Special Report Series No. 4, Burmese Indigenous Medical Plants Vol 1

I
:
BURIITSE ll{D!8t}l0l,S tiltDl0ll{At PLAllIS
I. PLAI{TS lryfi}l RTPIJTTD ]IYPOELYCEITIC

ACTI0il
By
Dew Mve BwrN
and
U SprN GweN
Departnefi of PharmacologY
Burma Meilical Research Instittttrz
L967
Burma Medical Research Institute

5, ZaLar Shah Road
Rangoon
PREFACE
The Burma Flora abounding in all kinds of food

plants'
plants has
tpi";;;;;frmes, timbers, fibres, gqnl and medicinal
been almost classifild botanicalty' -However' till
"o*fi.t.ty
ifr" ti*" of writini this paper, no classification of the
Burmese '
i"iig.""". mediciial pf^ntl has beenpaper done from the medicat
standooint. To nif ft it gap this hac seen prepared
iir" ,"p"t"i Burme-se-indigenous plants through
*"rrr"i " ii.tr"g "f them according to the
a systematic treatment, nttt classifyingpossess'
*edi"inal properties they are alleged to
This classification gives 15 categories : anti-diabetic (Hypo-

gty""*i.;, anti-bacterfil, antilinflarnmtt:{:,'nt':l}l:3tj::,1i::
Zr..rr,"ri.. anti-diarrhoeal, anti-malarial, antr-tuberculosra)
analgesic' hypoten-
iirr.,it^l",n"t*i"ti", laxative, sedative aand
series of books to be
" #;;;;;;;";;t*;. As the first of
published, iiri. pup.t only those indigenous plants which
"overs
are reputed to have hypoglycemic property'
plant is treated individually"

After this broad classification each
and distribution of the plant are
First the botanical description
uses of the plant as given in
siven. Secondlv, tfr" -"diti"al
ril;;;;.. ,iil",n r"cal and foreign countries are enumerated.
ifritJfy, the results oi th" chemical investigations garrle$ 3rr
on th; phnt by ,*'io"t research workers are listed'
Finally'
F ir,. ,L.rri. of the pharmacological investigations into
the medicinal
properties of the plant are furnished'
Theprimaryaimofthisworkiseithertoestablishorrefutc
local beliefs tfrro,ret- scientific treatment'
This work also
endeavours to systlilatise tbe classification
of these rePuted
work'
irJil"rro,r. *"ai"i""i flants t9 facilitate further research
have been collected
Specimens of the pir"i,. f"t"a in this paper
pressed into herbarium specimens' The arrangement
"ia
of the specimens and families is done according
to a.new Eysteo
(1959)' primerily
based on ttt" pfrfi"", O, John Hutchison
i herbaceous dicotyledons
;;;;.. of tt " p"r"iti "ult"iiol} of woody of the plant within the
and the -o.to"o,ytJ*'' The species
family are in the alphabetical order'
[-
l
ii
were available
for which specimens
Drawings of all.plants
ffi lTili:lT":sthmru;r:*;i;'"ti 1# *:'Jr:;

where Possible'
gathered from 3 sources
: personal com'
was
itytoyot; literatures on
Information natrve
rnrrnications with t#'i;;"
ffiil;;d foreign journals'
CONTENTS
PAor
(StYbYt) ,,. E t
Acacia arabica Willd.
Mart. (Danyin) 7
Pithecollobium'nigeminum
II
Pithecollobium lobatum Benth, (Danyin\
t3
Cassia auriculata Linn. (Peik-thin-Sat)
2t
Cassia glauca Lam. (Pyi-ban-nyo, Pyi-ban-shwe)
2S
Cicer arietinum Linn. (Singaulng'pe) (Kala-pe)
29
Ficus benghal ensis Linn" (Pyi-nyaung)
33
Ficus glomerat a Roxb. (Nyaung-thabye) (Ye-thapan)
37
Ficus religiosa Lzn, (Nyaung-baudi)
4I
M<rrus alba Linn. (Posa)
45
Casearia esculenta Rorb. (Nil)
49
Cephalandta indica Naud. (Kin-bon)
53
Momorclica charantia llzn. (Kyet'hin'ga)
59
Helicteres isora trazz. (Nil)
63
. Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaettn (Le-wa, ThinbawJetpan)
67
Eugenia jambolar-ra Lam. (Thabye phyu, Thabye Kyetche)
73
Eugetra operculata Roxb, (Thabye chin) (Kon'thabyc) "'
79
Vinca rosea Linn' (P an'kartyut, Thinbarvmanyo)
8S
Tecoma starrs /uss. (Phayaungpan)
9t
Vitex glabrata R' Br. (I{tauk-sha, Kyet-le-zan)
95
Tinospora cordifolia (Wiltd') Mrers' (Sin-don-ma-nwe) "'
Tha-gya pin) "' !or
Scoparia dticis Linn. (MahnJay-pin, Dan-ta-thuka'
Nga-yoke-kha) ro5
Anclrographis paniculatus Nees' (Se-ga-gyi'
r09
Adhatoda vasica lrees' (Maya gyi) (Ye-mag5ri)
I I5.
Aeginetia indica Roxb. (Kauk-hlaing-ti) "'
I19
Heliotropium indicum /,rzm. (Sinnhamaung gyi)
123
pinsein)
Ocimum sanctum.Linr. (Pinsein net, Kala
t27
Orthosiphon starnineus Benf}' (Se-cho)
ga)
I3I
Curcuma comosa Roxb. (Nawin ga, Sa-nwin
r35
Allium cepa .Lrzrr. (Kyet-thun-ni)
t39
Zea rr.ayt l.inr. (PYaung)
r43
Kyllinga triceps BortD, (Myet-mon-nhyin) "'
J
ACACIA ARABICA WilId. :
_.4
,
Fro. r. 1tp. 1su'bw)
Acaciaatabica Willd'
a
J
ACACIA AF.ABICA WiIId,
Burmese name : g.tp, ; Su-bYu.

Acecra Anestce Willd. Sp. Pl. N. ro85 (r8o5).
Acacia vera Willd. Deser. Pl. Anim. 6S Q76).

Mimosa arubica Lam. ErtcYc. L rg'
Acacia adansonii Guill. and Pen. Fl. Seneg. Terfi.
Mimosa adstringens Schum and. Thonn. Beskr. Guni. Pl' '

aal
J- t'
Mimosa scorpiodes Linn, Sp. Pt. 5zt (rZSS).
Mimosa nilotica Lin:n. Sp. Pl. 5zr. (rZSE).
English common name : Indian Gum Arabic Tree,
Black Babool.
DESCRIPTION
Shrub or small tree. tr,eaves cornpound, alternate, often

furni'shed with glands: stipular spines u'hitish, straight, sharp.
Leaflets subsessile, linear-oblong. F-iowers yellow, in globose
heads. Fruit stalked pods, monoliform, compressed, constricted
at the sutures between the seecis, densely and persistently gray
downy. Flowering in October and fruiting in November.
Family Mimosaceae.
DISTRIBUTION
Mandalay, Myingyan, Ava, Meiktila, Magwe, Popa and

Thayetmyo.
USES
The gum is said to be useful in diabetes mellitus. It is also

useful in diarrhoea and dysentery.
1
Bark possess astringent and demulcent action.
'.t a
I
4
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION
Leaves and fruits cotttain 3z/o tannin. e
Fruit contain 4t.7fr tannin.B

( - )-epi-Gallocatechin has been isolated from the ethyl
.acetatc extract
of the bark. a
REFERENCES
r. Cnonne, _R_. N., S. L-. Naven euo I. C. Csopna (rSs6). Glossary of
Indian Meditinal ptants, p. ,-- i;il;ii
and Industrial Research. ^ i,"' N.*-O"ff,i "f-S"i#iinZ
z. Ar1!t. Pharm., Berl, (rgro), p, r. In : Glossary of Indian Mediciwl
Plants, p. 3.
3. B4!.imp. Inst., Lond. (r93o). p. r. In : Glossary of Indian Medicinal

Plants, p. 3,
-4, Sasrnv, G. P., J, N. Banuas.rno-p. !. Rao ( rS6C). (_)-epi_Gallocatc.

chin from Acacia arabica bark. nairn J.'Cire-.'r,'
C hemical -Abstract (tg6g. <:fremi"at donjiiutents.
;;;-;;;:""i;-,
+O', idi.'-"'
PITHECOLLOBIUM BIGEMINUM MAN.
1,
PITHECOLLOBIUM BIGEMINUM MATI.

Burmese name: sg6: ; Da-nyin.
Prtnscol-t-osrult BrcnMtNvrw Mart. in Flora XX.ll. Beibl.
rr5 in obs. (t8:Z).
Mimosa bigemina Linn. Vahl, Symb. ii. ro3.
Mimosa lucida Roxb. Hort. Beng. 4o.
Inga bigemirn Willd. DC. Prodr. ii. +lg.
Inga Lucida Wall. Cat. 5267 A.
Inga Annulais Grah, in Wall. Cat. 5269-
Inga Wightiana Grah. in Wall. Cat. 528r.
English cornmon name: Nil.
DESCRIPTION
A middle size tree. Leaves compound, elliptic-lanceolate
or obovate-oblong. Flowers in few-flowered heads, pale-yellow
or cream coloured. Fruit flat, once or twice spiral, reddish-
brown. Family Mimosaceae.
DISTRIBUTION
Bhamo and Victoria Point.
USES
1
The seeds are prescribed in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
1
Plant also used as fish poison.
Pithecolobine is isolated from the bark and seed of the plant.
Yellowish, amorphous powder or brown, oily mass with narcotic
odour. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether, and petro-
leum ether. Form crystalline salts. 2' 3' 4' 5
o.ot/oyield of B-amyrin has been isolated from the non-
saponifiable fraction of the leaves.6
REFERENCES
r. Cnoena, R. N., S. L. Naven lND I. C' Cnopna- (t956). Glossary.of
Indiai Metli'iial Plants, p. r9.5. New Delhi ; Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research.
z. Tus Mrncr INoBx or Cunutcer-s aNn Dnucs (196o). Seventh edition,
p. 825. Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A. : Merck & C9,, Itq'
g. Piuccr"(r88+). Apoth. Stg. p. ti. In : The Merck Index of Chemicals
an,l Drugs t196o), p.8zs.
4. Gnrsnorr" Gbid." b"r. is, p. ls+r. In : The Merck Index 'tf Chemi'
cals and Drugs (196o), p.825.
5. Mrorrr, Lw:r,s' Fleiit (rgio) 2r, p. 7r. In : The Merch Index of
Chemicals and DvuBs (rq6o), p. 8z-s.
6. Marrai, P. C. (rq6:). T;iterp;noid; II : p-amyrin -*o-rn Pithecollobium
bigeminum Mait (Leguminosae)' Bull- Bot. Sura, India,5, P' 9r'
PITHECOLLOBIUI\{ LOBATUM Benth.
li}-:---::-r
? I N0i4[: '
Frc. z. (Danyin)
"g6r
Pithr,colloLiunr laL:gturr B enrh.
PIT'EIECOLLOBIUM LOB'A'TUM Benth'
Burmese naffIe : sg6:; Da-nYin'

Ptluecoll-osru\,{ LosnruNl Benth' in Hook' Journ'
Bat. iii. zo8 (r844).
I,{imosa jiringa Jack in Malay' Misc' i' l'n' r4 (rBzo)'
trnga jirir:gala ck in Malay' Misc' ii'vi\i' n' 78 (r8zz)'
Pithecoilobium unguis- calt Mart' iru Mart' artd Schrank
IIart. Reg. Moruac., r8B (r892)'
Inga lotrata R.. Grah. in [Aall' Cat' n' 5z9o'
Inga attenua ta R. Grsk. in Wall' Cat'fl' 5276'
hlimosa Kaeringa Roxb. Hort' Beng' 4o'
Inga Kaeringa Voit. tlart' Suburb' Calc' 258'
Nlirnosa acutifera Blartco, Fl' FiW' ed' t735'
Nlimosa Djaringa Roxb. Hort' Beng' 39'
Pithecollobium laterifloru m Blume ex Miq' Fl' Ind' Bot'i't '34'
Pithecollobium pariciflorum Benth' l'e ' zr3'
. English common name : Djenkol bean'
DESCRIPTION
A tall tree. Leaves compound, leaflets oblong or oblong-

Ianceolate. Flowers in heads, few flowered. Fruit
pods,
hors..ho"-.haped or lax-spiral twisted' Family M'imosaceae'
Flowers fromlanuary to April, fruiting from August to

October'
DISTRIBUTION
Chiefly in Lower Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim and Nyaungshwe'

Found growing mainly in the vicinity of streams'
USES
The common salt solution extract of the seed is locally used

in the treatment of diabetes. The seeds are also eaten a great
deal.
2
t2
CHBMICAL INVESTIGATION
Pithecolobine is isolated from the bark and seed of the
plant. It is a yellowish, amorphous powder or brown, oily
Lass rvith narcotic odour, soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform,
1'2'3'4
ether, petroleum ether. Forms crystalline salts'
Djenkolic acid, o'z'e an amino acid isolated from theldjenkol

b"urri Identified as 3, 3i-Methylenedithio-bis (z-amino-
propanoic) ; or BB' ---rnethyl:1"{fll"-d3]anine ; or L-cYsteine
ilioacetat of:formaldehyde. CH, (SCHTCH (NHr) COOH)r1'
Iiormula.
s.cHzc H(N H?)cooH
-.\-a-
=\ S. CHzCH (NFUCOOH
Djenko[tc Acrd
Rosettes of needles of various length. Gradually decomp.
3oo-35ooC. ( oc ) D N HClj ;
ze's-65,eo (r./ in r.o
between-
( n )'J-+1.5" @% in r.o N HCI). V*ry sparingly soluble
in cold water. Solubility in boiling water about r in zoo. Readily
soluble in aqueous solutions of alkalies or acids.
Monohydrochloride, CrHrrClNrOnS,
- - ; slender prisms,
in water.
decomp. z5o-3ooo soluble
Dibensoyldjenkolic acid, C21H,2N2O6S2, crystals, m.p.
8z.s-8qo'.
The structure of Djenkolic acid suggested by Yan Veen
and Hyrnans was confirrned synthetically by Du Vigneaud and
Patteisod2 and Armstrong and Du Vigneaud.l3 It is shown
to occur free in the plant.
Cases have been reported^ by the medical units from Upper
Burma and the Arakan division,that excessive intake of fruits
auses (r) severe abdominal pains (z) haematuria and (3) oliguria.
Complete chemical analyses of the da-nyin beans show that

it is not of much value. It contains a high
putritionally
r3
concentration of manganese, the salt of which is said to possesg

hypoglycemic effect.e Like other legumes it is deficient in
sulphur amino acids and phenylalanine and it is these factors
which limit the nutritional value of the fruit. Sixteen common
amino acids have definitely been identified in the protein.
Of the eighteen amino acids found in the free amino acids portion
of the fruit, mopt of them are the common amino acids present
in animal proteins. The unusual amino acids are, N-methyl
y amino acid, pipecollic acid, y amino-butyric acid and
djenkolic acid. The last three are present in very high concentra-
tion.lc' 11
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
For the purpose of testing anti-diabetic effect the following
extracts of the beans were prepared :-
(a) common salt solution, (b) water-insoluble but ether-
soluble extract and (c) the ash.
Animal experiments were carried out individually with the
above three extracts on fasting albino rats. In all three experi-
mentJt, the results showed that the extracts had no effect on the
blood sugar level. 10' 11
RBFERENCES
r. IIuB MBncr INpBx or Cncurcer-s aNo Dnucs (196o). (Zthed.), p. s8q
& 825. Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A. : Merck & Co., Inc.
z. PruccB G88+\. Apoth. Slg., p. rr. In : The Merch Index of Chemicals
and Drugs (rq6o), p. 389 & 825.
3. Gnesuorr'. (r89o). Ber.23, p. 354r. In : The Merck Index o! Chemicals
and Drugs.. (196o), p. 389 & 825.
4. Meorrr-. LeNos Pr,aNt (rgoo) zr, p. 7r. In: The Merck Index of
Chemicals and Drugs (196o), p. 389 & 825.
s. Verq Vrem, HvnreN (193.5). Rec. trazt. chi?n, 54, 493. In : The Merck
Index of Chemicals and Drugs (r96o). p. 389 & 825.
6, VaN VnrN, A, G. eNo A. J. HvneN eNo GrNrBsx $qj). Tijdschr. Ned.
In,i. 73, 9gr. In : Chemical Abstruct (1936), 3o, 4886 ; Chemicat
-lbstract. (rqaS), Vo]. 29, p. 58r6.
Z. VAN Vreu, A. G. arcD GnNrrsr< (1938). Tijdschr, Ned. Ind. 78, z6tg.
8. VaN VnnN, A. G. aNo H. E. LaruasoN (rg+s). Chronira Nature, ro5, 288.
9. RurnNsrnrN, A. H., N. W. LpvrN eNo G. A. Er-rtote jg6z).Hypoglycenia
induced by Manganese, Nature, r94, r88.
ro. Snrx Gurax aNo Cnrr M.ruwc (1966). Chemical composition oi Djenkof
beans (Da-nyin-thee). Paper read at the First Research Congress.
rr. Report of the Burmq Medica! Resaarch Council. ry66.
rz. Dv VrcNeauo, V. aNo PertrnsoN W. (rs:6). j. Biol. Chem. rt4t 533,
13. Annm'rnoNc, M. D. exo V. Du VrcNneuo (1947). J. Biol. Chem. r.68,
373. In : Modem Methods of Plant Analysis by K. Paedi & V, Tracy
(rgS6) IV, rz, Berlin : Springer-Verlag.
t6
f---+
2INCHES''
Frc. 3. 3"5.r6un5 (Peik-thin-gat)

Cassia auriculata Linn.
r7
CASSIA AURICULATL Linn' '
Burmese name 3o5c:3no5: ;

Peik-thin-gat'
Cessre Aunrculeta Linn. Sp. P\.376 ('zS1)' .
S"rrnu bicapsularis Roxb' F[' Irud' 342 ii'
Q8z4)'
Senna auriculata Roxb.l. c' 349 $82$' 'l'anner's
senna'
English common name: Tanner's Cassia;
DESCRIPTION
Tall muoh shrub. Leaves compould, âlternate'
branched
stipules- foliaceous'
leaflets oblong-obovate with pointed tips;
at the base on the
reflexed, large, rotuna,it-t"t'ifotm, produceC
-ia" to" ih. peti;i; into a long subulate
point, persistent'
""", oran[e colour' Fruit
Flowers large' bright v.f[* u"in"i witir
dark .brown' deePlv deoressed between
il., flt;; it lrr, ou"tong,
the seeds. Fanrily V'li'ip;';""i' Fioit"ti"g and
fruiting
from FebruarY to SePtember'
DISTRIBUTION
Chiefly found in- the dry regions of
Irrawaddy \ralley'
fuurr-i-u-ruv, Meiktila, ntyit'gyu" u"?
Tu"ttggyi to Yawngshwe'
Often planted.
USES
Seeds and flowers are reputed

to !e an anti-diabetic drug
and chvlous urine'
,fro'ru"a in ophthalmia, conjunctivitis action aie used in the
Eark and root, due to their astringent
tr eatment of skin Ciseases' 1
Leaves and fruits used as anthelmintic'
1' 2' 3
Bark contaits t5'z*tg't"/' tanlrin'
REFERENCES
Crroenr (roq6)' GlossarJ oJ In'Jian
r. CHoenr, R' N', S' L' NnvecANDJ'.9:o"rr'i :-Cot'n"ii cf Scientific and Indus-
,],let!icinal t't"-","i' si" Nl*
trial Research '
(rgz8)' Avaranr
z, Sesgecnelqtl Cnouoanr-' K' eNo E' 'Yoc'lNeNoan'r
bark I., y' i:;';;;; riades Chetn'' rz' p' 53-58' tn :
''di"-,riili,qt"r'iti't'iis)'
"'ii'"'"î'i'
,Die Yor' zz' part 1' p' '872'
Pfianzenstoffe,\o|.I, p. 5o5. In : Gloswry
.Wtrruen, c. (,qls).' oJ
e
"' inrlian Medicinal Pldttts, P. 5+'
C,A,SSI,{ GI,AUCA LOM.
2 TNCHES .'
Frc. 4. Ed,rfsdt' $gq.ri,"5 (Fyi-ban-nyo, pyi-ban-shwe)

Cassia gla:uca Lam.
2l
CASSIA GLAUCA Lam'
Pyi'ban-
Burmese name: [{of:gir$$,,fsc5; Pyi-ban-nyo;
shwe.
'Cassre Gr-auca Lam. Encycl. Meth.I. 6+7 ('28+)'
Senna speciosa Roxb. Hort. Beng' 3r nomen (r8r4)'
Senna arborescences ftoxb. Fl. Ind. ii' Z+5 (1824)'
Cassia sieberi Presl,in Ohort. Isis' r'xi' z7z (r828)'
Cassia fastigiata Vahl, Symb. Bot' iti' 57'
'Cassia arborescences Vahl, Symb' Bot'
iii' 56'
Cassia sulphurea DC. ex' Collad' Hist' Cass' 84'
Cassia suffruticosa Koen. ex Roth' Noo' Sp'
Pl' z4'
Cassia surattensis Burm.Fl. Ind' 97'
English colrllnon name: Nil.
DESCRIPTION
A small tree; branches spreading' Leaves compound'

alternate, leaflets elliptic-oblong, the lowest pair - of-
lsaflets
of the leaflet pair;
;;;f".r,'.lu*," gland present bltween each
yellolv' Fruit
stipules'linear, dcately curved' Flowers large,
n", tapering to both ends, marked with raised lines between
ini"l'seeds.'
the nariity Caesalpiniaceae' Flowering and fruiting
throughout the Year.
DISTRIBUTION
Commonly found all over Burma; Mohnyin and

Rangoon'
in
Also planted as ornamentals in gardens' Found growing
Institute
Taw-hlan-ye garden and Burma Medical Research
compound.
iI USES
I
Barkaesre and lave reputed for the use in diabetes' also in
1
gonorrhoea.
t
i
22
Glucoside and chrysophanic acid are present in the

plant. 2
Chrysophanic acid, -r, 8-Dihydroxy- 3- methylanthra-

quinone.; 3_- methylchrysazin; chrysophanol. Cru Hro On.
Occurs in free state and as glucoside. Hexagonrl or *ono.lirri"
crystalsfromalcoholorbenzene. m.p.196o. Sublimes. Almost
insoluble in water; slightly solubie in cold, freely boiling
alcohol; soluble in benzene, chloroform, ether, glaiial acetil
acid, acetone, solutions of alkali hydroxides, and in hot solutions
of alkall carbonatesl very slightly soluble in petroleum ether. 3
REFERENCES
r. Cnorne,-R..\., F._!,NayeneNo I. C. Cnorna (1956). G/ossarg of In-
dias Medicinal Plarrts, p.
- 54. New Delhi : Cd,uirlii of Scieniifii and
Induttrial Research.
z, Ber. dtsch, chem. Gcs. (r89o). In : Glossaty oJ Initian Medicinal plaab,
p. 54.
3, TrrE Mencn INonx or CruurcRr,g axp Dnucg (196o). _seventh edition"

p, 259. Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A. : Meick"& Co., Inc.
.L:1. .:: :
(Pvi-ban-nvo' Pvi-ban'shwe)
Plrtc r
- [idr$'df $d"$'"n
Cassia glauca lom'
CICER ARETINUM Linn.
25
CICER ARIETINUM.LTzz.
Burmese name: q-:rd,.o3".n:3;J; Kala-pe, Sin-gaung-pe.

Crcrn AmptrNun Linn. Sp. Pl. 78 (rZSi.
English common name: Bengal gram, common gram,
chick pea.
DESCRIPTION
A viscid much branched annual herb. Leaves compound,

alternate, leaflets ovate-oblong or obovate; stipules small, oblique-
ly ovate, toothed. Flowers solitary, pink, blue or white. Fruit
pod, sessile, oblong. Family Papilionaceae.
DISTRIBUTION
Widely cultivated in Upper Burma.
USES
I fne preparation of the plant is used in the treatment of

' diabetes. '
-
Acid exudation of the plant has astringent action and is used
in dyspepsia and constipation. 2 It reduces blood cholesterol. 11
Oxalic, acetic, malic and another acid present as - o.oo9
mg. in roo g. seeds. 3'4' 5
Arginine, tyrosine, lysine, eystine and tr5rptophane
6
also present.
Gram contains carotenoids and the oil-soluble vitamins A, D
and E. 7
Lecithin, phytin and saponin present in whole gram.8

Gram seed contains higher per cent of oil (4-59) than
other pulses. e Three crystalline products biochanin A, bio-
chanin B and biochanin C, are isolated from fresh whole germ of
10
sprouting gram.
26
REFERENCES
r. KI{ANRA, S..j., p. p. i\Ilrnn aNo p. Barrnrrn ( u
pa rati on c ici r arie t;n u Li
1n.j.i; ; ;#;::, I(rs66)
;,, .TX t^rri:\:;:.-
Med. tz (z), p. 6q_to. ry
1
t" ,'iiii"ii"i;;;;;;r,. 47,p. rozs.

z. Cuoene, R. I\r., S. L. Naven AND L C.
CnopRa. ,;::,:x,;!{:;
{:i;x,:f{:I}i;,;;;;:63t"ii";b:il:T"!,ff :}"f
t' p' 16o8. In : Glossary of rndian Medicinat
"ffi;ri!'{a;tot'{'sot1'
4' c. R. Acad. sci. paris, (ryrz). p. gq. rn : Grossary qf In<tian Medicinor
Plants, p. 63.
5, Dvrrocx, W.qnnrN ewo HoôprR (rggo_gq). pharmacogrclthis
I, p. 488. tn : Gtossary tii;i'iiiairll,)t .,on,r, Indica.
p. o3.
uJ sci' (re3o)'"tp' rs3A' rn : Gtossarv of Intlian Medicinat
;i;f;:r':;i'
7. Trans. Bose Res. rnst. (tg3314), p. gg. In : Grossary oJ Indian
Plants, p. 6g. Med.icinal
r t?irr*rr,"il.";r.{"0'-o4), p' r6s' rn : Glossarv of rndian Atedicinat
i;;}::!:1;. o"'
t' f (re5o)' p' 5o8' rn : Gtossarv of rndian Medicinat
ro. Wealth qf Indiu (ro+g_Sz), Vol. Il, p. r59.
Medidnul planti,' p. o3. In: Glossury uJ Intlian
ar. Hypocholesterolaemic Effect of
Man. Brit. Med. J. t, .Iengal
(rqOg)- -'*.. : A long
--- Gran 3o,
sterm tudy in
FICUS BENGIIALENSIS rrnn.
a
28
.
l--r--=----l
2INCHES
Frc. 5. $p{"g:3 (PYi-nYaun$)

Ficus benghalensis Linu'
29
FICUS BENGIIALENSIS Linn'
Buruese name : Pdeg:'S ; PYi-nYaung'

Frcus BnNcHALENSIS Lirtn. Sp. Pl' rc59 (tZSl)'
Urostigma benghalensis Gasp' Rio' Bz' t' viii' r4-zt'
Ficus indica Linn. Amoen. Acad. Ed' 3, i' 27, n' 6 (excel' 7
and B and sYn. Rheede')
Fnglish common name I BanYan Tree'
DESCRIPTION
A very-;large tree, sending down many aerial roots from the

branches yorr^g parts toftty pubes-cent' Leaves simple'
"orbicular-ovate
,f,"r"r," orrui" o, to illiptic, glabrescent ; stip-ules
Male and female flowers enclosed together -in fruit
"ri""""..
like structure, the receptacle, red when ripe' Family Moraceae'
DISTR,IBUTION
Often planted throughout the whole of Burma'
USES
Infusion of bark used for the treatment of diabetes ; also

in dysentery, cliarrhoea, as tonic and astringent action'
Milky juice applied externally for pains in rheumatism and
lumbago.
Seed has cooling effect.
Leaves applied as poultice to abscess'
Root fibres use in gonorrhoea.2
Three flavonoid compounds A, B and C have been isolated
from the ethanolic extraci of the bark of this plant. Compounds
a t c identified as different forms of some leucoanthocyanidin,
*hil" B to be leucoanthocyanin (glucoside)'3
"o*pound
3o
Maximum hypoglycemic effect was shown with the three

flavonoid compounds isolated from the bark of the plant. All
the three compounds individually were effective as hypoglycemic
agents on oral administration to normal fasting rabbits. Com-
pound B, showed the maximum hypoglycemic effect, out of
these 3 cornpounds when compared to tolbutamide. Compound
B was also found to be fairly effective in controlling the hypergly-
cemia produced by the oral administration of glucose to normal
fasting rabbits.s
REFERENCES
r. Caopna, R. N., S. L. Navan aNo I. C. Cnopna (1956). Glossary of
Indian Medicinul Plants, p. rr8. New Delhi : Council of Scientific
and Industrial Researctr,
a. Hail>e-Seyl, Z. (tgzg), p.
p. rt8. 93. In : Glossary of Indiat Medicindl
Plants,
g.
- Bnacuuecuant, H. f), .qNo K. T. Acuslr (r96a). Isolation of orally
effective hypoglycemic compounds from Ficus benqhalensis L, Indian
J. Physiol, Pharmacol. 3, 6o-64. In : Biological Abstract (t966).
Pharniacology 47r 7o*a.
FICUS GLOMERATA Roxb.
Frc. 6. "gr3"r"$, n.1.r"ft (Nyaung-tha-bye, Ye-thaphan)
Ficus glomerata Roxb.
33
FICUS GLOMERATA Rorb'

Burmese name : cg:8oe$r eqoofrr ; Nyaung-tha-bye'
Ye-tha-phan.
Frcus Gr-ouERArA Rotrb. Corom. Pl' [' 13 (1798)'
Ficus chitagonga Miq. Ann' in L'B'J'viii' 294'
Ficus racemosa (Linru.) Wall' Cat' 4549'
Ficus Mollis Miq. Ann.l.c. 483, 296'
Ficus Goolereae Roxb. Fl. Irud' iii' 538'
Covellia glomerata Miq. in L'B'7', vil 4o5'
Covellia iroliis Miq. in L'B'|',I'c' 466'
English common name : Nil'
DESCRIPTION
to torrch'
An evergreen tree ; young shoots glabrous' rough
Leaves sin"pie, olt"rnui., i'ate-oblong . or elliptic-lanceolate'
on both surfaces'
taoering to a bluntish ooi"i u' the apex, glabrous
fiffi;;:,";;;;;;1;'1fu;;-the receptacri.encroses the mare and
edible' Familir Moraceae'
i;;t flt*"rs, pyriforrn, red when ripe,
DISTRIBUTIOI\T
area'
Wiaety grown in Burma, many seen in Rangoon
USES
1 fresh juice.of the ripe

Sap of root given in diabetes I also the
preparation rvhich is given
fr.rit ii used as ir, na;,r""t to a metallic
in the treatment of diabetes'2
from
Bark is given as astringent to cattle rvhen suffering
"Root Fruit used as asiringent,
dnderpest. given in di,sentery.
il;;:" stomachii ca,*i"utiv", monorrhagia and haemoptysis'
.initty juice in piles and diarrhoea'1
REFERENCES
r, L' Navan aNo I' c-. 9+:H"l:?f3|."r""',lii6:1,i{

" cuorna,
"i;;;;;' R.N.,,Q.
Mriical Ptants, tts' New Delhi
P'
-' u. P..Bo..., t'-ss.1)'^.I?dionMiticinatPtarts'vol'
-'eu.r'-t"a,
". "i?i,'l;:';;"b.
",'S1I:Hl'iI?ilT'il lndia: Lalit Mohan Basu'
FICUS RELIGIOSA tinn'
l.-{
[
.itii..,
2 TNCHES
w'
,;j *..
Frc. 7. eg:34J3 (NYaung'baudi)

Ficus religiosa Zirrrr'
37
FICUS RELIGIOSA Lrir.

Burmese name ; eg:6eo18 ; Nyaung-baudi.
Frcus Rsr,rcr osa. Linn. Sp. Pl. ro59 (1753).
Ficus affinio, Glrff. Notu"l. io. 3gz.
Urostigma religiosum Gasp. Ric. 82, t. 7. f.l'
Urostigma affine Miq. t. L.8.1. vi, 564.
Co.rrrrr-on English ,u]r" , Peepul tree, Pipal tree, Bo tree'
DESCRIPTION
A large glabrous, usually epiphytic tree' Leaves ovate-rotund'

u-pwa.ds u"a tl"Lpl" r."lorrg u* the main portion of
the
"rrrro*"J
blade ; stipules minute, ovati, acute, .u"drco"'' Flower receptacle
like in pairs, axillary,' .essile, srnooth, depressed globose' dark
purple when ripe. Family Moraceae.
DiSTRIBUTION
Planted in Burma for its religious use'
USES
.
1
Powdered bark used to decrease the blood sugar in
rabbits'
internally
Bark used in gonorrhoea, ancl infusion of bark is given
in scabies.
Fruit possesses laxative action'
Leaves and young shoots given as purgatives'2
E:Sitosterol-D-glucoside (phytosterolir,) \n/as

isolated
from dried powdered bark of the plant''
PHARMACOLO GICAL INVESTIGATI ON
The phytosterolin isolatecl from dried porvdered 9"1^N.i-

-intrar-cnouslv
iniccted into ra'bbits at 5'o and 7'5 Tg/'*g'
pioa"..A decrease in blooci sugar of zj'z and 33 Bq:; tt:p:t:lil, t
io mgiLg rvas fatai. T'his compound given orally at 25 rnglKg
.;;r;;;';'gtadual reduction in biood sugar' the marimurn beinga
r.".tt"a #., 4 horr., ; tolbutami<le at ihe sameafter dose' caused
which the
;;;;;* hypoglv.e*i" t"'po'n'" in 3 hours'
38
response gradually decreased. Phytosterolin produced centra!

nervous system stimulation, comrrlsion and reversal of reserpine
depression in miee at tCIxie doses (4o-4oo niglkg ; the IrDuo by
the intraperitoneal t'oute wds 6z'mglkg.ir* miee):
REFERENCES
r, A:unrxr, S. H. AND Ra5anaMa Rao, M. R. (rq6Z). Studies on a phytos*
terolin from the bark of Ficus religiosa. Indian J. Phatm. zg, gr-4
(Ene) In: Chemical Ahstract (1967), Fharmacodynamics 67, ror65c.
a. CuornA, R. N., S. L. Naven exo I. C. Cnopne (tsS6). Qlgltlry.pf
na;aiMedic:itwt Pla*t*;. p,
- r:i&. Ne{s De1hi: Council of Scientific
and Industrial Research.'
MORUS ALBA tinn.
40
2 rNCr.{ES
Frc. B. 3cor: (posa)

Nlorus alba Linn.
4r
VIORUS ALBA' Linn'

Bulnese name : ,!:o:; Posa.
Mont's ALal- Linn. SP' Pl' 986 (1753)'
Morus serrata TL/all. Cat.46488'
N{o..r. tatarica Lirun. Sp. Pl. Ed' S (t:qq)'
English common name: White mulberry'
DESCRlPTION
margin
A medium sized tree. Leaves ovate or ovate-cordate'
different branches'
serrate. Flolvers greenish, the sexes often on
on iin"t""i trees, flowers minute' Fruit ovoid'
;i;;;#arly black when ripe, the latter form red when not
"".".irr."iry
fully ripe. FamilY hfoYaceae'
DISTRIBUTION
Planied for its economic value'
USES
The leaves possess hypoglycernic-activity'1'2 , , -. ^^:^
Fruit used in f.rr"t, also as remedy for sore throat'
dyspepsla'
melanchoiia
Bark used as purgative and anthelmintic'3'a
o'u
Essential oil present in the plant'
constitutents isolated from the leaves are:
Paknitic
-*.p.-'ii--ar;-'
Trace
u.ii, Et' palmitlte^' m'p' z4',o-25'5" *?d
trentriacontane, *'p' 6i'5-68'o"' Isolated
from the
of the mulberry leaves'
ether-soluble fraction oi tt'" WI"OU extract
tube) and a hydroxy-
Funaaric acid, m'p. ztgo*zgf (in a sealed
coumarin, is6late from roo/u NHnoH-soluble frac-
^.p.77-AL",
of I\leOH extract of mulbcrry leaves'o
tion
"'"-bftf"i"genic
acid needles, rn'p' zo7-zog" (EO)l l Ti*"
3rd[Of"orD, ;
( \-;i--is'u"(c, o'e5; +7's% Et oh)'
e''0
ON
PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATI
rabbits or.which had
Experiments were carried out on normal
An infusion of
*lloxan ciiabetes o,lti-*""'ury hyperglycemia' anl a
the leaves of white ;ulberry pi"pui.a by percolation
iiqria uf."ttlic extract 1' ' i pt"p"* bV to
repercolation) h::ve
;li h;p"gty""*i" ,.iiuiiy which is shown different degrees

42
in animals of different groups. Other preparation of mulberry

leaves does not exert this action.s
The therapeutic possibilities of Morus alba Linn' leaves
,drawn from itsbiological activity and low toxicity are: The leaves
lpossess hypoglycemic action as they reduce
the blood sugar level.
ln"y ur."or high nutritive value as recorded in the literature and
,*uy b" used in animal and human nutritution, specially in cases
of diabetes mellitus. They are also of antispasmodic and
hypotensive nature as they relax the intestinal musculature zz
.riiro und temporarily reduced the blood pressure in anesthetised
dogs. It is therefore proposed by the _writer of this abstract to
.unf,ertake an investigation into the chemistry of these leaves
to separate the active possible constituents and to examine their
Oioioii*f characteristics for further biological and clinical study.l
REFERENCES
r. Su.tnar, A' eNo M. Y. M-o.Nscrun- (1964)' Pharmacological studies on the

leaves'ofMorusalbaLinn.wit}nspecialreferenceto.itshypog-lycemlc
Planta Med. :,z,, p. lr-i6. Illus' 'Iz : Biological Abstract'
""iirltv.-
(rq66). PharmacologY, 47, 237 5,
.z.BoRtsnNro,A.N.(r96a).In:(InformationontheFirst'AllRussian
'' ""C;;i;r;;'"of- pioi*i2xts, ,safi. The hvooelvcemic action of
J.i's. ii"* th.r"u"". "r*r',iiu.riolli".tv. Fro"ii i{Er ZH YYPUS,K
iAiiliinkoi T1XIK1L, No- zi, s4. 277 -(Translatiorr)' 'In"
bi6logical Abstract. (1965). Pharmacologv, 46, +g78'
t. Arch. Pharm. Betl. OgrT),, p. r87. In: Chopra, Rl N', S:.L' Nayar and
"'--i.4. Chonra (rss'6i.'Glossatv of Indian Medicinal Plants, p' r7o'
N*u n.tnit Ci,uricii of Scientific and Industrial Research'
4. Chem. Zbt. (tgz6\. II. p. +S. In: Glatsurv $ Indian Meilicinal Plantt,
p. r70'
.5. ehea. ZN. (t%+). l, p.277o. In: Glossary of
Indi.qn Medicinal Plgats'
'p'r79'
6. WaHEtB, C. (rq*S). .Db Pflangcwtqfre. l. zS7. In: Qlossary d ' In&ian
Medicitul Plat r, P. r7o.
'2. Cnorna. R. N., S. L. Nevan eNo I. C. Cr:opna (rg56)' G/ossary of Indian
' Mcdicinul Plants, P- t7o.
8. KsNrcrrr Narto, JuN NtsnrNa ero Yasu'Jr Heuavu-n'r.(.rg63)'.1\{icro
-' %;i1;tt"-iri "motU"trv leaves. V' Isolition hydroxycoumarln
of paimitic acid ethyl
oalmitate. hentriacontane' fumaric acid, and trom
''Ia: Kaishi 37, p' 4+9'45"'
ilulberrv'leaves. Nibbon Nogei Kagaku
1*";*eiA;A A'tst rii 6o, riz6se. Chqdcal Absttact' ('s6s)'
General Biochegnistry, 63, 4572d'
o. Kgvrcnr Narr.o .tNo Kelzo Havesruva (1956). The trace. constituents
' - in Mrlb"try leaves. VI. Isolation of -chlorogenic acid' Nippon Noget
I{,asku Kdishi 39. p. ?r7-8. In: Chawicd Abetracr (l96$' Plant
BiQchemistrY, 63, r5zz3tr'
Mw,k Indcr 9f Chemicd !!4 .D,ugl (1opo), Seventh editioa'
-- -; ill.
lio. TkA
t"tt*"v, F.Iew ]ersey, U.s.A', fl{erik & €o', Inc'
CASEARIA ESCULENTA Roxb.
4
+5
CASEARIA ESCULENTA Roxh.
Burmese name: Nil.

CesBenre Escur-nNte Roxb. Fl. Ind. II, 4zz $\z).
Casearia laevigata Dalz. in Hock. Journ. Bot.IY. rc7.
Casearia Champiouii and C. zeylanica Thwaites Enum. tg-
Casearia varians Thutaites Enum. rg.
Common English name: Nil.
DESCRIPTION
A small tree; bark yellowish white, smooth; young branches

slender, pale, galbrous. Leaves simple, alternate, elliptic-oblong
to ellipticJanceolate. Flowers small, usually in cluster in the
axil of the leaves. Fruit ellipsoid or subglobose, orange-yellow-
Family Samydaceae (Flacourtiaceae).
DISTRIBUTION
Myitkyina and Salween
USES
Decoction of root is a popular remedy for diabetes; also used
in piles. Root possesses astringent action, promotes action of
liver.
CHEMICAL INYESTIGATION
Root contains a resin, tannic acid, colouring matter and starch.
Bark contains tannin and a principle allied to cathartic acid.2
The drug obtained from the plant on chemical analysis was
found to contain reducing sugars, glycoside substances and
tannins.s
The following components were isolated: a sterol, m.p.
r3z-r34o ; a substa*ce resembling guttapercha., m. p. 59-6od ;
a flavonoid compound, m.p. 2SS-258o ; a colourless crystalline
compound, neutral and water soluble, crystalline body S, m.p.
r84' and two resins. A reducing sugar present in the drug, has
been identified as arahinose.4
46
Effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts as well as of extracts

obtained after ierial extraction of the root powder of C. esculenta
with petroleum ether, ether and acetone on fasting blood sugar,
glucose tolerance and glucose uptake by tissue has been studied
,on rats and rabbits.
Chronic treatment of the aqueous or alcoholic extract of the

drug for one and a half months did not change the basal flsling
bloo'd sugar level significantly, but significant reduction in blood
sugar levil occurred two hours after administration of the alcoholic
exlract of C. esculenta in albino rats' The petroleum ether,
ether and acetone did not cause significant reduction of blood
sugar.
Glucose tolerance rvas also favourably influenced by chronic
treatment of the aqueous and alcoholic extract. The effect of
aqueous decoction of the drug on glucose tolerance was also
confirmed on rabbits.
The diaphragmatic tissues obtained from the rats treated with
the drug were found to consume more glucose on incubation with
ii"Ur f,.irrg", saline z mg glucose and J.oz units of insulin pei ml'
in a Warburg flask.
The favourable effects of the drug in milder diabetic states have
been discussed in the light of its potentiation of insulin effects on
tissues.
The water soluble crystalline body S, m.p. r84o isolated from
the roots of the plant is responsible for the hypoglycemic activity'4
REFERENCES
r.
-' CxopnA, R. N., S' L. Nevan auo I. C. Cnopna (r9s-6), G-loya.ry of-Indian
--iiiiiilnit Pianti, p. 53. Nerv Delhi: Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research.
a. N,rDxlni,Ir, K. M. (rq27), The Inilian Materia Medica, In: Glonary ot
Indian Medicinal Plants' P. 53.
-Studi"sS. S.. S, C. Vnntl,t, V. P. Gexc,rNo

e. Gupta. P. Kn-qNDELw.{L (f s6Z).
" On The Anti-Diabetic Effects of Casearia esculenta. Indidt
J. Med.l?es, 55, 754'762.
e,
- Cnouoxunv. K. D' aNo N. K. Besu (rg67). Phytochemical and Hypo-
-rty.i*i" investigation of Casearia eiculsnta. J. Pharm. Sci' 56,
r4ol-l+o').
CEPHALANDRA INDICA NAUd,
48
./
2 INCHES
Frc. 9. m3;". {Kin'boa)

Cephalandra indica N eud
49
CEPHALAI'IDRA INDICA Naud'
Burmese name : m6:ti ; Kin-bon'

Crpuer,eNonA INptcA' Naud" in Ann' Sci'
Nat' Ser'
5, V. 16 (1866).
Mimordica mondelpha R oxb ' Fl' Ind' lii' 7-8 (r 832)'
Bryonia grandis Linn. f. SuPPI' o6'
Bryonia ialttuta Wall' Cat' 67rr A, B' C'
Coccinia indicaWisht €d Arn' Protir' 3+7 0834'
Coccinia Schimperi Naud' in Ann' Sc' Nat'
Ser' 4' xu' ro'
Coccinia Wightiana Roem' Synops' ii' gl'
English common name: Nil'
DESCRIPTION
Perennial tendril climber, much branched' Leaves alternate'

cordate' Flowers unisexual'
s-";gl.d, the lobes il,d,' base
white. Fruit fleshy, i".liot--"llipsoid, slightly beake4,T-'ll"^d
when tuuy rlpe'
when immatur" *ith white streaks, bright scarlet
the whole year
Family Cucurbitaceae'. Flowering and fruiting
roun& t
DISTRIBUTION
Burma for its edible
Widely cultivated throughout the whole of
value.
USES
the treatment of
The plant is locally reputed to be useful in
diabetes.
----lrri*
from the leaves and roots are used in diabetes and also
1
uppii.a externally in eruptions of skin'
C.HEMICAL INVESTIGATION
The juice contains an enzyme amylase

and traces of an
23
alkaloid. ,
5o
Ciremicals extracted from the dry aerial parts of the plant are:
From petroleum ether extract, unsaturated straight chain alcohol
cephalandrol, Cr, Huro, m.p. gr.5_82.5;, a hydrocarbou
"1*gd
tritriacontane -m.pi
Cr" H*, Oq-2i", f-sitosterol was also
isolated.
From alcohol extract of residual drug, I(NO, (4/"), small
quantities of z unknown alkaloids tentatively namedl cepiialand_
rine A and cephalandrine B (separated as picrates, i.p. zr4"
and mp. z68").
. .C.ephalandrol gives a monoacetate, C31 H60 02, m,p. 7r,
ulhich on alkaline hydrolysis returns to cephahndrol.,
REFERENCES
r. Cnorna, B.-M, S.Tt. NAvAR aNn I. C. Cnoenn (1956). Glossar.y of
Indian plan*,
Medicinal p. 72. Nerv D"Xrt , Coui-r6ii of S"i;"tiH;;";
z. Cn_orR..r, R. N. axo J. p. Bosn_ (r9_35). indica (Telakucha)
In Diabetes. Ind. J. _ned. nrr:. v5i. _Cephalandra
xtill' p. ,r. il,'Gi;;;;;;-';,f
Indian Medit.inal-plants, p. 72.
3. Indi!,n Med. Gaz. (rgz5), p, zor. In: Glossary o.f Indian Medieinal
Plants, p. 72.
+. Qv3yr;1. KuunA, M.., K. A. K-rrnI,Equt AND M. A. W. MraH (rq6.s). I
of dry aerial parts. Sci. Res. (Dacca. pui.i*ir"i
Uonstttutchts
2, p.?7-3r. In : Chemical Abstract (rg6il. 63, plant Bibchcmistiy
rzoo4h.
t*
i:,,
r;1
4,,
l
tu?,
.&ffi.
.iqqi
kx
.,,
.{
;d* t
#. ;"
-g&ffi
E
Plate ii * rn6atX {Kin-b*n) Cephalandr'a indica Nuud'

MOMORDICA CHARANTIA Linn'
a
52
' 2 tNcHES '
Frc. ro. @c,S:rn8col:

(Kyet'hinga)
Momordica eharuntia LiPn.
.53
MOMORDICA CHARANTLA Linn'
Burmese name : ifrt,5tn6t"1t ; I(yet-hinga'
Moruronorce CnenKtre Linn' Sp' Pl' roog ('ZSf)'
Momordica humillis Wall. Cat' 6747'
Momordica muricata DC. Wall' Cat' 6747'
Cucumis africanus Reg' r' 98o'
Bot'
Nlomordica senegalensis Lamh'
English common irr-" t Bitter gourd' Carilla
fruit'
DESCRIPTION
and grooved'
Annual climbing plant, much branched' angled
Leaves alternate'
*itn .1*pf" tendr"ils, younger parts -ha.irv'into
roundish, cordate * ,nll"E,
'lot"J a""pfy d.ivided $-j l."b::'l'tt}
and notched' slightly
rounded sinuses, tf," *nutp'-toott'ed.
Flowers unisexual' both the male
;;;;;;"; on both .";il;' lemon-yellow' Fruit bright-orange
and female flowers solitary,
coloured, pendulous, i".irii*, furrowed length *i::t1l^1t11"9
giving the appearance oI. a
,,rr*"ro*' triangular tubercles
crocodile's back, at *u*iry splitiing iryg ,
divisions exposing
t""a] Floiering and fruiting
the bright scarlet 'i-"t"i
""i",
arrri"g,Ih* rainy months. Famiiy Cucurbitaceae'
DISTRIBUTION .
Cultivated throughtout the whole of Burma
for its edible
fruits.
USES
The Burmese people use the plant in the treatment of
diabetes.
The drug of the plant showed hypoglycemic action'l and
There
are also other uses.
j,,it" of l"uv"s ale used as ernetic
purgatire; also given in bilious affections'
Fruit and leaves p".t"tt anthelmintic action' useful in piles'
leprosy, jaundice and act as vermifuge'
Root used * J;;;; i" haemorrhoids' 2'3'4'6
'rt" "tir"r
In different prrt* oiih" world it is used as food'
medicine and
vafy according to
€ven arrow poisons,-as its toxic properties
geographical origin.
may induce
Fruits cause severe vomiting, catharsis andand animals'
abortion. fn"y tttft'f tl'both humans
Lotlicar and Rao "un-tu
i.oiut"a from the fruit of the plant the hypo'
i
,g"", " ci"tr"tin which is however too toxic to
be of
;ly;;i"
any use.
T_
54
In folk medicines, the root,
the underground plant, seeds
fruits are irsed for direrent and
Some oi th"se ,r""" ,r",
";;i;H..
cathartic, abortiv+ apfrr"airi""-, .
l"if g"ri., antipyretic, antirheu_
matic, emetic, digestant,
anti-ulcerog;nic, and antimalarial.6
Charantin iso'lated t;;h;p;;;;;i*
was found to Iower
rro* the fruirs of the prant
brooa."gir;;;il* rabbits.la
Powdered drug of the plant
contains o.o3g7, alkaloid. It
crystallizes in transparent
thin transparent ,eedl", urra ii"-'fi"rur" *i""irr* iriilrg
needles, the sulfate
Precipitate were obtain;;;;;h in shorter needles.

M",,"rt;
"na.ir,o,f
r,oi,"U;,il'i;;"1#,:-".::,.*J'J,*il,,#"r,7
obtained with pic"ric
iJ .ijql,i;;;1,i:
""iauikuroi;
;;ffi essentiat oit, carotene,
f, ff ;.*J0.,
sap onin u',d t.t"#;"r'#' i',i',h"
Momoridicine.is
{ound in the leaves. It is a white, crystal_
line po*,der. Insotu.bte
il;;;; iJir"r.r_ ether ; sot,rble in
acidulated water. ,tcofrot,
alcohot and stightiy sotuble "il;iJrm,- methanol, and amyl
il;;r,r.,.1
,PHARMACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION -
Experiments have been carried
isolated from the r*it,
out with the drug of the plant
,ir,";;;ry;I";t.rl
the drug on the sugar- tolerance tests and the effect of
of ,roi*rf rabbits are presented.
There is evidence'tnut tr," i;;;H,.
action on rabbits and that some hypoglycemic
,".rrl.rir"il
crystalline substance extracted when a crude
thus far obtained suggest
r.o* tr," ".rrrrrr"ra
drug is used. Results.
that the arrg
mry have clinical use-
fulness in diaberes rr;ri";;h;;;;;#".;phasize
has not reached the poiniwhe;ffi;"";ssurance that the work
that the drug can be given
posses. i".uu"_rir."
The fruit contain ir#rii*.,
::*t1,ilil'ild;#;t};,"!J"'11"jlli","jJ,Hffi
acuvrty was found in the.seeds. :'"ii";
active than the arcohorig-
Th; juice was more
""rrirfrg.a
was observed in aroxan ""iru"t.-'"lil"lypogrycemic activity
diabetes *itr,
tamide failed to respond.12 -,a ketosis where tolbu-
,... 9**i,t", 5o. .g/kg,.administered orally lowers
Dy +2% at the ath hour, the mean fali blood sugar
It is more potent than tolbutamide l;;"g 5 hours being zgfi.
irr'frypogfy.emic activity,
55
but the pattern of blood sugar changes is similar in both. The

hypoglycemic action of charantin in depancreatized cats is less,
but not abolished, indicating a pancreatic as well as extra-pancreatic
action. It exerts non-specific antispasmodic and mild cholinergic-
blocking activity.
It is doubtful, if charantin a phytosterolin, 'i.e., a stetol
glycoside, represents all the hypoglycemic activity present in the
fruit. The beneficial clinical results reported from using daily
5o-6o ml of the juice of fresh fruits could not be entirely due to
too few mg of charantin present in them.I3
REFERENCES
r. Gtr,srn'Io RrvrRA (rg+z). Preliminary chemicai and pharmacological
studies on "Cudeamor"' Momordica charantia L. II. An. J.
Pharm. rr4, p. 7z-87 In :-Chemical Abstuact, (rg+z)' Vol. 36'
p^tt 2, p. 9874.
z. Cnorna, R. N. S. L. Neven, eNo CHornn, I' C. (1956). Glossary of
Indian Medicinal Plants, p. 168. New Delhi : Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research.
3. Ber. dtsch. chem. Ges. (r9o4). p. 3o8' In : Glossary o1' lndian
Medicinal Plants, p. t68.
4, Arch. Pharm. Ber!. (1863), p. rrr, In: Glossary d Ind,ian Medicinal
Plants, p. t68.
5. Apotheherztg. Bcrt. (rgzg), p. r48o. .In : Glossary of Indian Medicinal
'Plants, p. 168. .
6. Monrou, J. F. (rq6S). Momordica chararrtia (Linn.), Edihle, Medicinal
and Toxic Plants. Rez.t. Fac Farnt. (Iniv. Central Venezuela, 6, p.
6l-72. In : lntern.ttional Plrurmaceutical Abstroct. 3o' Sep. 1966.
Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Vol. 3, No. 18, p. 1277,
7. LuIs Tonnrs DIaz (rq36). Preliminary study of an alkaloid like
material obtained from Cunderamor or M. charantia L. Ptterto
RicoJ. Pub. Health and Trop. Med.rr, p. 8rz-816. In : Chemical
Abstract (t936). Vol. 3o, part 2, p. 6133.
L Grlirrnro Rrvnne (rg4r). Preliminary chemical and pharmacoloeical
studies on " Cundeamor " or M. charantia L. I. Am, J' Phartn.
rr3, p, z8r-97, In: Chemical Abrtract, (.rg4r), Vol. 35, part z,
p.?65r.
"g, The Merch .Index of Chenicals and Druqs {196o), Seventh edition,
p. 688. Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A: Merck & Co., Inc.
ao. Prcxor,'r (r8q8). Medeel. Lands Planl, 25, p. 88. In : The Merch
hrdex of Chemicals and Drugs (196o). Seventtr edition, p. 688.
tt, Ber, deut, pharm. Ges, (rgo+) 14, p. 3o8. In : The llllerch Index af
Chemicals and Drugs (tg6o). Seventh edition, p. 688.
aa. Cuatrnnlnr, K. P. (1963). On the presence of an anti-diabetic principle
in Momordica Charantia L. Indian J, Physiol. Pharmacol. 7,
p. 240-2+4. In : Biological Abstract (rS6S)' Pharmacology,
Yol. 46. p. 5325.
t3, Lotr-tr<ex, I\iI. N. exp M. R. Relenerue Rao (1966). Pharmacology
- of A Hypoglycemic Principle Isolated from the Fruits of Momordics
charantii L.-htdian J, Phum. 28, p. rzg-r33. In : International
Pharmaceutical Abstiact.3o. Sep. 1966. Prelinrinary l)rug Testing,
Vol. 3, No. r8, p. ra93.
HELECTERES ISORA Linn.
59
HELICTERES ISORA Zzzz.
Eurmese name: Nil.

Her.rcrsnns Isone; Linn. Sp. Pl.9Q (tZS:).
Helicteres chrysocalyx Miq. in L. Hohen.
Helicteres Roxburghii G. Don. Gen. Syst. i. 5o7.

English common name: Nil.
DESCRIPTION
A small tree; young shoot clothed with stellate hairs. Leaves

are of two types, oblong, obovate or roundish, closely dotted on
both surfaces with stellate hairs, margins irregularly orenate-
serrate. Flowers red at first fading to lead colour. Fruit follicle,
beaked linear, twisted together in the form of a screw, stellately
tomentose. Family Sterculiaceae.
, DISTRIBUTION
Upper Burma and Hilly regions.
USES
Juice of root is reputed to be useful in the treatment of

diabetes: also used in stomach affections.
Fruits useful in the treatment of gripes and flatulence in

children.
Bark used in dysentery and diarrhoea.l
REFERENCES
i. Cnorne, R. N., I. C. Navan, aNo I.C. Cnorna (1956). Glossary oJ

India.n Medicinal Plants, p. r3r. Nerv Delhi : Council of Scientific
CEIBA PENTANDRA (Linn.) Gaertn,
6z
,
l-t-.:1
2INCHES
Frc. rr. oec5ecorrS,l$r c,)o1 (Thiubaw letpan, Le.wa)

Ceiba pentandn (Linn.) Gaqtn.
63
CEIBA PENTANDRA (Linn.) Gaertn.

Burmese name: ccedrco.,Sof r cJol1 ; Thin-baw letpan,Le-wa.
Cntee PrmreNnne (Lirun.) Gaertn. Fruct.lI. 244 Glgi.
Bombax pentandrum Linn. Sp. Pl.5rr (rZS:).
Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. Prodr. L +Zg $Bz$.
Eriodendron pentandrum Kurz in Jourru. As. Soc. Beng.
XLIII, ii. r33 $814.
English comrnon name: Kapok Floss or Silk cotton tree,
White Cotton Tree.
DESCRIPTION
A tall tree; trunk prickly when young; branches in whorls of
3. Leaves alternate, palmitifid, leaflets 5-8 lanceolate, stipules
filiform. Flowers large, white, appearing with the leaves at the
end of the branches. Fruit fusifirm like a cucumber, capsule
Iined with long white silky hairs. Family Bombacaceae. Flowers
and fruiting in January/February.
DISTRIBUTION
Often planted for its valuable silk cotton throughout Burma.
USES
The juice obtained from the roots is considered a most valuable
cure for diabetes.
Gum used as tonic, astringent, laxative, alterative.
Roots used as diuretic.l
Seed resembles cotton seed in composition, but contains
little or no gossypoll2,5 seed contains zo_ z5ofoil.3,a
REFERENCES
t, Cnoen,r, R. N.,S. L. Nayen aro I. C. Cnopne (roc6). Glossaru
of Indian Medicinal Plants,p. 56. New Delhi : Couniil-of Scientifii
l. Grurrrxc, E. P. eNo C. L. Ar-sonnc (r93i). Cornposition of Kapok
seed. Ind. Eng. Chern. 23, p. 9o3-9. In : Chemical Ahstiact,
(r93r). Vol. 25, part 3, p. 4727,
3, Bul!. ingt. trnst, Lond. (19z6), p. r8. In : Glossary o_f Indian Medicinal
Platzts, p. 56.
4. Wegllh ad tldjq. (1948-52), II. p. rr2. In: Glossary oJ Ind,iatt
Medicinal Plants. p, 56.
g. T'he Merch Index of Chemicals and Drugs (196o). Seventh edition,.
p. 496. The Rahway, New jersey: U.S.A., Merck & Co,, Inc.
:Plate llt - "oericcu.56r olol (Thinbaw
-
letPan, Le-wa)
elfiTe ntand ia (linn' ) ertn.'
Go
EUGENIA JAMBOLANA tam. i
Frc. rz. coe$p"r ccd@.rSes,1: (Thabye-phyu, Thabye.kyet chi)
Eugenia jambolana Lam.
67
EUGENIA JAMBOLANA LAM.
Burmese name: ccefiffi,, c:e[@c,Ses;: ; Thabye-phyu, Thabye-

kyet-chi.
EucExIe JertnornNe Lam. Encycl' Meth. III' r98 ('Z8q)'
Syzygium cumini (Linn.) Skeels; Hwndley @ Chit Ko Ko, to4

(t95r).
Calyptranthes jambolan a Willd. Sp. Pl. II. gl S (tZS:)'
Syzygium Jambolanum DC. Prodr.III. 259 as quoted in F/'

Brit. Ind. I{oak.7L 4gg G87il.
Etrgenia frondosa Walt. Cat. z56oG not 3590 as quoted /oc'

cit.
Eugenia Hookerei F. Muell. Frabrn., V. 33 as quoted loc' cit'
Calyptranthes capitellata Ham. in' Walt. Cat.356oB as quoted

in loc. cit.
Eugenia caryophyliif olia Lam. Encyc.III. I9B as quoted in

Kew L 9o9 (r895).
Eugenia obtusifolia Roxb. Hort. Berug. 37 as quoted in Kew'
Syzygium
"ru.
lateriflorum Royle ex Duthie as quoted in Hôok'
Ar;t. In'd.Il. 4gg as quoted in Kew Il' rozT ('BqS)'
"
7,"
Syzygium caryophyllifolium DC. Prodr.III. z6o as quoted

loc. cit.
Eugenia Jambolifera Roxb. ex. Wight €d Arn. Prodr' 329

as quoted in Kew I. 9oB (rBqS).
Eugenia corticosa Lour. Fl. Cochinch.3o8 as quoted in Kew I"

9o6 (r895).
English Common name: Java Plum.

68,
DESCRIPTION
.4. lutgg tree. Bark pale brown. Leaves opposite,

evergreen
variable in
shape, elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong. iio*"r.
w-hitish, fragrant. Fruit variable in size, ellipsoid or oblong,
obvoid-oblongoid to oblique-oblong, purple thck witt pirl[
iu-icy pulp. Flowers and fruiting L }tuy and June. famity
Myrtaceae.
DISTRIBUTION
_ Found in many parts of Burma. Often planted. Also in

-
Pyinmana.
USES
Aqueous extract of seeds used in treatment of diabetes.
.Bark_used i"
,h" preparation of astringent, decoctions, garglee
and washes; fresh juice given with goatls milk in diarrh-oea- of
children.
Juice of leaves used in dysentery.
Juice of ripe fruit made into vinegar and used as stomachic,

carminative and as diuretic.
Fruit useful as astringent in bilious diarrhoea.l
Glucoside and essential oil are present in seeds. 2, 3 Ellagic

acid present; a, 7 alkaloid jambosine was reported. E -
_ _Jambosine, C1o Hru NOr; white, tasteless crystals, m.p. T7o.

Soluble in hot water, aliohol, chloroform, ether *rrd'hot
petroleum ether.6' 7
69
An aqueous extract of the seeds found to cause marked, pro-

longed decrease in blood sugar upon hypodermic injection into
dogs; oral administration had no such-efiect.8,5
A principle was extracted from powdered Eugenia jambolana

seeds by EIOH. After evaporation,
a water soluLle powder was
,obtained. A solution of this was passed over ion-excirange resin
and treated with 6N HCl. The active principle was heai stable
in an acid solution at rooo. Oral administration of mg principle/
5o
kg/day to rats starting the day of intraperitonial injection oi
alloxan (zoo-z5o mg) gave a transient elevation of the glycemia,
then reduced the hyperglycemia aPter 7 days of treatment from
4o/" above normal levels in the diabetic rats to normal levels.
Oral administration of 5o mg principle/kg/day (starting days
5
after the injection of alloxan) for zo-days, then i5o*gltg7 ary
for_ 7 days, abolished the glycosuria and hypeiglycemi,
reduced the polydipsia which occurrod in diabetic rais.e "ri
REFERENCES ,
r. CHorna, R. N:, S. L. Naven, lNo I. C. Ctoena (1956). Glossary of
Indian Medicinal Plants, p. 45. New Delhi : Corancil of Scientific
z. Pharm. j. (rytz), p. 4r+. In : Gloxary of Indian Medicinal plants,
p. 238.
j. J. Amer. Chem. Soc (1916), p. 28o5. In : Glossary cf Indian Medicinal
Plants, p. 238.
.4. Pharm. J^. (rgrg), p. 245, In : Glossary of Indian Medieinal plants,
p. 238.
5. U.S.D. fi947), p. 1448. In : Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants,

p.48.
6. Gr.nn.gq $884). Pharm..7.,p. r+. In: The Merch In;lex of Chemicals
and Dr'ugs (tg6o). Seventh edition, p. 584.
1. Thc Merch Index of Chenicals and Drugs (196o). Sevcnth edition,
p. 584. Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A: Mdrck & Co., Inc.
,8. C. 4 Soc. Biol. Paris (.rg4o), p. r5o, fn : Glossary of Indian Medicinat
Plants, p, 238.
9, Mlva SrcrcNreu-JacoDzrNsrr, Peur.Br"rn Bm.u--Pnor, l\,Ianc CneNrz,
Prnnnr Borrsau AND ALBERT Raroro RemrlteueNce (1967). [{1po-
gJy"" 1ni9 and antidiabetic activitv of a principle extiicted fi-6m
Eugenia jambolana C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris. Ser. D.z6+, o. rttq-27.
In : Chemical Abstract, (tg67). Pharmacodynamics,' '66, ro:8zi'
EUGENIA OPERCULATA Roxb'
I
L
Frc. 13 ccefie1f I mf:cce$ (Thabye-chia, Koa-thabye)

Eugenia operculata.Ror6.
73
EUGENIA OPERCULATA Roxb.
Burmese name: oe$a,1fr .nfrarefi; Thabye-chin, Kon-

- thabye.
EucrNra Opnncur,ara Roxb. in Fl. Ind.II. 486 (1832).
Eugenia cerasoides Roxb. in. Fl, Ind. II. 488 (r832).
Eugenia Paniala Roxb. in Fl. Ind.II. 489 (1832).
Syzygium nervosum DC. Prodr. iii. z6o as quoted in Fl. Ind.
Brit. Hooh. II. 498 (r8Zg).
Syzygium costatum, nodosum and angkolanum Miq, Fl. Ind.
l.c. 488.
Calyptranthes mangiferifolia Hance in Walp. Ann.IL 6z9.
Calyptranthes costata Hamm. in Wall. Cat. 3556.
Calyptranthes grandis and C. Tatna Ham. in Wall. Cat,
3554,3555.
Eugenia androsaemoides Herb. Wight ex Dulthie in Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. IL (r8qS).
Eugenia nervosa Bedd, For, Man, Bot. ro6,
Eugenia obovata Wall. ex Duthe. ir Hook. f. Fl. Brit, Ind.
II.4gt.
Syzygium angkolanum Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i.I. 448.
Syzygium costatum Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i I. 45r.
Syzygium nodosum Miq. Fl. Irud. Bat, i.I ++7. ,
Syzygium obovatum Wall. Cat. tu 3SSz.

Syzygium Panealla Wall. Cat. n. 3557.
Syzygium polyanthum That. Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 116.
Syzygium vastum Wall. Cat. n. 356r.
Syzygium Wallichianum Presl. Bot. Bentark, 7o.
English comrnon name: Nil:

74
DESCRIPTION
A medium sized tree. Bark pale brown. I,eaves opposite,

.elliptieal to ovate-elliptical. Flowers, many in clusters of three,q
white, petals united to form a calyptra. Fruit obovoid to oblon-
goid berry. Family Myrtaceite. Flowers and fruits in May.
DISTRIBUTION
Upper and Lower Burma, Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim and

mostly in the Delta regions.
USBS
Tree bark is locally reputed as a cure in the treatment of

diabetes.
Other uses : Root boiled down to the consistency of a syrup is

applied to the joints.
The?ruit is eaten as a remedy for rheumatism.

Leaves used in dry fomentation. 1
q
Leaves of the plant contain essential oil.
The bark of Thabye-chin was tested on a few patients suffering

frono diabetes. The test was first administered as an infusion of
the chopped-up bark. Then ground bark was packed in muslin
.cloth and put in a boiling kettle for infusion and the latter drunk l
as plain tea. The.result if several tests showed that the symptom; I

of diabetes were controlled, the thirst was reduced, polyuria and I
hunger were also controlled. Blood and urine tests showed that I
there was hardly any change in the sugar concentration parallel of I
to the improvement in the cl,inical syrnptoms.
I
IJ
REFERENCES
I. C. CnoPn,r Q956.\-'ofGlassotY-of
t' c"oPRA' il,.T;*,'a#i:11 lifl 'NI* b"tiii ctuicil Sciontific
na"tttiul Reseatch'
^.a-'-l Indiat Medicinal
U'^Co' (r93I)' p' 86' In : GlossutY of
z. Ber. Schimmel
Plants, P. 236'
Research.
, *'$-:::),#'2i)a, Ei,::;";ffh""; ;;:;,trl"H'sju..ff1 a, JanuarY
ffi;At'ii, Nos' r and 2'-P' 13'

YINCA ROSEA tinn.
- ---..4q
;,'s*-*'-
itiF+i-.r..!Fr--f
2 tilCltES
Frc. 14. "{:mpoSr occirugils (Pan-kaoyut,Thinbaw-rnanyo)

Yinca rosea Linn.
79
VINCA R.O,$EA Lzr;z'
Burrnese name- ; ofrorgoS'

oe'5'*gi1t Pan-kanyut' Thinbaw-
man] ().
d Lbm. S-1'st' ed' to' g44 (q5g)'
Vr*"o'norn
Lochnera Rui'ib' consp' lil v:g r3'tr (rEzS)'^
'o*"u
Catharanthu*,o'"o*-b' OoL' Ci'' Sysr' IV gS-(r8:Z)'
Ferirvinkie'
English cornmon "o**t Mrrdagascar
DESCRIPTION
opposite' oblong-lanceolate;
-fto*"tt
Perennial undershrub' Leaves mc'lium size'
ai"*t"a' solitarv'
stioules minutcly
the lcaves' Fruit paired
iliffiT, o".oj",îttJtg"rt'* the axil of Apocynaccae' Flowering
follicle, slendor, "yri*"a'i1".'-r"*ily
ft"iting the whole year round'
"r,J
DISTRIBUTION
Widely cultivated as gardcn pl*nts'
USES
action was
Plant used as remedy for diabetes't {Ynoely"emic
shown in rats by tf'e Lrjor alkaloids of the plant'o
An infusion of leaves adrninistered in
menorrhagia'l
possesses hy1l*"l1]L"
Alkaloid acts as a heart poison'3 and also
antidiuretic6 actlvlty
action.4 New alkaloiat pfnottt diurctic'5a.d choriocarcinoma'?
and also used in o1r*"rt"*;a
'tu;;#;;t
C}IEMICAI. INVESTIGATIOI'{
Aikaloicls have been isotate<l fro*r

this,
of thc leaves yieltlcC aa "T:-*?jtlil
*:X.:, :"';ripy !:"i{stl}r(
uddcr;tiiicd
"tt "i "ittu"t
a black resin and t*"ff"-'Liunt
of a -v'clatilc oil' From the
' with m'p' z58o and formll
Et 2O extra"t; u *t"'oi*"t^Ltf-*a eli:aloid vincrtn
a crystalline a..tate, m.p . 717' , ' a !lr1t"a:i"c
-;rith 6-yehi::rbi*e
isolated appears to bc identic'li or stcrcis*rnerir
[ 4r*"f anine = raubasin]'a
8o
Ajrnatricine, 8-Yohimbine .; py-tetrahydroserpentine ; rauba-

eine ; Hydrosarpan. CrrHr+ NrO, i
Aje'nmtt* lnle
Prisms from methanoi, decomposition zqqo. (o) fl-6o"

(c = o'5 in chloroform); (o) 3o-+S'(c: o.S in pyridine); (o) 2o'-tE"
(c = o'ag in methanol). U.ir'. rnax (lcg. e) z8o (3.9r), zz5 @.68)
in ethanol.
I{ydro&loride, C* FIr.1 N2 03 HCl, leaflets from ethanol,

decomp. zgo". (") 3o-r?" (":o'5 in methanol). Sparingly
soluble in -,vater or dilute FlCi. I{ydrobromide, C", H24 N, 03
IiBr, diamond platclets. m.p. eg5*a95o.
Hydriodide, C2lHzrNzCaFIX, triangu,lar-facecl prisms from

dilute nrethanotr, decomposition zgt^zg3o .
Ficrate, yellorv needles fr:*rn absolute ethanol, {{t.p. zrz-zrSae.
An amorpirous alkaloid r:,,as found in the plant, known as

vfuacar*ai&*. ,''1n ar.rtitililor ageiri vi,t:caieukobEastine
Crr; Hse I'J{ O,., isolated fro;n the 6rlant and used in the
treatment of ieuliemia and choriocarcinoma.
Vin*a!*uk*h1*etirae C,s I-{53 N4 C, 1s, rr Solvated neeoies

from methanol, m.p. ztr-zt6o. (a)'?j+ 42" (in chloroform).
Dihydrochlorid.e, C16IJjsN*G"zF{ClztrIrO, crystals decoin-

position 244-246'.
r!'
::.
1:.i
lJ,,
,\
,Plate lV - oIt-gSr "rerir"fir (Pan-kanyut, Thinbaw-manvo)

Vinca rosea Linn.
8r
Sulphate, C.u Ho, N. On H, SOn HrO, crystals, m.p.

a84-285o, (a) f;-28" (in methanol).
Major alkaloids possessing hypoglycemic action are i

catharanthine-HCl, leurosine-HsSoo lochneriner tetra'
hydroalstonine, vindoline, and vindolinine- zHCl.
Unknown pentacylic deoxy compound II isolated from the

plant has bein identified as pericyclivine, m.p. 232-3o,
monoclinic prisrns with elongation parallel to the b axis, pKu
6'ZS $l% N, N'-dimethylfermamide), (u) '?j+5'z (c ro,
cHCls).12
Six new alkaloids isolated from the plant are, trochrovine,

perimivine, vincoline, lochrovindine, lochrovicine and
cincolidine.6
Crude extract of the whole consists ef lochnerine, ajamalino

and sitsirikine.6
The three new alkaloids, sitsirikine, dlhydrositsirikine and

isositsirikine are mernbers of the corynantheine class.13
"
Liquid alkaloids also occur in the plant,14 free bases were
isolated from the plant, Vinaspine, m.p. 235-8o, vinaphamine,
m.p. zzg-355o, viraeathicine, m.p. 3zoo (decomp.), rovidine,
m.p. 3eoo (dccomp.), and deacetylvillcaleukoblastine, m.p.
3zoo (decomp.).15
F}IAR.I\{ACOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION
Alkaloids from the plant were tested from hypoglycemic

aetivity in rats. Compounds were in a dose of roo mglkg and
blood glucose deterrninedat r, z, 3, 5 and 7 hrs. llypoglycemic
actioa was shown by the major alkaloids, catharanthine-HCl,
le*resiue-H, SOa, loehnerime, tetrahydro-alstonine, vindo-
line and vindolinine.1TleLz
Alkatroids possessing diuretic activity are, vineolidine,
loehrovicine, catharanthine (-HCl), vindolinine-(zHCl).0
8z
REFERENCES
r. CHoPRA, R. N., S. L. Nevan eNo I.

C. CsopnA (tg56). Clossary
of ltdian Medicinal Plants, p. 255. New Delhi: Council of Scientific
and Industrizil Research.
2. SvoBoDA, Gonoow H., M. Gonnrau aNo 1\tanv A. Roor (rq6+). Alkaloide

of Vinca rosed XXVII.
A preliminaty report on hypogiycemic activitp
Lloydia 27, p. 36t-9. In: Chemical Abstract. fi965), Vol. 63, rrrzd,
3; Meded. Itltuin, Bataoia (r8gg), p. +q. In: Glossary of Indian Medicinal

Plots, p, 255.
4. ,Sci. and Cult. UgS$, p. 568. Ir: Glossary oJ Indian Medicinal Plants,
P.255.
- SvoBoDA,
S. GonnoN H., Manvrx Gon*reN AND H. Tusr RALMoNo (1964.).
Alkaloids of Vinca rosea (Catharanthus roseus). XXV. Lloydia.
(Cincinnati) 27, 2oj-213. Illua. .Iz: Biological Abstract. (r966).
Pharmacognosy and Pharmacuetical Bot. 47, p, 3344.
6. Gonuary, M., H. TUst Rar-rroNo, GonooN H. Svosooa aND JEAN LE

MeN. (rs6+). Alkaloids of Vinca rosea (Catharanthus roceus).
XXVI. Lloydia. atg-ztg. Int Biological Abstact. (1966).
"?t 42, Bot. p. 3339.
Pharmacog. and Pharma.
?. SIEINMETZ, E. F. (rq6z). Catharanthi rosei folia (Yioca rosea leaves);

Quart. 1. Crude Drug Res. z: zar3. In: Biological Absttact, (1966).
Pharmacology, 45, 69365.
E. Luar,natr Ar,oasa,t!rp Luz Olrvrnos, Brr-enoo (1937). Chemical exa-

miratiori of Lochnera rosea Reichb. Ra;. filip, Med. farm, 28, zo8:
fn: Chemical Absrract, $938), Vol. 3a, p^tt21 5443.
g. The Merch Index of Chemicals and Drugs (ry6o). Seventh edition,
p. 25 & p. 1642, Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.A. : Merck & Co., Inc.
ro. Noble, Beer, Cutts (1958). Ann. Ntw Yorh Acad, Sci, 76, Att, 3.
882-894. In: The Merck Index of Chemieals and Drugs (tg6o).
Beventh edition, p,25, p. 1642.
rr. Gonrter, Nruss, Svonoo,r ct al. (1959). J, Am, Chem.,Soc. 8r, p. 47+S-
4754, In: The Merch Index o! Chemicals aad Drugs, (tg6o). seventh
edition, p, 25, p, 1642,
12, Famrswontr, N, R., W. N. Louu, R. N. Br-onasrDR AND MARVTN GoR-

MAN (196+). Pcricyclivine a new Catharanthus alkaloid. !. Pharn.
Scr', 53 (rz) Eng. Iz; Chemical Abstract {1964), Plant Biochemistry,
6z,8rrBa.
r3. Ktmvry, J; P. ar'lp R. T. BnowN (rq66), Three new alkaloids from
Vinca rosea L. Tctrahedron zz, 321136. In: Biologicul Abstraet
(1966). Pharmacog. & Pharma Bot.47,6816.
14, ReMrarr, N. (ls6+). Occurrence of liquid alkaloids in Vinca rosea Linn.

