EXPERIMENT 8 – CARBOHYDRATES
FINALS
CARBOHYDRATES
- Biomolecules compose of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms whose
functional group can either be aldehyde or ketone.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MONOMER UNITS
❏ Monosaccharide
- the monomer unit of carbohydrates
- simple sugars that could not be hydrolyzed into smaller units.
- SAMPLES: Ribose, Fructose, Galactose, Glucose
❏ Disaccharide
- If two monosaccharides are joined
- SAMPLES: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose
❏ Oligosaccharide – If few monosaccharides are joined
❏ Polysaccharide
- composed of large number of monosaccharides
- SAMPLES: Starch and Glycogen
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
❏ ALDOSES – contain aldehyde functional group
SAMPLES: Ribose, Glucose, Galactose
❏ KETOSES – contain ketone functional group
SAMPLES: Fructose
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF CARBONS
IN A CYCLIC FORM
❏ PYRANOSE – is a six-membered cyclic ring
SAMPLES: Glucose, Galactose
❏ FURANOSE – is a five-membered cyclic ring
SAMPLES: Ribose, Fructose
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO REDOX REACTIONS
❏ Reducing Sugar – can act as reducing agent. It has free anomeric carbon
SAMPLES: All monosaccharides, maltose and lactose
❏ Nonreducing Sugar – cannot act as reducing agent; has NO free
anomeric carbon
SAMPLES: Sucrose, starch, glycogen
Sakai, