Environmental systems and societies

Standard level
Paper 1 – resource booklet

Friday 30 October 2020 (afternoon)

1 hour

Instructions to candidates
Do not open this booklet until instructed to do so.
This booklet contains all the resources to answer paper 1.

8820 – 6302
11 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020
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Figure 1(a): Location of Dominica

N
British Virgin
Dominican Islands
Republic Puerto Rico Anguilla

US Virgin Antigua and

Islands St Kitts Barbuda
and Guadeloupe
Nevis
Dominica
15°N
Martinique
Caribbean Sea
St Lucia

Barbados

Scale: Trinidad and

Tobago
0 250
Venezuela
km
70°W 60°W

Volcanic island in the Caribbean Sea.

Population of 72 000.

40 % of the population works in agriculture.

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Figure 1(c): Ecosystems of Dominica

Cabrits Marine N
Reserve

Cabrits
National Park

Indian River
National Park Northern
Forest
Reserve
Morne Diablotin
National Park

Central
Forest
Reserve

Morne Trois Pitons

Key: National Park
Sea grass
Coral reefs Roseau
Dry scrub woodland
Littoral woodland
Seasonal forest
Rainforest
Montane
Elfin Scale:
0 5
National park boundaries
Capital city Scotts Head / Soufrière km
Marine Reserve

(Figure 1(c) continues on the following page)

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(Figure 1(c) continued)

West East
very heavy rain

light
Altitude rain
(m)
1400
elfin
1200 montane
1000
800 rainforest
600
400 seasonal forest prevailing
rain shadow winds
200 dry scrub woodland littoral woodland
sea 0
level corals

sea grass
Key:

Imperial amazon parrot

Red-necked amazon parrot

[Source: The Dominica Story: A History of the Island

Figure 1(d): Climate graph for Roseau, Dominica

38.0 380
36.0 Key: 360
34.0 Precipitation (mm) 340
32.0 320
Mean daily temperature (°C)
30.0 300
28.0 280
26.0 260
24.0 240
Precipitation (mm)

22.0
Temperature (°C)

220
20.0 200
18.0 180
16.0 160
14.0 140
12.0 120
10.0 100
8.0 80
6.0 60
4.0 40
2.0 20
0.0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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Amazona arausiaca) Amazona imperialis),

the national bird of Dominica

birds during the

Eats forest fruits and nuts; also feeds in

banana and citrus plantations. Eats forest fruits and nuts.

Nests in holes in trees.

Nests in holes in trees.
IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable.
IUCN Red List status: Endangered.
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1300
x
1200

1100

1000 In 1979, Hurricane David destroyed

42 % of rainforest
900
Number of individuals

800
x
700

600

500

400

300

200
x
100

0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
Key:
Imperial amazon

x Red-necked amazon

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Figure 3(a): Hurricane history of Dominica since 1900

300
Hurricane Maria, 2017
Hurricane David, 1979
Maximum wind speed (km h–1)

250

200

150

100

50

0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year

Figure 3(b): Average global sea surface temperature, 1900–2015

2.0

1.5
Temperature anomaly (°C)

1.0

0.5
1971–2000 average
0

–0.5

–1.0

–1.5

–2.0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
Key:
Average global sea surface temperature (°C)
Uncertainty in sea surface temperature readings (°C)
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Figure 3(c): Impacts of Hurricane Maria

100 % of food crops were destroyed.

knocked down.

Figure 3(d): Landslide caused by heavy rains after a hurricane

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Figure 4(a): Population pyramid for Dominica, 2018

Male Female
100+
95–99
90–94
85–89
80–84
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
4 3.2 2.4 1.6 0.8 0 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4
Population (in thousands) Age group Population (in thousands)

Figure 4(b): Population statistics for Dominica, 2017

Birth rate 15.1 per 1000

Death rate 7.9 per 1000

–5.4 per 1000

Median age 33.5 years

Urban population 70.5 %

Total fertility rate

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Figure 5: “Building back better”

build hurricane-proof buildings

build using local skills and resources
References:

Figure 1(a) © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

Figure 1(c) [map

[forest types diagram The Dominica Story: A History of the Island. Lennox Honeychurch ©1995

Figure 1(d)

Figure 2(a) © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020.

Figure 2(b)

ACTP. ACTP responds to the commentary concerning conservation measures required for the endangered
Amazon parrots of the Commonwealth of Dominica

Figure 3(a)

Figure 3(b) NOAA.

Figure 3(c) [text

[left image
[right image

Figure 3(d) Photo courtesy of Jodie Dangleben.

Figure 4(a) The World Factbook: Dominica

Figure 5 [image
[text
Environmental systems and societies
Standard level
Paper 1

Friday 30 October 2020 (afternoon)

Candidate session number

1 hour

Instructions to candidates
Write your session number in the boxes above.
Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
Answer all questions. Refer to the resource booklet which accompanies this question paper.
Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.
A calculator is required for this paper.
The maximum mark for this examination paper is [35 marks].

8820 – 6301
7 pages © International Baccalaureate Organization 2020

08EP01
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Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

1. (a) Using Figure 1(c), state one ecosystem found at sea level in Dominica. [1]

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(b) With reference to Figure 1(d), explain how the environmental conditions on Dominica
result in high gross primary productivity. [2]

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2. (a) Using Figure 2(a), state one

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(b) With reference to Figure 2(a), state the type of biotic interaction that occurs between
the imperial amazon and the red-necked amazon parrots. [1]

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(Question 2 continued)

(c) Compare and contrast the realized niches of the two parrot species. [3]

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(d) With reference to Figure 2(b), calculate the percent increase in red-necked amazon
numbers between 1980 and 2012. [1]

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(e) With reference to Figures 2(a) and 2(b), suggest two reasons why the red-necked
amazon population has recovered more quickly than the imperial amazon population
following Hurricane David in 1979. [2]

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3. (a) Using Figure 3(a), identify why Hurricane Maria was so destructive. [1]

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(b) Describe the relationship between sea surface temperature in Figure 3(b) and
hurricane wind speed in Figure 3(a). [2]

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(c) With reference to Figures 3(c) and 3(d), outline how Hurricane Maria has reduced
Dominica’s food availability. [2]

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(d) With reference to Figure 3(c), explain three ways in which Hurricane Maria has

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4. Figure 3(d) shows a landslide caused by heavy precipitation on a steep slope. Outline one
technique that could be used by farmers in Dominica to reduce soil erosion. [3]

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5. (a) After the hurricane, thousands of men and women left Dominica in search of work. With
reference to Figure 4(a), draw a post-hurricane age–gender pyramid for Dominica to
illustrate this outward migration. [2]

(b) With reference to Figures 4(a) and 4(b), suggest how population change may impact
resource use on Dominica in the future. [2]

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6. Using information from Figure 5, outline how the “Build back better” programme can
contribute to the resilience of Dominica. [3]

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08EP07
Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page

will not be marked.

08EP08