J. IndianC'hcm. Soc.4r, 552-554. In: Biolagical Abstract (1966).
Pham:acog. & Pharma. Bot, 47r zozs.
r5. Svonooe, GonooN FI. eNo Ar-rEnr J. Bar.xss, Js. (rq5+). Alkaloi'ls of
Vinca rosea XXIV. ,. Pharm, .9cr. sr (ro). t2a7*r, In: Chanical
Abstac t ( r q6 S't. General Biochemistry, 6t, 67 zob.
TECOMA STANS /uss.
84
-%y\.o"
2INCHES
Frc. r.5. oe,.u:8rofr (Phayaung ban)

Tecoma stans juss.
85
TECOMA STANS ]uss'

Burmese namei ,rer.u:6crufr ; Phayaung ban.
'Incor'.ra Sraxs Juss. Gen. r39 (r789).
$tenol.obium stans (I.) Seei, Irv;n, F R., Woody Piants of
Ghana, 742 $96r).
Tecornella stans Seem., Hundley & Chit Ko I(o, r88 (196r)-
Engiish common name: Yellow Elder, Trumpet Bush and
Yellow Bells.
DtrSCRIPTICN
An erect branched, sparingly pubescent or nearly glabrous
shrub. Leaves compound, leaflets 5 or T,lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, margins sharply sertrate. Flowers many in clusters,
yeilow, bet!-shape. Fruir linear, compressed. Fan:ily BiS-
narziaceae. Flowering and fruiting from November to August'
DISTRiBUTION
trVidcly distributed. Often planted in gardens as ornamcntal'
USES
The leaves of this plant possess hypoglycemic properties.l'8
C{-IEMICAI, INVESTIGATION
Trvo aihaloids Eeeosni*e (I) and Tecosta$i&e (II), u'ere
isoiated from the leaves of Tecoma stans. (The structure oi these
two are given as follows:)-
^
r"l
flg
'fl
I! \*p,ee {1
Ii*l't*
-
Ft*qy$ ''" HGHêar\l
flE'EE
kruJ L *J
EI
ilv?e Mc
1Z
Teeemine 'Tecostaninre
86
Anthranilic acid oxidage sysiom of the plant has t'een studied"

by
The terminal step in the oxidatica of anthranili c a':idta catechol
anthranilic acid oxidase systern from Tecoma stai:ls'
r'vhich
converts o-aminophenol to catechol has been studied

in detail'
The reaction catalyse s the conversion of one molecule of
catechol'
o-aminophenol to one molecule eactr of ammonia and
6'z in citrate*
The partially purified enzyme has a pH optimum of
phosph:rte buffer and a temporature optimum
of 45"' The
rnetal ions, Mg**, Cos- and F*t* *"'" inhibitory
to the reaction'
o-phenanthroline
Metal ctrelating agents like S-hydroxyquinoline'
and diethvlclithiocarbamate, caused a high degree of inhibition'
from the
A sulfhydryl requirement for the reaction was inferred
and its
inhibition of the reaction by p-chloromercuribenzoate
by addition
reversal with GSH. Atebrin inhibition was reversed
of FAD to the reaction mixture'a
alkaloids'
Anirral experiment was performed with the two
isolated by
Tecomine (I) and Tecostanine (II) are two alkaloids
Harnmouda and Motawi3, and Hammouda
et al'4' from the
of
leurro. of Tecoma stans. The leaves of the various species
Tecoma have long been used by the natives
in Mexico for the
control of diabetes'6'o Salts, i"o*in" citrate

and tecostanine
leaves Tecoma
hydrochloride were prepared from the dried
.tu**,' and were tested for purity before use'
valuable properties
The salts of tecomine and tccostanine ' have
as anti-diabetic agent' They are effectivc both orally and
i*trru*r-o,ru15' with u frkh ***gin of safety (LDuo 3oo mg/kg
in
blood
rnicc).? Tire experiments r'vere carlied out on fasting
alloxan rabbits'
*ugu*, glucose tolcrance, depancreatized and
agents only in
The t.,vo drugs provecl to be efiective anti-diatretic
the prmlnce of tht pancreas and inactive in
depancreaiized
animals.l
Pliie V
- ocqreEtb$r (Phayaung ban) Tecoma stansJuss.
87
REFERENCE
r. Yousrrr Haur'louoe axo Sar.rrn Amrn, lVL, Dec. (1966). Anti-diabetic

Effectof TecomineandTecostanine: j. Plzarm. Sei. Sg, p. r452-r4S4.
z. N{asnusuoewaN Narn, P., P1V. Surea Rao axo VarovaNa'r's.qN (1965).
Anthranilic Acid Oxidase System of 'Iecoma stans. Studies on the
conversion of O-aminophenol to catechol. Phjttoclzemisrry. 5, p.
t3t7-r32t.
3. Hauuouoe, Y., ervn M. M. Moraq'I (1959). Proc. Phenn. Soc. llgvlrt. rb
p,?3. In: J. Plmrm. Sci. 55, p, \4sz.."-t+s4.
4. Ha*ruouo,r, Y., I!{. M. Pla'r aun I.n Iv{nN (1963). }. Ann. Pherm. Franc.
21, p.6qq. In: J. Pharm. Sci,55, p. t4iz-r+54.
5. Cor,rN, G. G. (rqz6). 1, A*, Pharm. Assoc, r5r p. 556. Ir: -/.

Pharm, Sci. 55, p. t+Sz-t454.
6. Cor-rw,G. G. (rqzZ). 16, p. r99. In:J. Pharm.,Sci. 95,p. r+Sz-11s4.
7. Hauuoune, Y. lNo Lr Mrrv (1963). Bull. Soc. Chim. Ftance. p. 29or.
I*: J. Phann. Sa. 55, p, r41z-r454.
8. H.lnwrouoe, Y., Asnrl-Kaonn Rnssrn .rNo hI. Snr,rrn Arran (r95-1).
Ftrypoglycemic properties of Tecornine and T'ecostanine, .1. Pharm,
Pharrnscol. 16, p, 833-!34. Ir : Internatiortal Pltarmaceutical Abs tract s I
r-5 Dec. r965, \'ol. z, rB4ga.
YITEX GLABRATA R.Br.
-tF
9C)
5:rmr* m
Frc. 16. eor,rSecr

E.rsodd (Htauk-sha, Kyet le-zan)
Vitex glabrata B. Br.
9r
GLABRATA R' Br'
Bu*nese ,**r*"*
(shan rrorrri.*'d$:r @cr5cuSiai; Htauk-sha' Kyet-{s'
--zart
Vrrrx Grasnere.R.
!r. prodr. 5rz (rgz).
vitex cunnishaTjs:!t-4.
vitex bomb"actoJii
i" ibl ilar. xi. 6er (rzss\.
vitex parrida
yaii.
wll
c;.";:iig Abgl.
c;;:
English common name: !:;;s;,.i{lgl.
Nil.
DESCRIPTION
Large tree. Lea
:*,r j:rlirt,:,iir,*#,.:fiJo*,n,,,,;,#:fl"J,,:*"Tf ;
ri:i:i!;;:ffi ;:ij;.i:fi ^x;It1,"'^3l.in:ffi ;il,ftt
i
I DISTRIBUTION
i
Mon_5rwa, Southern
Shan States and Ra
Burma &Iedicar R"."rr"rrin.ffi;c#r:il*aln (planted in the
I
USES J
T'he leaves are used in
the Southern Shan States
treatment of diabetes. for the
.
rn
The leaves contain (a).an-essential
oil, (D)phenolic acid insoluble
(c) alkaloids una g1_;;il"";t:"
r,EEaIIIc salt of phenolic
-r'ia!er,
and glycosiie. [4'' compound
The alkaloidal cr
Iffi f ilTl1}:T"lt'fi:S'if*'*6lixli::0"1.,,3*,#;
PHARMACOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION
;;:{.*xlr;#fl:$"};:fl showed thar

I[!',",'};,:,',,rti'ga,binoratsror
ect on the blood ..r*ul.?'u'"d
REFERENCES
' *Fi:L:1,#,,8:ffin.if,f::t
councir (re66).
*r:T"r I)ept. or
7
TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (Wiild.)
Miers.
9+
' 2 INCHES
Frc. 17. o8oieeSu5l ao8Eeir co6oale"*u5 (Sindonmanwe, Sinngomani,

Sincamaawe)
Tiaospora cordifolia (W ittd.) Miers.
95
TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA (Wittd.) Miers.

Burmese name : o6qae5c6ro66piro6oeec5,r5; Sindon-ma-nwe,
S inngo -rna ni, Sinia-ma-nwe
TtNospone CoRorrorra (Witld.) Miers in Ann. Hist. Nat-
' z. ser. VII. 38 (r85r).
Menispermum cordifolium Willd. Sp. Pl.IV. 826 (r8o5).
eocculus Cordifolius DC. Prodr. i. 97.
Cocculus convglvulaceus D.C. Prodr. i. 97.
Cocculus verr,ucosxs Wall. Cat. 4966 C,D,E.
Cit-amerdu Rltceite Hort. Mal. t. zr. VII (1688).
DESCRIPTION
A large glabrous climber with succulent, qorky, grooved sterns;
branches sending down slender pendulous flesfiy roots. Leaveg
altemate, roundish or subdeltoid, with microscopic glistening
gland on the veins beneath. Flowers unisexual, male floweis
clustered in the axils of small subulate bracts, female flowers
solitary. Frnit stony, broadly ellipsoid. Family Mmispermaceac.
DISTRIBUTION
Plants are found growing in Minbu area. o
USES
The stern juice !" useful in diabetes. I Stem is bitter and used
in stomachic, gg gnq$reriodic, and antipyretic; also powdered
and made into *nfusion and used ar alterative and aphrodisiac.
Starch from r.oe{rs aqd sqe{-I is UBpd.gs nutrient, and also in
chronic diarrhoea 4nd chronic dysentery.
Juice of fresh pilpnt pqp$,es9es {iqetlt qcdon and is useful in
gonorrhoea. !
CHEMICAil- INVESSiGATION
Berberine is a bitter substance;3, *'5 ercm contains o.r/" of
a bitter substance and -al-sg,4Irqlhgf ,bitter principle and a neutral
2
substance.
Neutral substance (I), Cr, H* O; m.p. 8z=3o
Bitter principle A (II), C, H* Oro 5HrO, m,p. zz6-8.
Bitter principle B (III), m.p. 186:8.
Jois (Proc. Ind. Sci. Congress, r94r) recentlyisolated trorn the
plant, 3 substances m.p. 7S-7o, B3-+o and r.8ro respectively,
The first two may have heen more or less pure I and the third
may possibly be III, but he did not isolate II. 6
96
Green bark of the fresh stem was stripped off and crushed
which gave crude giloin and giloinin.
Giloin fr'colourless silky needles, m.p. 226-.80, C,n HBq O10
SHrO; ( o )o" 6g'S G% alc. soln.).
Giloinin Itr, m.p. 21s-11o, Cr, Hro Or; ( a )rJ+o" (r%MerCO).
Giloinsterol III, m.p. rgzo, C* H* C, ( o )f2 g2.8. (alc.) 7
Berberine, Cro H* NOr; a yellow needles from ether portion,
m.p. r45o. I Dissolves slowly in water with alkaline ieaction
and behaves as a quaternary base forming salts by replacement
of the OH group. e
A tautomeric pseudobase and an imimo aldehyde form are
indicated. 10, 11, 12
Cro FIrn NOu. 5H2O, long silky yellow needles, can be dried to the
hemipentahydrate at rooo, begiirs to decomposition at rroo.
One gram dissolves in zo ml watei:, roo ml alcohol; much more
'soluble in hot liquids, siightly soluble in acetone, ether, benzene
and chloroform.
Adduct with one mole chloroform; yellow triclinic tablets,
a.p. r45o. trVith one .mole acetone, yellow plates. With
rf mole 1lenzene, yellow scale plates. 13
cH30
Berberine
PHARh{ACOLO GICAL INVESTIGATION
Acute and chronic effect of oral feeding of the agueous,
alcoholic, petroleum ether, ether and ctrloroform extracts have
been observed on fasting blood sugar, glucose tolerance as well as
against epinephrine induced hyperglycaemias in different sets of
experiments on rabbits and albino rats.
\/l arEo7"re5"Sr oEQ"$r of o: r"6"5 lsinaonmanwe,
- Si nngomani, 5i nsamanwe) Tinospora cordifolia (Wi lld.)
Mlers.
97
oral administration of the aqueous and alcoholic extract of the

plant caused reduction of blood sugar in fasting rabbits and rats,
though the hypoglycemic effect of roo-zoo mg/kg. doses was
not proportionate to the dosage indicating some indirect influence
of the drug on carbohydrate metabolism.
Daily administration of both the alcoholic and the aqueous
extracts increased the glucose tolerance in albino rats, the effect
of the latter was more marked and persistent, though deterioration
of tolerance occurred aftera month's treatment with either of the
extracts.
None of the serial extracts from petroleum ether, ether,
chloroform, etc. caused significant changis in bloocl sugar level.
Though the bitter fraction of the aqueoui extract caused-insignifi-
cant reduction in blood sugar level, it inhibited the adrenarine
hyperglycemia si gnifi cantly.
The mode of action of the drug has been discussed in the light
of its favourable influence on endogenous insulin secreti6n,
glucose uptake and inhibition of peripheral glucose release. 14
REFERENCES
r. Krnuxm, K. -R. axo.BesV, B._D:.(r-933). Initian Medicinal plants,yol.
I, p.?8. Allahabad, India: Latii Mi"tian Basu.
z. Cuome,-B. -N,, S._l-. Navan ano I. C. Cuoena (1956), Glossary S
Indian Medicinal Plants, p, a44.
j. Dvnroex,
-W,qnonx
eNo.Hbppri- (rQpg-qC).- pharmacographis Indica, l,
F: 56. In: Glossary of ladian Medicin;i'plants. o. 2LA.
+. Bull. Inst. bot. Buitenz. ggoz). In: Gl<tssary oy iia;ii ruea*inal plants,
p.24+.
5. GapNaN Punussorrau PrNosn aNn SrxsrrsueN Durr (r9:z). Chemi_
cal Examination of Sonre Indian Medicinal plants,'{*.i-".;:-;lil.
-6. _.In: Gloxary ol Indian Medicinal Plunts, p. zq,+.
Bruor', F. Y., N, L. pnarxrxen eNo K.' ir,rnii.lpr (rg+r). Chenrical
lnvestiga-tion of Tinospora cordifolia Miers, T. Uhit,, E;r;i;".,;:;;;--'
.89-gz. In: Chemical-Abstfact -ltg4z). Vol. 16. pari i.iiii.' -V "'
7. A 5g- Leq -_r,'n-R*rauax K rovrar, Ke l iesn C sirvrjea Slr'o-cjii
"- -'Ch;l;;i
l' s wa s
Neru SnenuA AND Salruinneuax Sroorgul (rs+q). r
Exanrination of T. cordifoliS.J. Sc;. Res. hai.AB,ffili, p.;;-t:

In: Chemical Abstract, (roso), L.L. t- t<2o.
8. Gaoarunn,(rso5): Arch._'Fharm.";+i, ii. tn: The Merch Index of
and Drugs (196o), scvcnth edition, p. r43.
9. Ûhemrcdls
PmxrN,.J1. (ror8). 1.. Cl"tr.,Soc. rr3, 593. In: i"he Mock Indcx of
and Drugs {tg6o), seventh edition, p. r43.
ro. prcrgr
^<-hernuats
eNo Gaus_(r9r r). Comft. read. r5z, roi. i*n: The Merck Index
_ oJ Lhemlcats and l)rugs (r96o), seventh edition, p. r43.
rr-h,cr:rr.lNo-G,rrrls_(r9ri;._ Coipt. rmd. ,53, iiia.lli, gg6. In: The
r' ltRKrN, lwlex
_ll*ch of Chemiials and bruss (rs6oil seventh ,"".- -
Rey ,rNo RonlNsoru (tgzg\. J. Cien. Soc. ,27,"?ltiJ"- ".
7+o. il.: fne
Merch Index of Chemica.ls and bnr{s (196o), seventh'.ialti.", -;:
t3- Tk Mnck Indei-of Cha,ni"tt ina Oiiit'tr'se;i,' seventtr;Jiti;, b. ;;: ;;i:
_Rehuay, New Jerscy, U.S.A.: N.Ierc[, & Co.. inc.
ra ftrre,_S. S., S. C. L. Vmrvr.+, V. p. Ganb euo Menrss Rar (ro6z).
Aati-Diabetic Effects of Tinospora cordifolia, part I. EnL;-t liri
'Glucose
F=.i"g Elood Sugar Level, Toleiance and Adrenaline
Iaduced Hyperglycemia, Indian .f , Med. Res., Vol. 55,p.733-745.
SCOPAIAIA. DULCIS Linn.
I N OHES
Frc. r8. ofse+:sofr oHet.,3r sgo?a

(Mahn-lay-pin, Thagya pin, Dan-ta-thuka)
Scoparia d.ulcis Linn.
IOI
SCOPARIA DULCIS Linn.

Burmese name: ,f,eco:,r3r arffie:<.,3 sgqo ; Mahn-lay pin,
Scorenre Dulcrs Linn. Sp. Pl. u6 (tlS3).

English common name: Srveet Broom Weed.
DESCRIPTION
An erect much branched herb. Leaves opposite, elliptic with
tapering base, or rhornboid, rnargin r.rrui". Flowcis small,
greenish-white, flowers 3-6 on each whorl. Fruit small globose
capsule, when mature it dehised. Farnily Scrophulariaceac.
Flowering and fruiting the whole year round.
DISTRIBUTION
Widely distributed as a weed in Burma.
USES
The drug prepared from this plant is used in the treatment of
1
diabetes.
2 {
Alkalold present in the plant.
An antidiabetic principle amellin is isolated from this
plant. 3'4
The unsaponifiable matter from the oil of the aeriai parts of
the plant contains tritriabontane, dulciol, p-sitosterol, a new
crystalline ketone, Ceo Hoo O, named dulciolone (m.p. z6oo),
and z crystalline alcohols, C*Hun O (*.p. r78o) and C2e H48 O
(m.p. r65").5
Amellin, isolated from the plant (cf. Science and Culture 7,572\
{rg4t-42) was shown to give relief from diabetes mellitus by oral
administration to 3 patients. The daily dosage was r5-2o mg.
with the simultaneous administration of Ca salts. Experiments
in oitro indicated that amellin can oxidise glucose in the presence
of human plasrna and physiological saline. In the presence of
diabetic plasma, the arnount of oxidation was smaller than with
normal plasma. Polarimetric methods were used to show that
glucose was not changed into its form by amellin in the presence
of human blood or rat muscle tissue. 3
r02
The resurts oftreatment of r5 diabetic patients

.
giv.en,
with amenin are
,Althoqgh all patienF,had {iets oi frigf, caloric value and
carbohydrate content, there was u
*u*"Jr"i;;;;;
and hyperglycemia within-one month of daily *ti.Jffii;
,J:?o Tg of a{ne4in. Unlike insulin, ame}lin d;"; ;;,iedrfi-J";;irh
the b-lood sugar level to go below ror*ui, urrJ-;;;;;f "u;;"
blood and urine sugar o.:c.urs gradually. In ;;;
certain pr,i""i.
relief was obtained in conditions IssociatJd
with diabe[r:;;;;
acetonuria, albumuria and acidosis. Amellin
s reduction of fat from adipose tissue ;;J treatment;;;;
wound healing. o ;;;;;;;; ;ffi;
The Fe content of the
.blood of zt4 diabetic patients was
*::"l^::er a period ranging fro* ."J"rrt
months to r year.
r nese patrents showed the anemia associated with diabetes
long duration. and r;qqre taqatqd with anre*l.in.- of
two months of treatment, there were definite
ilt 9".6.;ii
improvem;;i" ,-h*
anemia characterized by decrease to normal
value of tt .rorrfru"_
moglq.biq pellular Fe, r.ise i4 recticulqcyte, count ond .fall"
of blood
colour index. In general a reduction"rf
iy;;;ly;il;;;rr"d
only after thg initial adjustment of the ,iemiu. ,
REFERENCES
r. CHorna, _R, N., S. L. Nevan eNo I. C. (rss6).
Indian Medicinal plants, p. zz+. -'N-ewCnopna
6;ldt Council ofGlossant of
and Industrial Research.' ^ ' Scientific
z. Me<led. Pituin, Batauia^(rgg7), p. g3. (rgg9), p. r3S. In:
Indian Medicinal pliws, p. zz4. Glossary ol
"
:;. Nlerrr,,,MaoneB CH.{NoRA (rrr+S.t. The nerv
t""n6rri,J-o."i..Lu i" srriil.'l?'.,ilt*i*Srl",.:ilH,#f
""r.ii".-i.'' fii.'i,"i."
propertics. Ann.-Biochem.,n.pr. I
Abstract (tg45). pharmacologf, p.
ssOi. ", .' ss_.". In : Chemicul
+. .S11'. & Cuh. (r9.qt-42), p. slz. In: Chctnical Abstract (r9q5). phar-
macology, p. j36r.
5. EnreN Arr, Mo. o*, A1r.ro*.B5rnlrarrl, lVIo. (r966).
tions of.Qcoparia dulcis. tii. tf,l"-"i";i;;,. Chemical
unsaporrifiable matter fr.om tfr. oii of tfr"'
Inresriga_
examination of the
"' ;;i"i ;;;;J';;';;; ;i"il:
c em i a i a i''i;;1. Ni;.;il; ;; :"' ifi?
i;:' #;;0, ! "'
h c
#ii:#11i,:;
6. Nera, M. C. ar.ro S. R. BexrnJrn
.(.rS+a). Effect on glycosuria and
lyperglycemia in cases of humin diail;e.. If,-" Ann. Biochem. Exbt.
Y"!..
p.336r.
t, 6:-8+.
p. r",
Ciiiiii'-Ab;,,;;" (.,;;;i".'' iriii,i,i.ii{i,
7. Narn, M. C., M. K. Cnaxnavontv AND S. R. BaNenyrr (1943). Influence
rrr rncreasins hematopoietic activitv in diabeti"'p"iiririi,
Biochem. Eiot. rw"a. "ii-Aili;,tri'aiiiir";'i,;;19.
t p. ,il-i;. fii'*-Ai
Pharmacol,ogy, p. ::16r.
-*1
#e'
d-
Vl I -- 6r -Ei"
.r$ r eor e ,, ru 6r oett. (Mahn-lay-pin,
Thagya pin, Danta-thuka) Seoparia duleis Linn.
AF{DROGRAPIIIS PANICULATA Nees.
r04
2INCHES
Frc. r9, "otnltffitrcjoSellr

(Segagyi, Nga-voke-kha)
AndrograPhis Panicu'lata Arees'
r05
ANDROGRAPEIIS PAI{ICULATA Nees.

