contradictory complementary information.

NA.2 NATIONALLY DETERMINED PARAMETERS

Sri Lanka decisions for the nationally determined parameters described in SLS EN 1991-4:2015 are
given in Table NA.1.

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TABLE NA.1 – Sri Lanka decisions for Nationally Determined Parameters described in SLS EN 1991-4:2015

Sub clause Nationally Determined Euro code recommendation Sri Lanka decision
Parameter
2.5(5) Action assessment classes for a The National Annex may define the Action Assessment Description
silo class boundaries. Table 2.1 shows Class
recommended values.
Action Assessment Silos with capacity in excess of 5 000 tonnes
Class 3
Silos with capacity in excess of 200 tonnes in
any of the following design situations
a) eccentric discharge with eo/dc > 0.25
(see SLS EN 1991‑4:2015, Figure 1.1b)

b) squat silos with top surface eccentricity

with et/dc > 0.25
c) all silos not supported fully all around
the circumference
d) silos used for homogenising and blending,
containing internal structures
Action Assessment All silos covered by this standard and not placed
Class 2 in another class
Action Assessment Silos with capacity below 100 tonnes
Class 1

NOTE The values are to be defined for the individual project,

3.6(2) Guidance on the pressure exerted The National Annex may give
on structures guidance on the pressure exerted on
near the silo as a result of an structures near the silo as a result of an
explosion within it explosion within it.
5.2.4.3.1(3) Values of k1, k2 and k3 The values of k1, k2 and k3 may be
given in the National Annex. The
recommended values are 0.25, 0.4 and
0.6 respectively.
using the values in this table as a minimum.
The appropriate pressures acting on adjacent structures as a result of an
explosion within a silo may be determined by any rational method, and
defined for the individual project as appropriate in consultation with the
client.
The following values should be used:
• k1 = 0.35;
• k2 = 0.50;
• k3 = 0.65.
Further large values of k should be explored for more slender silos.

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TABLE NA.1 – Sri Lanka decisions for Nationally Determined Parameters described in
SLS EN 1991-4:2015 (Cont.)

Sub Nationally Euro code recommendation Sri Lanka decision

clause Determined
Parameter
5.4.1(3) Method to be used for The Use the recommended expression
determining the recommended method is given in Expression
horizontal pressure ph (5.97):
ph = K (1 + sin r) zs … (5.97)
where:
zs is the depth below the highest stored solid
contact with the wall (see Figure 5.8);
is the upper characteristic value of the unit
weight of the solid;
K is the upper characteristic value of the
lateral pressure ratio for the solid;
r is the angle of repose of the stored solid.

5.4.1(4) Method to be used for The recommended method is given in Use the recommended expression
determining the Expression (5.98):
resulting nzSk = K ( 1 + sin r) zs2 … (5.98)
vertical forces nzSk 2
where is the upper characteristic value of
the wall friction coefficient of the solid.
A.4(3) Values of combination The values and combinations given in Tables Table NA.A.1, Table NA.A.2,
factor Ψ A.1, A.2, A.3, A.4 and A.5 are recommended Table NA.A.3, Table NA.A.4 and
values, with Accompanying Actions 2 and 3 Table NA.A.5 of Annex NA.A of
reduced by their appropriate combination this National Annex should be used.
factors .

B.2.14(1) Loads resulting from These loads may be specified in the National The loads should be agreed for an
accidental actions on Annex, or by the client for the individual individual project with the client.
tanks project.

Annex A Basis of design – SLS EN 1991-4:2015, Annex A,

supplementary should not be used. Annex NA.A of
paragraphs to SLS EN this National Annex should be used
1990 for silos and tanks instead.

Annex B Actions, partial factors SLS EN 1991-4:2015, Annex B,

and combinations of should not be used.
actions on tanks Annex NA.A of this National
Annex should be used instead.

Annex F Flow pattern SLS EN 1991-4:2015, Annex F,

determination may be used.

Annex H Actions due to dust SLS EN 1991-4:2015, Annex H,

explosions may be used.

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Annex NA.A

Annex A (informative) Basis of design – supplementary paragraphs to SLS EN 1990

for silos and tanks

NA.A.1 General
In principle, the general format given in SLS EN 1990 for design procedures is applicable. However,
silos and tanks are different from many other structures because they can be subjected to the full loads
from particulate solids or liquids for most of their life.
This annex provides supplementary guidance applicable to silos or tanks regarding partial factors on
actions (termed γF factors in SLS EN 1991-4) and on combinations on silos and tanks with other
actions, and the relevant Ψ factors (see Table NA.A.1, Table NA.A.2, Table NA.A.3, Table NA.A.4
and Table NA.A.5).

Thermal actions include climatic effects and the effects of hot solids or liquids. Design situations that
should be considered include:
• hot solid or liquid filled into a partly filled silo or tank. The effects of heated air above the
stored material should be considered;
• resistance of the stored solid to silo wall contraction during cooling. Determination of the effect
of differential settlements of batteries of silo or tank cells should be based on the worst
combination of full and empty cells.

NA.A.2 Ultimate limit state

NA.A.2.1 Partial factors γ
The values given in SLS EN 1990:2012, A.1, may be used for the design of silos and tanks.
In a tank, the value of the partial safety factor γQ may be taken for the liquid induced loads as
follows:

• γQ = 1.20 during operation, applied to the stored liquid at the maximum design liquid level;
• γQ = 1.00 during test, applied to the test medium at the maximum test liquid level;
• γQ = 1.00 for accidental design situations.

NA.A.2.2 Combination factors Ψ

For the combination factors Ψ for silo loads, tank loads and combination factors with other actions,
see NA.A.4.
NA.A.3 Actions for combination
The following actions should be considered in the ultimate limit state design as relevant:

• in a silo, filling and storage of particulate solids (referred to as filling loads in SLS EN 1991‑4);
• in a silo, discharge of particulate solids (referred to as discharge loads in SLS EN 1991-4);
• in a tank, operational loads and test loads;
• imposed loads (see SLS EN 1991-1-1);
• snow loads (see SLS EN 1991-1-3);
• wind action when the silo or tank is either full or empty (see SLS EN 1991-1-4);
• thermal loads (see SLS EN 1991-1-5);
6

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 NA to SLS EN 1991 - 4: 2018

• imposed deformations: foundation settlement (see SLS EN 1997-1);

• seismic loads (see SLS EN 1998-1);
• dust explosion loads in silos (see SLS EN 1991-1-7).

NA.A.4 Design situations and action combinations for all tanks and for silos in Action
Assessment Classes 2 and 3

NA.A.4.1 The design situations given in Table NA.A.1 should be considered. BS EN 1991‑4:2006,
Section 3, should also be referred to for additional design situations specific to certain forms of
construction or operation. The relevant design values of actions should be based on the NA to BS EN
1990:2002+A1, Table NA.A1.2 (B). With respect to foundation settlement, the relevant design values
of actions should be based on the NA to SLS EN 1990:2002,Table NA.A1.2 (C).

NA.A.4.2 The actions should be combined in accordance with SLS EN 1990, using the appropriate
combination factor Ψ as given in Table NA.A.5 to account for the reduced probability of simultaneous
Occurrence.

NA.A.4.3 For accidental or seismic design situations, the relevant design values of actions should be
obtained from the NA to SLS EN 1990, Table NA.A1.3.

NA.A.4.4 For accidental or seismic design situations in silos, the accompanying solids loading may
be obtained using the single value of the mean wall friction coefficient µm, the mean lateral pressure
ratio Km and the mean hopper pressure ratio Fm for the stored particulate solid, provided the
appropriate procedures in SLS EN 1991-4, 5.2, 5.3 and 6.1, are adopted.

NA.A.4.5 The seismic design situation should be taken into account as agreed for an individual
project with the client and the relevant authority (see also SLS EN 1998).

NA.A.4.6 Loss of static equilibrium should be considered in accordance with SLS EN 1990, 6.4.2,
using Expression 6.10 applied to design situations WE (Table NA.A.1) and SF (Table NA.A.4).The
relevant design values of actions should be obtained from the NA to SLS EN 1990, Table NA.A1.2
(A).

NA.A.4.7 For the serviceability limit states to be considered in applying SLS EN 1990, Expression
6.14b, Expression 6.15b and Expression 6.16b, the design situations in Table NA.A.1 should be used
together with appropriate serviceability criteria. These criteria should be defined in relation to the
serviceability requirements in accordance with SLS EN 1990, 3.4, and SLS EN 1992 to SLS EN
1999.
Deformations should be calculated in accordance with SLS EN 1991to SLS EN 1999 as relevant, by
using the appropriate combinations of actions according to SLS EN 1990, Expression 6.14b,
Expression 6.15b or Expression 6.16 b (see Table NA.A.5), taking into account the serviceability
requirements and the distinction between reversible and irreversible limit states.

NA.A.4.8 Serviceability requirements and criteria should be agreed for an individual project with the
client.

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Table NA.A.1: Design situations for ultimate limit states to be considered in applying
SLS EN 1990, Expression 6.10

Short Permanent Design Accompanying Accompanying

title actions situation/Leading action 2 action 3
variable action 1
D Self weight A) Solids discharge Foundation Snow or wind or
from a silo settlement thermal and imposed
loads or deformation
LO Self weight A) Tank full of liquid to Foundation Snow or wind or
be stored to settlement thermal and imposed
maximum design loads or deformation
liquid level
LT Self weight A) Tank full of test
medium to
maximum test liquid
level
I Self weight A) Imposed loads or Silo with solids Snow or wind or
deformation filling or full tank thermal
S Self weight A) Snow Silo with solids
filling or full tank
WF Wind and full silo Silo with solids
or tank filling or full tank
WE Wind and empty Silo or tank empty
silo or tank
T Thermal Silo with solids
filling or full tank
F Foundation Solids discharge Snow or wind or
settlement from a silo or full thermal
tank

A) Self weight refers to the weight of the structure alone.

Table NA.A.2: Design situations for ultimate limit states to be considered in applying
SLS EN 1990, Expression 6.10a and Expression 6.10b.

SLS EN 1990, Expression 6.10a and Expression 6.10b, should not be used in Sri Lanka for the design
of silos and tanks.

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Table NA.A.3 Design situations for accidental limit states to be considered in applying
SLS EN 1990, Expression 6.11b

Short Design Permanent Leading Accompanying Accompanying Accompanying

title situation actions accidental variable action variable action variable
action 1 2 action 3, 4, etc.
(main)

E Blast Self weight Explosion Silo with solids Imposed Imposed loads
A)
pressure filling deformation
or full tank

V Vehicle Self weight Vehicle Silo with solids Imposed Imposed loads
impact A) impact filling deformation
or full tank

A)
Self weight refers to the weight of the structure alone.

Table NA.A.4 Design situations for seismic limit states to be considered in applying SLS
EN 1990, Expression 6.12b

Short Design Permanent Leading Accompanying Accompanying Accompanying

title situation actions accidental variable action variable action variable
action 1 2 action 3, 4, etc.
(main)

SF Seismic Self weight Seismic Silo with solids Imposed Imposed loads
A)
action action filling deformation
and full (earthquake) or full tank
silo or
tank
SE SE Self weight Seismic Silo or tank Imposed Imposed loads
A)
Seismic action empty deformation
action (earthquake)
and
empty
silo
or tank

A)
Self weight refers to the weight of the structure alone.

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Table NA.A.5 Design situations for serviceability limit states to be considered in applying
SLS EN 1990, Expressions 6.10, 6.11b, 6.12b, 6.14b,6.15b and 6.16b

Actions Ψ0 Ψ1 Ψ2
Foundation settlement 1.0 1.0 1.0
Imposed loads or deformation 0.7 0.5 0.3
Snow loads 0.5 0.2 0.0
Wind actions 0.5 0.2 0.0
Thermal actions 0.6 0.5 0.0
Solids filling 1.0 0.9 0.3
Liquid loads 1.0 0.9 0.3
Solids discharge 1.0 0.3 0.3
NA.A.5 Action combinations for silos in Action Assessment Class 1

For silos in Action Assessment Class 1, the following simplified load combination expression may be
used:
Total load = (1.35 × self weight) + (1.5 × variable load),
where the variable load is any of the following:
• discharge;
• wind when empty;
• filling with wind;
• snow (for the roof).
Bibliography

Standards publications

For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

BS 5975, Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of
falsework
BS 6187, Code of practice for demolition
SLS EN 1990:2012, Eurocode – Basis of structural design (including the National Annex)
SLS EN 1991 (all parts), Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures
SLS EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions – Densities, self-
weight, imposed loads for buildings
SLS EN 1991-1-3, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-3: General actions – Snow loads
SLS EN 1991-1-4, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-4: General actions – Wind actions
SLS EN 1991-1-5, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-5: General actions – Thermal actions
BS EN 1991-1-7, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1-7: General actions – Accidental actions
10

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SLS EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2 – Design of concrete structures

SLS EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures
SLS EN 1994 (all parts), Eurocode 4 – Design of composite steel and concrete structures
SLS EN 1995 (all parts), Eurocode 5 – Design of timber structures
SLS EN 1996 (all parts), Eurocode 6 – Design of masonry structures
SLS EN 1997 (all parts), Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design
SLS EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules
SLS EN 1998 (all parts), Eurocode 8 – Design of structures for earthquake resistance
SLS EN 1998-1, Eurocode 8 – Design of structures for earthquake resistance – Part 1: General rules,
seismic actions and rules for buildings
SLS EN 1999 (all parts), Eurocode 9 – Design of aluminium structures

11

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