Burmese name : .o:a1rffirr cn"So}; Segagyi, Nga-yoke-kha.
ANnnocna.pHrs PaNrculArus Nees. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar.IlI-
rr6 (r832).
Justicia paniculata Burm. Fl. Ind.9 as quoted in Huniley e8'
Chit Ko Ko. rg7, 196r.
English common name. : Creat.
DESCRIPTION
An erect branched shrub; branches quadrangular. Leaves
opposite, lanceolate, with wary margin. Fiowers small, white,
arising from the axil of the leaf. Fruit linear-oblong capsule.
Family Acanthaceae. Flowering and fruiting from November to
N,Iarch.
DISTRIBUTION
Upper Burma, Dry or Arid Zone, Southern Shan States, and
Rangoon.
USES
The plant is locally.reputed as an antidiabetic drug plant.
Also used in amoebic dysentery, antipyretic,. and as
haemostatic.r
Plant also used as febrifuge, tonic, alterative, anthelmintic,
and dyspepsia. Infusion of plant in fever.
Roots and leaves also used as stomachic, tonic, and anthel-
mintic. 2
CHBMICAL INVESTIGATION
Bitter principle andrographolide present from o'8-z'5 %. ',n
Androgmpholide, C.n II*,, Os ; crystals, m.p. about zr8" with
decomposition (o) p2u r.eo" in acetic acid. Sparingly soluble
in water ; solubie in acetone, amethanol, chloroform and ether.
Andrographolide, an active principle which is a bitter
diterpene lactone is isolated form the leaves of the plant. Since
the substance is very slightly soluble in water (solubility is only
about 36 mg]6) very soluble sodium salt which retains the same
bitter character was prepared from it. The salt was crystallized
from water in shinning plates.
The above chemical extraction was carried out in the Pharma-
cology Department of the Burma Medical Research Institute,
Rangoon.e
r06
n
l!
(a) R = li*\
llrb
HO
o-to ct-! (b) R=
Andrographo[ide
r;;
Andrographin and panicolin, were isolated from the root of
the plant.
The former is a rnonohydroxytrimethoxyflavone, Cr8 tr{1s Od,
crystalline pigments, orange-yellow, hard needles from EIOH,
m.p. r9o-ro.
The latter is a dihydroxydimethoxyflavone, Cy H.* O.,
pale-yellow fuffy needles frorn CHCla, m.p. 263-4o.
Panicolin gives a diacetate, m.p. r3z-3o.
Alcoholic extract gave a sterol, m.p. r64o (acetate, m.p. r37o),
presumbly s-sitosterol. 7,8
REFERENCES
{. c:o"ooe,.oryf:$odr (cgGg) rq,5$:a.u"orsao3d1f ,oco,1.,5s: ccrr sa;o5 c,r

e. Cyorne, R: N., S. L. N.qven AND J. C. CHopna (rq.s6). Glossary of
Indian Medicinal Plants, p. r8. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and
3. l. Indian Chem., Soc. Qqg, p. 333. In: Glossary oJ .Lndian Medicinal
Plarrs, p. r8.
4. SnNGurra, S.8., A.P. Durlear.rp S. BaNrnyrr. (1948). Studies in the
specification of Indian N{edicinal Plants, II. A. pirniculata l{ees" Ind.
J. Pharm. ro, 7o-2. In: Chemical Abstfact. (rq+q). Vol. ,13, part II.
p.3565.
5. The Merck Index of Chemicals and f)nqs (196o) seventh eiitror, p. 78.
Rahu'ay, New Jersey, U.S.A.: Merck & Co., Inc.
6. Gonrnn (rqrr). Rec.trav.chim.3o,r5r.(r9r4). 33,p.239. In: Tlt,e
Itllerck Index of Cltemicals and Drugs (196o), sevenlh edition, p. 78.
7. EnreN Ar-r, M. AND OMAR F.lnug (1964). The root constituents oithe
plant Anclrcgraphis panicuiata Nees, trV. Sci. Res. t, p. zz3.B, In:
L'hentical , bstract. (rg65). Flant Biochemistry, 62. 8rrgh.
8. Chemical Abstract. Voi. 6i. fi442h. In: Chemical , bstratt. (.1965).
Flant Biochemistiy, 62, Brr9h.
g. Report of the Burma Medical Resear'ch Council, 1966. Department of
Pharmacologv, p. 3_1.
to. I{. P. CAvA AND IJ. WnrNsrrrN (ry5g). Chenr. Ind, London.,85r; !Y. R.
Chan. Chetn. Ind. London, zz (rg6o).
Plate Vlll - e rore 1a@ rr e gSclr (Segagyl, Nga-yokedcha)
Androgqaphis panicu lata Nees.
ADHATODA YASICA Nees'
?.,
o
x
'
[--
2 tNcHES
r.
Frc. zo. ei,,u:rffirr eqeffi: (Mayagyi, ye-magyi)

$dhatoda vasica Nees,
r09
ADHATODA VASICA Necs.
Burniese name : *,or:@:r nq"S; Mayagyi, Ye-magyi.

Anserooa Vesrca Neex in WilL Pl. As. Rar. III. ro3
( r83z).
Justicia Adhatoda Linn. as quoted ldc. cit.

Adhatoria sp. Griff. Notul. iv. r.p.
Engii* e6i{1rri6rt ft*fne : Nil.
DESCRIPTION
A clense shrubwith many long opposite ascending branches.
Leaves opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, dark green above and paler
beneath. Flowers white in dense axillary spikes ; bracts elliptic ;
bracteoies witir ciliolate margins, white flowers with a few irregular
bars in the throat. Fruit a capsuie clavate, shortly and biuntly
pointeil, pubescent. Family Acanthaceae. Florvering frorn
October to December.
DiSTRIBUT1ON
Moulmein, Meiktila, Kalaw, Taunggyi, Rangooi, Syrian and
lnsein. '
USES
A non-nitrogenous principle isolated from the leaves possesse*
bypoglycemic action.l
'-Locally
the leaves are pounded. and used as polrldss for fresh
wounds, also externally used in srvelling cases, bleeding of the nose,-
and headache, colic, aithma and dysentery.2 Leaves decoction used-
in menorrhagia, tuberculosis, carminative and as astringent.3
Leaves and roots used in cough, bronchitis, and asthma'
Leaves used in rheumatism, also, as insecticidal. Flowers"
a
leaves and roots nsed as antiseptic.
CHEMiCAL INVESTIGATION
i"uu., contain alkaloid vasicine and smali amount of essential
oil ;5 contains I-peganiae (1-vasicine), Earne as syntehtic
l-peganine.s
Yasicine-Feganine CrrHu NzO; r-Forn'r; Needles frorn
alcohoi. rn,p. zrz". (o) o1a-254o (c:z'44 in CHC13);a o1a-62
r.c:z'4, in alcohol). In dil. HCI this alkaloid is dextrotototary;
CHOH CHOH
Vasicine Vas'K:inone
dl-Form : Needles from alcotrol, m.p. 2too. Sublimes in

high vacuum. Solilble in acetone, alcohol, chlorofor:n, slightly
soluble in water, ether, benzene.
Hydrochloride, C11H12N2O'aH2o,needles, fl'F' zo8"^ (dry)'
Hydri"di.l", C11Hr2N2O.HI.zH2O, needles,m.p' r95" (dry)'
Nllethiodide, C11FIi:I{2O.CHrtr, needles frorn meihanol, m'p'
r87o.
'Acetylvasicii:e, C11H21NzO.COCH3, crystals, m' t23o,bo.o,
23o-2+a .
Picrate of acetylvasicine, decomp' rgg" ''
Vasacin is s $'hite crystalline, non-nitrogenous neutral
orinciole isolated frcm an alcoholic extract of the leaves'8
' Vasakin, a rvhite crvstalline, non-nitrogenous neutral mater-
ial, insoluble in water, mP. 273-274'C with decornposition,
isiated from an alcoholic exttact of the dried ieaves. The
alcoholic extract of the dried leaves was subjected to rnild saponifi-
cation with KOH. An ether extract of the saponification mixture
vielded a white crystailine material vasakin'e
vasicinol, an alkaloid extract from the roots has been investi-
sated and compared with that of vasicine and vasicinone,
irro othe, structuraily simiiar alkaloid from the leaves of the
same plant.lo
Animai experiments has been carried out with non-nitrogenous
neutral principle isolated from the leaves and shown to
possess
hypoglYcemic activitY.l
vasicinol produces transient hypotension in cats, contraction of
isolated guin&-pig oeart, all of which can be blocked by atropins.
trt also p"ro<iuces slight contraction of isolated guinea-pig tracheal
chain, but antagonises the iristarnine-induced broncho spasm in
il;"r_pig in vIvo. It ehows mild anticholinesterase activity.l0
III
Vasicine has also been found to P6sess slight anticholineterase

activity.
Vasakin blocks exogenous and endogenous acetly chgfine,
epinephrine, and has sffong local anesthetic activity. It inhibits
.otirrury secretion induced by pilocarpine. It is not toxic in doses
up to i gikg and does not effect behaviour or motor activity in
e*p"ri*"Irrtrlanimals. It is less potent than atropine in cholinertic
blocking activity.
N-(I amino-i, s-dibto*benzyl)-N-methly -cyclohexykmine
hydrochloride, iJ-synthesized from vasicine. In experimental
animals it increases 6ronchial secretion and also appears to have an
antitussive action. The drug and a placebo were given to hospital
in patients with chronic bionchitis on a double blind basis.
They were administered orally, as tablets and by inhalation as an
aerosol. Observations on volrrtt e of sputum wheeze, dyspnea
and on the peak
- expiratory flow rate were made before and during
treatment. No significa.rt in any of these factors was
"harrge
ooted. No side of the drugs were encouotered'1t
"ff""ts
REFERENCES
t. Mooax, A. T. ar'ro M. R. Reienalra Reo (1966)' ^Fly.poglycemic acliy-t-tl

of a non-nitrogenous principle from the leavesot-Adhatoda vastca Jveet.
i;.' Ptu;;;: ;li- lli:iool In : Biotosicat Abstract (t s66)' Y ot' 47'
i:
p. 8o96.
xior,rio*. R. exp B. D. B,tsu (rq:e). Indian Medicinal
- iti -iii nK.r^nr
Plants.
Allahahad^ India: Lalit Mohan Basu.
Vol. III, p. ro9r. All
c) ro:o;,r5s: coo rr
'iiiii
+. Cnoenal i.'Nav.iniHo I. C. Croent (r.e56)'
n.'ir.I s.Dt^.-to r-S6). GlossarY oi
tt -s:^*-t ptrni,
r"-):^.- lvilitii"ii i.n i.a New Delhi:
T)"lhi : Council
Corrncil of Scientific and
I
Industrial Research,
y.'i;;i""-e;;.-s'ii.'(rg.+'"s), p. lrgr trzJt p' !gt' In: Glossarv of
-
"". Indian ilIedicinal Pldnts, P.7'
'p. 384. In: Glossarv of Indian Medicinal
o. arl. it''"i.'iiiii. ci. (r-g;si,-
Plants, p.7.
'nuir*uv,of Chemicals and Drugs (rg6o),,
fi" ruirin'Idex sev-enth edition'
'' -p. ,oq;.
". New Jersei', U.S.A':'Merck & Co', Inc'
s. rJeulo.ii, M.-C.,'ofM: L.-kdARAN; ar'Io M' R. RAIARAMA.n'lo- {t?!-,]:
Fhutn,*otogy a non-tritrogenous neutral principle isolSted trom
{eh;ili; ;;ti"" Niii-. (Acinthaceaei leaves' Planta Med' I3r
;;;:6 ni;.. Oi;v) i,i'-n"gtittr' In: Intemational Pharmtceuti'cal
,i{tt iiti'plii, trdooll' Fhu"ia"og. and l\lted' Plts' Vol' 3, No' 14' -
'M. U f-"^"
o. INarrroan.'fU."C.. *, a"Np M. R. Re;ana'rae R"o (rg6-s)'
'' - Fhut-n"ologv of a non-nitrogcnou,s neuttal principle lsolated trom the
leaves of A.aasica Nees. Planta Med, tg, rg+*799' !It'us' In: '6'cto'
o pical Abstract (rc66), Yol. 47, Pharmacology, p: 7529'.
P. K. aNo S. N. Pnaosex (1964).
";'f 'v;.i.i;;l,
'-' Linlnr,
ro. -uu*i"aPharmacolosical:nvestlgatrons
,"-;k"l;ii-f';; e. N.ees' Ind'i'.8'"9t1, Bio,l', 2-'
)ig-".3. In: Interrufiional Pharmaceutical Abstracts' 1196o1' vol' 3'
No. l. Preliminary Drr-rg Testing'
tr.
-" sot*o,b' H. A:-A*"C. o'-rons"s:qoas1'
-s9ii A clinical trial of a nevr
-I-pi"t..-.ia."g iN" z7+l .- wt-ri."!. ro, 393-395' In: Biological
Abstract (ry66),- 47,Pharmacol., 578r.
AEGINETIA INDICA Roxb'
ot
tt4
,.,j \
c oc e
Ftc. ar, emroio5iad (Kauk-hlaingti)
.A,eginetia indica Rolr&.
ir5
AEGINETH INDICA Roxb'
Burmese narrle : etart'5{6tdr Kauk-trlaingti'

AsctNrrta INorce Roxb' cor' Pl'i' $' t' 9r (1795)'
Orobanche Aeginetia Linn' Sp' P/' 883
('ZSf)'
English common narne : Nil'
DESCRIPTION
interlaced fibres-
Leafless parasitic annual herb, root of fleshv
Scape very slender, nrlwers few' large' purple with
"rr"a.:
Fruit ffile' Familv or,obanchaceae' Flower-
;;16; ";"i.r. to November'
ing in the rainy season, in the months of ]uly
DISTRIBUTION
It is found growing in wild state, together

with gras'ees in open
fields of waste land.'T"rru.."ri*,' Miymyo, Meiktila, Insein,
and Rangoon atea. .
USES
of diabetes'1
The plant reputed to be useful in the treatment
REFEREI'{CES
of
'''"[i:u,Xf :,:)H.#H,),*.c'fff :);,"#:;;T;;,nfl :'?:i: IIn
p. 82.
HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM tinn.
TI8
in
ffi
f
!r&
Fte, zz. ao3gro."6,S: (Sin-uha mau*g gyi)

Heliotropium i;tdicllr^ Linn.
II9
IIELIOTROPIUM INDICTIM Linn.

Burmese name : ao65:oec6:@:r Sin-nha-maung-gyi.
Hrr,rornoprunt INDICUM Lhtn. Sp. Pl. 4o (rZS:)'
Heliotropium anisophyllum Deaatt. fl. Aw. et. Ben.ii,' 62.t.96.
Triaridum anisophyllum G. Don. Gtn. Syst. iv. 364'
Fleliophytum indicum DC. Frodr. ix. 556.
Heliophytrirn velutinum DC. Prodr. ix. 556.
DESCRIPTION
A coarse somewhat succulent annual with stout stem and
ascending branches more or less densely rough spreading hairs'
Leaves alternate or often subopposite ln the younger part, ovate
or ovate-oblong, usually with a few scattered hairs above, minutely
soft hairs beneath, the margins much rvarry' Flowers pale
violet, numerous, densely arranged on the stalk, coiled at the tip.
Fruit deeply z lobed, each lobe compressed, bluntly 4 ribbed,
producedfabove into a short beak. Family Borag'inaceae. Flower-
ing and fruiting frora February to L{ay.
DISTRIBUTION
Often seen widely grown in Burma.
L]SES
Kawkareik inhabitants use the clecoction of plant in tire form

of tea in the treatrnent of diabetes.
Leaves applied to boils, ulcers and wounds.
Plant is used as diuretic.l
Other species of this genus is poisonous to livestock.2
CHEMICAI- INVESTIGATION
Alkaloid is present in the plant.s'4 Pyrrolizidiae aikaloid
is present'in the F{eliotropium geaus.s
forroLizidine
126
REFERENefiS
,. CqrpR-A,.R.N.:.9.-.!.-N+$o A*D I.
tndtan Medtchat l,lants, p. tst, e.
CHopEa
New Delhi:
and lhcliidttidl RdSdarc$i.
i. M. Kirtb$pimr Gs6il. poi;imbits ptani
,-
Jri**,_ Planis o,
g!,,cgriada:2t, p. 7s. Engle*doil etjtrd,
fd. ite#
l.l
Hall Inc.
3. Dvrrocx, wanDrr* .lr.o i{cioprn _(18$6:96. p}taiinac,tyiaihfs Indica-
II, p. s2o. In : Gtossary ,t ila;ii'tiira;u;,*"t pl;ri;:;:"n;,""**'
q. Archio der Phmvuzic (
Medicinal Plonts, p.
*.r .i.
e
: -id-
'$!
lX - oEpreert*ffia
indicunn Linn,
(Sin-nhamaung gyil HeliotroPium
r22
Frc. 23. u336rgo5r qcu::o636: (Pinsein net, Kala pinsein)

Ocimum s^nctufri Lifln.
t23
OCIMUM SAI{CIUM Linn.

Burmese name : ,r585t1.6r cnor:*.,EEi; ; Pinsein-net, Kala-
pinsein.
Ocrntuu SeNctunn Linn, Mqnt. I. 85 $767).
Ocimum monavhonlm Linn. Mant.I. 85 (1767).
Ocirnum tenuiflorum Linn. Sp, Pl, \3 (rZS:).
Ocirnum inodorum B urm. Thes. Zeyl. 17 4. t. 8c' f . z.
English common name : Holy Basil, Monk's Basiln
Rough Basil. Sacred Basil.
DESCRIPTION
Much-branched annual stems and branches usually purplish,
sub-quadrangular, clothed with soft spreading hairs. teaves.
opposite, elliptic-oblong serrate margin, pubescent on both sides,
minutely gland dotted. Flowers purplish in close whorls-
Fruit nutlets, yellow with small black markings. Family Labiatae-
Flowering during the rainy months.
DISTRIBUTION
Maymyo, Minbu, Mandalay, Insein, North Hlairrg Yome
reserves and Rangoon.
USES
The plant has been said to possess oral hypoglycemic factor.r
Leaves used as expectorant. Juice of leaves dropped into tlre
ear as remedy for earache. Root given in decoction as a diapho-
retic in malarial fevers.z
CHEMICAL INVESTIGA'IION
Essential oil present in the plant. o'a
Leaves yieldo.T/" essential oil containingZrs% eugenol, 3'a,o/.
carvacrol, zo,4% methyl eugenol and ry/" caryophyllene.E
Eugeool, Eugenic or Caryophyilic acid ; 4-allyl-z-methoxy
phenol ; allylguaiacol ; C4 Hra Ozi Colourless or pale yellow
liquid, becomes darker and thicker on exposure to air, clove odour
and spicy, pungent taste. dll.o66-t.o7o. b.p. 254". n3
t.S+o-r.S4z. Insoluble in water ; miscible with alcohol,
chloroform, ether, oils : LD* orally in rats ; 2.o S/kg.
'tat
Carvacrol. z-hydroxy-p-cymene;
isopropyl-o-cresol-isoth ymol.
Cro Hr, O; Liquid ; thymol odor. d"zo
a'g76. b.p. 237-48o. Solidify
about oo. Ilo2o r' 5zzg5. trnsoluble
in water ; freely soluble in alcohol
or ether. LD orallY in rabbits;
roo mg/kg.
E*genot
r&J
\rt 13
H
cHtfr%)2
*amsacr*L e ae"yoPhYLLeme
earycphyltene C4I{so; Colouriess oil' T'erpene odor'

,boot riiiiuuy between oiioi of cloves antl turperxile' dlf o'9o38'
qruo 258'z596; bn r19-reoo' {ri)rs0-3'96"' np201 5oo4rG'7'
I{EFERENCES
r. AND Ornlrro &lr,nrrNsz-F'ox:ur (rq64)' A.st"rrly of a
'' Lutuv,
- ,lfitt"NYDIA -ral Fiypcrl5crm;c lracroi in F-lbeheca ;a,ro:.ada (o. santturn)
i;i,;;j.-.i,; 6;,' zr2.',,1' ln.: !.ttc.lulicul Abstrcci \.tgfi5)' 46;87.25'
erl, I.C.Criorn'r(r9156),- Gk'ssar.,-cl-Indial
-' -- ilrditir:ci iriar;ts,Irie]'an
a. C".naÎiift.,Si-.
F. 17g. liew Deliri : ccuncii of scir.irtiilc anil
Inciulttiai f(cscarch.
u. Co. (rgrr). Aprii' p' 87' In: Glossary t$ inCian
"'r, Bi.-*lr;rrorl
hi, di, ir,ci ]'lc'rtts, P' ! ;9'
a. iri,inl.r,rt u' Ci. (rqre). April, p' 95' In : GhtsssrS' of trgdia:t
' Ei.-llttdi.it:, I Il".ris' P- r7g.
',,. rrii.'1,i. srra. Scr, (rqjq)' \'ol' 9A, 7z' lil : Glusrary c-f Incian
M,dicit,cl Plants, P. 179'
' I-'tJ n';iii* t,itex o1 tieniiils-and
*. Drugs.-(t969)' Seventb edition, p' er7
ntI .i.,. F.ah.ray, Nex' Jeisey, t''S'n: i\'Ierck & Co', Inc
r.' Irairs. I nr:nor'rlr (ig4r). Ittii. Chim. itla,(tq6o)' 24, p'' 789'- ln .:.Tlte
Mtrth lr,ccx cJ Chtn'idt ani Druts Scventh edrfron,
7, zt7 and 43g.
$RTEt#S$P{$$fd S'{'"{ft,f{}dE{JS Benrh.
t.
t26
Frc. 24. o8;aflr fida5 (Se-cho, Myit-shwo)

Orthoriphon stamineus Bentl.
127
ORTIIOSIPHON STAwIINEUS Benth.
ilur*r." name :
S:oflr $6c5; Se-cho, Myit-shwe. .
OnrnosrpHox SretuNrus Benth, in Wall. Pl, As. Rm. lI.
r5 (r83r).
Ocimum grandiflorum Blame Bijd.8y.
Ocimum longiflorum Ham. in Wall. Cat, 2727.
English common name : Java tea.
DESCRIPTION
Undershrub. Stems 4-angled. Leaveq opposite in distant

pairs, narrowed into the petiole, ovate to ovate-acumirate, coarsely I
a
toothed, margin. Flowers many, purplish-white. Fruit nuqlets,

broadly oblong, compressed. Family Labiatae, Fldwering from
November to May.
DISTRIBUTION
Widely distributed. Often planted as garden favorites.

a
USES
The leaves are locally reputed as an antidiabetic drug.

In Java, the leaves are made into tea and used in kidney and
bladder diseases.l
The leaves of this plant are used in the Orient as diuretic.z'3
CHMEMICAL INVESTIGATION
i
Glucoside orthosiphonin and essential oil are present in the

plant. a'5, c, 7,8, e
Drug contains a glucoside, 0,65% essential oil, saponin,
phygnterol, and tannin.s
By steam distillation of the leaves, essential oil, ycllow in
colour contains a small amount of crystalline substances, m.P. 59t.
From the nonvolatile portion of the extract contains sitosterol,
u-and F BJinoleic acids, oleic acid, hexose, pentose and ln
alkaloid.e
I28
Glucosicle cr6trrceil:,lcnin, isolated from leaves and young

stems. The needles are first hitter, then sweet tasting. Soluble
in water, fieely in alcohol, slightly in chloroforrr:, insoLuble in
ethef. t0,11,12, 13
PHARMACOI,,OGICAL INVEST IGATION
The alcohol-water soluble extract cf the leaves was used for

antidiabetic effect on fasting albino rats. It rvas found that the
1a
extract has no hypoglycemic actitvity.
REFERENCES
r. Ctroena,. R'N., S.L. NavRR astr I. C. Cuorn,r (1956). Cllo-smry 1l

Indiai hfedrcinal I'lants, p. r8:. Nerv Delhi: Council of Suientific
and Industrial Research'
z. Tnxc-Hes Taxo erio Csr"o l{su (rg.ro). Prdiminary study on
Orthosipl-ron siarnineus Benth. .1. Chinese Chem. Sor, 7, rii-'rt6.
In : Chemieal Abs*act (rg,+r). 35, p. 4913.
- Rocrn
3. ARTINDCLT (r935). ?he tl:erapeutic and pharnia,:oiogic action of
Orthosiphon starrrineus Benih. Presse Med. 43, r:. 135-5-5, In :
Chen;ical Ahrtract {tg36l. 3tr, part 2, p. 7219.
4. ,4nibr. J. Pharm. (rB3;), p. 8e. In : Glossary of tr;tdian fu{eCicinel
Plants, p. t8z.
S, Bull. hrst. bot. Btitettz {.r9oz). No' 14, 9. In : Gloxary of lt'dian
Medieinal Plants, 1". r8z.
g. Qhem. Zhl. G9z5), li, p. rg8rr. In : Glossory of lrtdicn Metlicinal
Plants, 1:. r8z.
7. Rer. Sclrintmel. u. Co. l'1:2. $g3t), p. 49. In: Gldssary oJ' Indian
Metlicinal Flants, p. t8z.
B. Phatm..Acta Helaet (r93-r), p.72. In: Glossary of l:tdiatt Medicinal
p. t3z.
Flants,
g. Chem. Zbl. (tqSi, l'1, p, i6. In : Glosscry af trxrlian Mdicinal
Flatts, p, t8z.
rc, The Merck Index oJ Chemiccls and Drugs, (.t96o). Seventh editioa'
p.7Sg, Raliuav, Neu.iersel', l-i.S.A.: Il'Ierck & Co', Inc.
rr. Valq I-r..rI-rra {1885). Neder, crid Tiidschr. Plzarm, p. zt. In: .The
-Chemieals
Merch Index of end Drugs, (196o) Seventh erJition,
p. 759.
rz. Anr, J. Ftzarm. (r88z), rB, p. 8c. trn: Tlze Merck htLlex of Ciibntieals
and Drugs, $96o). Seventh editicn, p. 759.
13, ja.hresber. Plzarm, O88qi, p. 59 ln : The Merck latlx of Chemicalt
aul Dnqs, (ry6o). Ser,enth edition, p. 759.
14. Repor! tf the Rurna Aledical Research Council (1966,\, Dept' Pi'arma',
p" 37, B.M.R.I.
:,li*&,
X - Sc{r $Eag (Se-cho,

stamrneus &enth.
Myit-shwe) Orthosiphon
CURCLT&6.4 COh4CISA Roxh"
q
r30
Frc, 25. p33:e'hr o53ro1ir (Na'nwin-ga, Sa'nwia'ga)

'- Curcumi comosa Rox&.
r3r
CURCUMA COMOSA Ror6.
Burmese name : ;56,a11:r eogS;Jt; I.Ia-nwin-ga, Sa-nwin-ga.

Cuncuiu.a Conaosa Roxb. in. Asiat. Res. XI. 336 (r8ro).
English common neme : Nil.
DESCRIPTION
Rootstock large or palmately t'ranched sessile annulate tuber,

aromatic with light yellow circling deeper yellow inside when
young I colour changing to bright orange on becoming otrder.
teaves iarge, lanceolate to oboiong-elliptic, leaf-stalk as long as
the biade, piain green except in the earliest, which are cloucled
with faint brown down the center above, glabrous on both sides.
Flowering spike arising from the centre of the tuft of leavm,
*ppearing after the leaves are developed, flowers fragrant, pinkish-
yellow, longer than the flowering bracts ; flower bracts greenish
tipped with purplish-red sreak, those of the corna tinged with
puiplish-red at the tip and with white base below. Family
Zingiberaceaz. Flowering in late August to September.
DISTRIBLTTION
I Pegu, Twante and Rangoon (planted in Burma Medical

I
I
Research Institute cornpound for its rneclicinal value).
T
USES
The rhizome extract of the plant is locally reputed to be au

i
antidiabetic drug.
ALLI{JIVI CEFA tinn.
r35
.e[LIt M CEPA Lina.
Buianesename : S.6qi$; Kyet-thwun-ni.

Ar.rrune Cnpr Linn. Sp. Pl. aoo (rZSg).
Allium Cumaria Hab. Ham
English coflrmon neme: Onion.
DESCRIFTION
Perennial, bulb thick, globular. Scape tall, hollow, inflated
base. .Leaves in 2 rows, shorter than the scaPe.
and leafy near the
Inflorescence globular, umbel, many flowered, white. Fruit a
capsule. Farnily Liliaceae. -
t
I DISTRIBUTION
Bxtensively cultivated in Burma for its edible value.
USES
A total extract of dried onion had a potent and prolonged
hypoglycemic effect on artificially induced diabetes inrrats and
."UUiit.t
Onion bulbs are used in flatulence, dysentery, as stimulant,
diuretic, and expectorant.2 :
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
3'a' 5
Essential oil and organic sulphides present in the plant.
Scales contain catechol and protocatechuic acid. 6' r
The whole plant contains o'o5$ essential oil. E' e
Chief constituent of the crude oil is allyl propyl disulphide. 1t
Onion bulb of Allium cepa contains y -glutamyl-$'(pto-1
emyl)-Lcysteine sulphoxide.
In onion, nine different y -glutamfl peptides have been
13
recorded.
J
PHARMACOLOGICAL ITWESTIGATIONS
A total extract of dried onion had a potent and prolonged
hypoglyceqic effect on artificially induced diabetes in rats and
rabbits. A partial ftactionation showed that the active priniciple
was located primarily in r fraction.l
r36
Other experiments were macie on fresirly pressed onion juice

and on a solution of the extracted juice. The edible onion
coniains a heait stimulant which causes increased pulse volume
and frequence systolic pressure and coronary flow. It also
stimulates the intestinal smooth rnusculature and the uterus,
prornoted bile production and reduces the biood sugar. Diuresis
is not affected in normal animals and in dropsical cas?s may
result from impror-ed circulation.ll
Freshly expressed onion juice possessed moderate bactericicial

properties only. Most organisms were not destroyed when
stored in diluted onion juice. Heat treatment of the onion or
juice greatly reduced its bactericidal properties. Control of pI{
from 5.8-E.o had no effect on the bactericidal activity of the
filtered juice.12
REI'ERENCES
t. Garar-, E. E. euo M. A. Gawau (r96,5). Antidiabetic activity'Numoer
of Egyptian
onion Allium cepa extract. 1. Egypt iVed. Ass. ,Spec, 48,
\4-tS, (8"g.). In : Chemical Abstruct. g967). Pharmacodynamic.
(t6, g3,igzk,
a. Cnoraa, R. N., S. L. Navan euo I. C. Cropn.c (1956). Glossary of Indian
llledieinal Plants, p. tt- rz. New l)eliri: Council of Scientific and
Industriai Research.
3, Phari. Zrg, Bfft, (rScl), p. 3t5., Irt: Gl<,ssary of Indian Medicinal
Pldfi*, p. tt-tz.
4. tser. Schimmel. u, Co. Lpz. QB\<t). April, p. 44. In : Glostary oJ
Indian Medicinal Plantt, p. rr-i2.
5. Arch. Ph{rrn. l}er!. t$ga), p. +S+. trn : Gltlssary of Indian l.Iedicinal
Plants, p. tt-iz,
6. J. bicl. Chem. iry3), p, 379. In: Glcssary t,J lrdian lr'Ieiicinal Pl.ants,
p. r r-r2,
7. Chary. Zbl. (rqg, II, p. :egg. In: (Jiossary o;f Indian MedicintL
Platis, p. rt-tz,
B. Patfu;ns de Fr. Qqfi, p. zzZ. In, : Clitsscry af lw)ian MeJitinal
1'lnnt:, p. tr-iz.
g. Che'm. Abstr. fiqi|1, p.727. In: Glossa';y af Indian Meiiciael Plants,
p. rt-12.
to, J. Agric.,Qes. (r935), p. 847. In: Glossry of Iittlian h{ediciieal Plants,
p. rr_r2.
rr. Krurrrrrarn, iI. ervl E. Manc;i's Jar:neslrn (1936). Pharmacological
trials witlr soine dcrnestic plants. in : Cheitical Abstract, $$3).
Vol. 3r, parr r, p. 3r49.
rz. Fulr-an, Javrs E. AN.; EnNrsi R.. I*ccrx (r9,go). Onion juice and
bacterial gror,vth. )iooJ )\tsearch. g, p. 503-7. In:- Chemical
Abslract. (r9+r). t'ol. 35, part r, p. zoi7.
13. Yrrr,rNnN, ANcew (1962). Chem. Intcrn. Ed. Engt., t, z99*3o6.
ZEA MAYS Linn.
t,
r39
ZEFI MAYS Lirm.

Burmese name : e[:3ror;Pyaung-bu.
Zra Meys Linn. Sp. Pl. ed.I. g7r $7y).
Zea alba, americana and vulgaiis tWiti.- eara. Dcit, Ed. viii.
n. rr2r3,
Zea segetalis Salisb. Prodr. 28.
Mays zea Gaertn, Fruct. i.6. tt. f, g.
English common name : Indian corn : Maize.
DESCRIPTION
A tall stout annual grass. Leaves broad, flat. Flower stalkr
in different inflorescence on the same plant. Female in the axils
of the lower leaves, tightly enveloped by large membranous bracts.
The st1,le of the female flowers very long, exerted in long silky
tassals from the sheathing bracts. Family Grarnineae. Flowers
and fruits from January to July.
DISTRIBUTION
Planted in Burma up to 6,ooo feet above sea level.
USES
A fermented preparation from the style of the plant I said to
have the strong hypoglycemic effect.l
CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Maizeinc acid, fixed
Fresh styles and stigmas contain oil,
resin and mucilage.2
Enzymes present inmaizeare : 3 (r) Phosphohexokinase ;a
(a) Maleases and (3) Amino acid decarboxylase.6
REFERENCES
r. MrNrzrL, E. (rq6f), Hypoglycemic Substances, Bull. Res. Council,
Israel, Sect. E, roz, 235-6. (Eng.) from QZ, ry65 (32), Abstract
No, ra68 In : Chernical Abstract (tg66). Pharmacodynamic 64,
72t29.
z. {he.Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs (tg6o). Seventh edition,
-_p. rrrz. Rahway, New Jersey, USA .'Merck & Co., Inc.
3. PAEgrl K-_M. V. Tnecnv (tg5). Modern Methods of Plnnt Analysis,
Vol, IV, p. 78. Berlin : Springer-Verlag.
4. Axrrnoo, Sar-mraN, IJeNoursrr aNo Baxrn bSSz). I. Biol. Chem,
_ rg7. In : Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Vol. IV, p. 78.
5. Sacrs auo-JrssrN (!gS_r)._l_. Biol. Clrem. rga, z3r.In : Moderi Methoils of
_ Plant Analysis, Vol. IV, p.
- Scxe:,rs, Mrns .lNo Scnerrs (1946). Arch. Biochem. ror
78.
6. 'Vol. 4-5-5. In :
Modern Methods oJ Plant Anaiyiii, IV, p. 78.
IO
KYLLINGA TR.ICEpS Rorb_
r42
- 2lNcHE s
Frc. 26. E#d,83c (Myet'mon'nhyin)

Kvllinga tricePs RottD.
1+3
KYLLINGA TRICEPS Rottb'
Burmese name :
$.6rig'5' Myet-mon-nhyin'
Kvr,rrNce Tnrcrps Rottb. Deser. €d Ic' :,4, t' 4' fig' 6'
Gni.
Kyllinga monocoephala Nees. in. Wight Contri' 9r (not of
Rottb.).
English common name: Nil'
DtrSCRIPTION
Stem erect, simple, leafy - below. Leavesovoid as long T' -b."t

usually shorter ifrutt tit" ut"*. Flowers (spkies) or cylindric'
,r.rutty three together, rarely solitary, the middle ones the largest'
Family Cyperaioe. Grown abundantly during the rainy season
as a common weed in wet localities.
DISTRIBUTION
March Plant ; Kyauk-tan township, Syriam'
USES
Decoction of roots used in diabetes, also to relieve thirst i*

fevers. Roots Srield an oil which is used to promote action of the
1
liver and relieve Pruritus.
REFERENCES
,l R. N., S. L. Naven aivo -'lt"* -Delhi: (1956)'ofGloslary.gJ

I. C' C:rorna
Indian Med.ici""t ptiiii)'i" i+a.
"*o"*o, council scientific
and Industrial Research'
Xl - fi,dt'eEr (Myet-mbn-nhyin) Kyilinga triceps
1t5
BIBLIOGRAPTIY
JounNers
Abbreviated Title. Full Title.
A*.J.Pharm. AmericanJournilofPharmacy. Philadel'
phia.
Anru. Biochem. ExPt. IVIed.. Annals of Biochemistry and Experimental
Medicine. Calcutta.
Ann. Neut York Acad. Sci, Annals of the New York AcademY of
Sciences.
Apoth. Stg. Apotheker Stg.
Apotheherztg. Berl. Apothekerzeitung. Berlin.
Arch. Pharm., Berl. Archiv der Pharmazie' Berlin.
Ber. Beritch.
Ber. dtsch. cltem. Ges. Bericht der Deutschen Chemischen
Gesellschaft. Berlin.
Ber. deut. pharm. Ges. Bericht der Deutschen Pharmazeutischen
Gesellschaft. Berlin.
Ber. Schimmel U. Co. Bericht von Schimmel u. Co., Leipzig,
uber aetherische Oele, Ricchstoffe,
usw. Leipsig.
Biological Abstract Biological Abstract.
Bull. Bot. Suro. India Bulletin of the Botanical Surv:y. India.
Bull. Cal. Sch. TroP. Med. Bulletin of the Calcutta School of
Tropical Medicine.
Bull. imp. Inst., Lond. Bulletin of the Imperial Institute.
London.
Bull. Inst. bot. Buitenz. Bulletin de l'lnstitute botanique de
Buitenzorg. Buitenzorg.
Bull. Res. Council, Israel, Bulletin of the Research Council of
Sect. E. Israel; Section E: ExPerimental
\,Iedicine (Jerusalem).
Bull. Soc. Chim. France ... Bulletin Societe Chimique de France.
Paris.
Chem. Abstr. ... Chemical Abstracts. Easton. Pa.

Chem. Zbl. Chemisches Zenlralblatt. Berlin.
Chronica Nature Chronica Nature.
ComPtrrend. .,. Compte rendu.
C-R. Acad. Sci. Paris Comote rendu de hebdomadaire des
seinces de I'Academie des sciences.
Paris.
C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris Compte rendu hebdomaire des seances
et memoires de la Societe de biologie.
Paris.
r+6
JounNar.s,-cozld.
E'ull Title'
Abbreviated T':itle'
Gass. chim. ital. Gazetta chimica italiar-la' Roma'

Genf'
Helo. Ckhn, Acta. Heivetica Chimica Acta' Gasel'
-Hoppe-Seyl.r's Zeitschrift fur ph1'siolo-
HoPPe-Seyl. Z.
gii"t. fhemie. Strassburg'
Indian J. Chem. Indiun Journal of ChemistrY'

Biology'
Ind. J. ExPtl. Eiol. Indirn lo.,rrrul of Experimental
Indian J. med. Res' i"alr""Journal of h{edical Research'
Calcutta.
Eenares'
Indicn J. Pharm. Indian Journal of PharmacY.
and Fhar-
Ptrysiol' Pltar' Indian Journai of PhysiologY
Indian J. macologY.
macol,
Ind. Ens. Chem. Industriai Engineering and ChernistrY
(u.s.A.).
{ahresber Pha-rm.
Jahresber' Pharm.
J. Agric' Res. ... io,rrnul of Agricultural Research"
Washington.
Journal of the American Chemical
J. Amer. Chem. Soc'
SocietY.' Easton Pa'
tnurlnul of th" A-"tican Pharmaceutical
J. Ant. Pharm. Assac' " Associ.ation. Columbus'
T. Ann. Fharm. Frar'c'
1.A*.Pharm. Franc' Balti-
J. Bial. Chem. iournul of Biological Chemistry'
more.
Journal of the Chemical SocietY'
J. Chetn. Soc. London.
Chernical Society'
J. Chinese Chem. Soc' Journal of the Chinese
Medical Asso-
l.ECyPt.Med. Ass' iorrnul of the EgYPtian
ciation'
Chemical Society"
J. Indian Cheru. Soc. Journal of the Indian
Calcutta'
Institute of Science'
Journal of the Indian
J, Indian Inst. Sci. Bangalore.
Intern. Sor. ['eather '"il;;;; I.,,rr.il of the Intemational So-ciety of
"7.Trades Chem.
rtuatt cheffiists' Lt'ndon'
Sciences'
J. Pkatw. Sci. Journal of Fharmaceutical
of Pharrnacy anC Pharrnaeotrogy'
J. Pharm. Pharmacol' iou.rrr-l
Sci. industr. Res' iourn.l of Scientific and Industrial
J. Research. Delhi'
of Bombay'
unio. Journal of the University
t. BombaY
t+7
JocrnNers.- concld .
Abbreviated Title. Full Title.
Medeel. Lands Plants Mededeel Lands Plant.

Pittin. Bataoia
Meded, Mededeelingen uit's Lands Plantentuin
Batavia.
Nippon Nogei Kagaku. Nippon Nogei Kagaku. Kaishi.
Kaislti,
Ohio J. Sci. ,.. Ohio Journal of Science (Colombus).
Parfums de Fr. Parfums de France, Paris.
Pharm. J. Pharmaceutical Journal and Pharmacist-
London.
Berl.
Pharrn, Ztg. Pharmazeutische Zeitung. Berlin.
Phytochemistry Phytochemistry.
Planta Med. Planta Medica.
Presse Med. Presse medicale, Paris.
Proceedings of the Burma Medical Re-
search Society.
Prac. Ind. Acad. Sci. Proceedings of-the Indian Academy of
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Proc. Pharm. Soc. ESy?t, Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical
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Puerto Rico ./. Pub. Health Puerto Rico Journal of Public Health and
'
ard Trop. Med. Tropical Medicine.
Quart. J- Crude Drug Res. Quarterly Journal of Crude Dtug

Research.
Rec. trao. Chiru. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des
Pays-Bas (Netherlands).
.\ryPUSK .FARMAKOL -_
REF- ZH
TOXSIKOI,.
Reo. Fac. .Farm. Unht. Revista Facultade de Farmacie de
Central Venezuela. Universidad Central Venezuela
(Venezuela).
Reu fi.lip. Med..farm." Revista filipina de medicina y farmacia.
Manila.
Sci. {9 Cult. ... Science and Culture. Calcutta.
ScioRes. Scientific Research.
Scot. Med. J.... Scottish Medical Journal (Glasgow).
Tetrahedron... Tetrahedron.
Tijdschr. Ned.Ind. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind.
Trans. Bose Res. Inst. Transactions of the- Bose Research
fnstitute. Calcutta.
r49
N*uq Iwpcx
Burmese frames. Botanical na?nes.
(DO)23()
\ Cicer arieJinum Linn.
I
coc
cDo))8 ()coo3
I
Osimum aanctlr& Linn.
-.CC.
lgcDcoeo Viter glabrata R. Br.
{-c c6
lg,Dqf? .A,lliwn cepa Linn.
:r.rc c e
lcDCDU)C3013
LJ Momordica charuntia Linn.
Co
^cDc3()
I
Cephalandra indica N aud.
crr
fDs33)Gl()
I r. (J Eugenia operculata Ro*D.
coc e
€cDSCDCTJCSCD
JL
Aeginetia indica rRo*6.
cn
-coc)3l3
t!
Andrographis paniculata Nees.
cn
.€osc30l3
A
Curcuma comosa Ro*D.
r-
€?3 lJL
Acacia arabica Willd.
eo
osoJI Orthosiphon stamineus Benth,
c c\
scecDacS(J Cicer arietinum Linn.
coo
.sccLol Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.
cc
€oco)3c1()) Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Mier'.
Co C
,aoccr)30&(D Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miet s,
c cre
.6ocl3ccfc3tg3 Heliotropium indicttm Linn,
.A.ndrographis paniculata Nees.
.ep:Eoe$ Ficus glomerata Roxb.
cno
G3)fCGUIE
t..-
!rcus rehgrosa Lmn.
c
'6CO?CDOf
JI
Vitex glabrata R. Br.
L-
Pithecollobium lobatum Bmth,
c
3C)C3 Pithecollobium bigeminum Marl.
'3S3)e Scoparia dulcis Linn.
6L
Curcuma comosa RosD.

6E:s1:
coc c
()cooSscD
I
Ocimum sancttm Linn.
o
()30? Morus alba Linn.
L
r50
Nerrp INorx.-contd.
Burntese na?fies. Botanical na?nes.
(Jf3mQ0) Yinca rosea Linn.

3o5o3oo5 Cassia auriculata Linn.
f-co c
8eBol3 Cassia glartca Lam.
f-C C
SEGE:C F icus benghalensis Linn.

p$o$:eg Cassia gl,auca Lam.
^t;t^s^
b[Y JU; Zea mays Linn.
OGOJ]C3 Tecoma stans ]zss.
o
o5i Casearia esculenta -Ro*D.
o
o1 Helicteres isora Linn.
clo::r@: Adhatoda vasica l/ees.
of:ecusc,3 Scoparia dticis Linn.
E6"s Orthosiphon starniners B enth,

f- C. C
Bo)eec3 Kyllinga triceps Rottb.

eqoffi: ,A.dhatoda vasica Nees.
eqarc.,$c Ficus glomerata Roxb.
clol Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn.
c:@::o3 Scoparia dt;Jcis Linn.
oep@o5es;: Eugenia jambolarn Lam.
oeps,li Eugenia operuilata Roxb.
.r"EEtL Eugenia jambolana Lam.
oec5:o$1: Yinca rosea Linn.
E CC
oGO?OlCDOf Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn.
(Transliterated )
Dan-ta-thuka Scoparia dvlcis Linn.

Da-nyin Pithecollobiu m btgeminrm M ar t.
Da-nyin Pithecollobium lobaturn Beruth.
Htauk-sha Vitex glabrata R.. Br.
I5I
Neue INPrx.-contd.
Burmese Names- Botanical Narnes.
(Traosliterated)
Kala-pe Cicer arietinum Linn.

Kala pinsein ..i Ocimum satctum Linn.
Kauk-hlaing-ti Aeginetia itdica Roxb-
Kin-bon Cephalandra indica N aud.
Kon-thabYe Eugenia oPer c;tlata Ro xb,
Kyet-hinga... Momordica char antia Linn.
Kyet-le-zan ... Vitex glabrata R. Br.
Kyet-thwun-ni Allium cePa Linn.
Le-wa Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn.
Mahn-lay-Pin Scoparia &:Jcis Linn.
Maya-gYi Adhatoda vasica Nees.
Myet-mon-nhYin Kyllinga tricePs Rofl&.
Myit-shwe Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.
Na-nwin-ga Curcuma comosa Rox6. e
Ngayoke-kha Andrographis Paniculata Nees.
Nil Casearia esculenta RoeD.
Nil Helicteres isora Linn.
Nyaung-baudi Ficus religiosa Linn.
Nyaung-tha-bYe Ficus glomerata Roxb.
Pan-kanYut Yir'ca rosea Linn.
Peik-thin-gat Cassia auriculata Linn.
Phayaung-ban Tecoma stans /ass.

Pinsein net ... Ocimum. sarrct:urn Linn.
Morus alba Linn.
Posa
Pyaung Zea mays Linn.
Pyi-ban-nYo Cassia glauca Lam.
Pyi;ban-shwe Cassia glauca Lam'
Pyi-nyaung Ficus benghal ensis Linn.

Sa-nwin ga ... Curcuma comosa RorD.
Se-cho Orthosiphon stamineus Benth,
Se-ga-gYi Andrographis Paniculata Nees.
Sin-don-manwe Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers.
Sin-gaung-Pe Cicer arietinum Linn.
r5a
NirVi* nrOr* .-e6fftl d.
Burnese natnes, Botanical natnes.
(Transliterated)
Sin-ngo-mani ... Tinospora cordifolia (WiUd.\ Miers.
Sin-nhamaung-gyi Heliotropit,m indicur,r. Linn.
Sin-sa-manwe ... Tinospora cordifolia (Witld.) Mins-
Su-byu Acacia arabica Willd.
Thabye-chin Eugenia operculata Ror6.
Thabye-kyet-che Eugenia jamb olana Lam.
Thabye phyu Eugenia jamb olana Lam.
Thagya pin Scoparia dulcis Linn.
Thinbaw letpan Ceiba pentan dra (Linn.) Gaertn.
Thinbaw manyo Yinca rosea Linn.
Ye-magyi Adhatoda vasica Nees.
Ye-thaphan .., Ficus gloinerata i?oxb.
I
1
r5.:
Gnrsx*r. Imnx.
Pnor
BOTANICAL NAME
Lcaca Willd. J
adaronii Guill. 3
arabicz Willd. J
sera Willd. .t
I
.A.dhatoda Nees r09

vasica Nees r09
sp. Griff. r09
Aeginetia indica Roxb. II5

[llium Linn. r35
Linn.
cepa r35
CumariaHerb. r35
A,pdrographis paniculatus Nees r05

Bomb ax p ent andrum Linn. 63
Blqonia I ,inx.. +9
grandis Linn. f. 49
palnataWalL 49
C aly ptr anthe s c apit ellat a Ham. 67

costataHam. 73
grandis Ham. IJ
jambolanaWilld. 67
mangiferifuha Hance IJ
TatnaHam, 73
Casaria Jacq. 45
ehampiouiiThw. 45
esculenta.Ror6. 45
laeoigataDalz, +5
earians Thw. 45
zeylanicaThw. 45
Cassia Linn. t7,zr

oborescences Yahl. 2l
auricttlata Linn. r7
JastigiataYahl 2T
glauca Lam. 2L
si&qi Presl. 2f
suffruticosa Koe* 2L
wlphureaDC. af
i
snrallgzsrs Burm. 2T
r54
GnNnnel lNonx.-contd.
Pees
Catharantltus raseus G, Don, 79

Ceiba pentandra (Linn.) Gaertn. 63
Cephalandra indica N aud. 49
Cicer arietinum Linn. 45
Cit-amerdu Rheede 95
Coccinia indicaWight & Arn. 49
SchimperiNaud. 49
trVigktiana Roem. 49
Cocculus conoohrulaceus DC. 95

CordifoliusDC. 95
oerrucosus Wall. 95
C oa elli a g lomer at a Miq. J.)

mollisMiq. .r.,
C u cumi s afr ic anu s Lindl. 53

Curcuma comosa Rox6. 13I
Erio d en dr on anfr actuo sum D C. 63
pentandram Kurz. 63
EugeniaLiir. 67,?3
androsaemoides Herb. l3
caryophyllifoka Lam. 67
cerasoides Roxb. 73
corticosa Lour. 67
frondosaWall. 67
-Hooheri
F. Muell. 67
jambolana Lam. 67
jambolifera Roxb. 67
neraosaBedd.
obooatumWall. IJ
obtusifolia Roxb. 67,
operculata Roc&. i5
panialaRoxb. IJ
Ficlus Linn. .'29,33,37

ffinior Grifr. JI
berghalensis Linn. -29
chitagonga Miq. JJ
glomerata RorD. JJ
Goolereae Roxb. JJ
indicaLinrt. 29
molksMiq. JJ
racemosa (Linn.) Wall. JJ
religiosa Linn, 3t
r55
GnxsRAL lNow-contd.
Pees
Helicteres Linn. 59
chrysocalyx Miq. 59
isora Linn. 59
Roxburghii G. Don. 59
H e li ophy tum indicum D C. I19
velutinum DC. II9
Heliotropium Linn. II9
anisophyllum Deauv. I19
indicum Linn. I19
Inga Willd. 8r
annularis Grah. 7
attenuata Grah. II
bigemina Willd.
jiringa Jack. II
KaeringaYoit. II
Inga 7,rt
lobata Grah. II
lucidaWaLl.
Wightiana Grah,
7,
7
l:usticia Linn. r09
Adhatoda Linn. r09
paniculata Burm. r()5
Ky I ling a mono c o eph al a N ees r+3
triceps Rol16. r+3
Lochnera rosea Reichb. 79
Mays Zea Gaertn. r39
Il[ eni sp ermum c or dif o I ium W illd. 95
MimosaLirn. 3
acutifera Blanco. II
adstringens Schum & Thorn J
3rabica Lam. J
bigeminaWilld.
Djaringa Roxb. II
iiringa lack. II
Kaeringa Yoit. II
lycida Wall.
dlotica Lirrr. J
rwpiades Lir,:rr. J
II
r56
GgNTBAI" trraw-contd.
Faor
IVtrornordica .tizz. 53
cbarattia Linn. 5J
humilisWalL
mondelphaRoxb. 49
muricataDC. 53
senegalensis Lamb. 53
Morus Linn. +r
alba Linn. +t
serrataWall. +r
tatarica Linn. 4r
Ocil,oum Linn. t23rt27

grandiflorum Blume t27
inodorumBttm. r23
longiflorumHaat 127
monaahorumLinn. r23
sanctrtm l;inn. 123
tenuiflornn Lirn. t23
O r ob anch e A eg inz tia Linn. II5
Orthosiphon stamineus Betth. rz7
Pithecollobium Mart. 8r
bigeminum Mart. .,.
laterifi.orum Blume ,'. II
lobatum Bentk. II
pariciflorum Benth. .,. I1

unguis-cati Mart. II
Scoparia dulcis Linlr. IOI

)l
S enna arb or e s c enc e s Roxb.
auriculata Raxb. 17
bi-capsularis Roxb. ... r7 j
l
speci.osaRoxb.
o-
o5
Stenolobiwm stazs (L.) Seem.
Sy zygium ang kolanum Miq. l3

c a.ryoPhYlliJllium D C. 67
/J
67
67
r57
GrNrnar, lxos-condd.
Peos
67
latuifimurnRoYle
sercosamDC. 73
nodosumMiq. t5
obooatutnWall. IJ
oberculatum Gamble t3
i'ancallaWall. IJ
ool'yanthumThw. 73
bahumWall. IJ
85
WallhhianumPrcsl.
85
Tecoma stans jass. 85
Tecomella slaas Seem'
II9
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd,) Miets'
JI
Triaridum anisoPhYlhon G. Don.
29
Iltostigma affneMiq.
bmghalensis GasP. .'. 3l
religiowmGnP. 79
Yinearcsea Linn.
gre
Yitex Linn. ,.. 9r
bombaciJoli.aWall. ... 9r
Cunninghani Schau. 9I
glabrata R. Br. 9r
PallidaWall.
r39
Zet Limr. r39
albaM;ill. r39
americanaMill.
r39
Mavg Litm.
r39
trgitolit salisb. r39
ztulgaris M.ill.
o)
C.P. Ig I n I
(C I z) I z. | 6s I tx.

Special Report Series No. 4, Burmese Indigenous Medical Plants Vol 1

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Special Report Series No. 4, Burmese Indigenous Medical Plants Vol 1

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I

I. PLAI{TS lryfi}l RTPIJTTD ]IYPOELYCEITIC

Dew Mve BwrN

Burma Meilical Research Instittttrz

Burma Medical Research Institute

The Burma Flora abounding in all kinds of food

This classification gives 15 categories : anti-diabetic (Hypo-

plant is treated individually"

ffi lTili:lT":sthmru;r:*;i;'"ti 1# *:'Jr:;

ACACIA AF.ABICA WiIId,

Burmese name : g.tp, ; Su-bYu.

Acacia vera Willd. Deser. Pl. Anim. 6S Q76).

Mimosa adstringens Schum and. Thonn. Beskr. Guni. Pl' '

Shrub or small tree. tr,eaves cornpound, alternate, often

Mandalay, Myingyan, Ava, Meiktila, Magwe, Popa and

The gum is said to be useful in diabetes mellitus. It is also

Leaves and fruits cotttain 3z/o tannin. e

Fruit contain 4t.7fr tannin.B

3. B4!.imp. Inst., Lond. (r93o). p. r. In : Glossary of Indian Medicinal

-4, Sasrnv, G. P., J, N. Banuas.rno-p. !. Rao ( rS6C). (_)-epi_Gallocatc.

PITHECOLLOBIUM BIGEMINUM MATI.

Burmese naffIe : sg6:; Da-nYin'

A tall tree. Leaves compound, leaflets oblong or oblong-

Flowers fromlanuary to April, fruiting from August to

Chiefly in Lower Burma, Pegu, Tenasserim and Nyaungshwe'

The common salt solution extract of the seed is locally used

Djenkolic acid, o'z'e an amino acid isolated from theldjenkol

Complete chemical analyses of the da-nyin beans show that

concentration of manganese, the salt of which is said to possesg

Frc. 3. 3"5.r6un5 (Peik-thin-gat)

CASSIA AURICULATL Linn' '

Burmese name 3o5c:3no5: ;

Seeds and flowers are reputed

Frc. 4. Ed,rfsdt' $gq.ri,"5 (Fyi-ban-nyo, pyi-ban-shwe)

CASSIA GLAUCA Lam'

A small tree; branches spreading' Leaves compound'

Commonly found all over Burma; Mohnyin and

Glucoside and chrysophanic acid are present in the

Chrysophanic acid, -r, 8-Dihydroxy- 3- methylanthra-

3, TrrE Mencn INonx or CruurcRr,g axp Dnucg (196o). _seventh edition"

Burmese name: q-:rd,.o3".n:3;J; Kala-pe, Sin-gaung-pe.

A viscid much branched annual herb. Leaves compound,

Widely cultivated in Upper Burma.

I fne preparation of the plant is used in the treatment of

Lecithin, phytin and saponin present in whole gram.8

t" ,'iiii"ii"i;;;;;;r,. 47,p. rozs.

Frc. 5. $p{"g:3 (PYi-nYaun$)

FICUS BENGIIALENSIS Linn'

Buruese name : Pdeg:'S ; PYi-nYaung'

A very-;large tree, sending down many aerial roots from the

Often planted throughout the whole of Burma'

Infusion of bark used for the treatment of diabetes ; also

Maximum hypoglycemic effect was shown with the three

FICUS GLOMERATA Rorb'

1 fresh juice.of the ripe

r, L' Navan aNo I' c-. 9+:H"l:?f3|."r""',lii6:1,i{

Frc. 7. eg:34J3 (NYaung'baudi)

FICUS RELIGIOSA Lrir.

A large glabrous, usually epiphytic tree' Leaves ovate-rotund'

E:Sitosterol-D-glucoside (phytosterolir,) \n/as

PHARMACOLO GICAL INVESTIGATI ON

The phytosterolin isolatecl from dried porvdered 9"1^N.i-

response gradually decreased. Phytosterolin produced centra!

Frc. B. 3cor: (posa)

ffi lTili:lT":sthmru;r:;i;'"ti 1# :'Jr:;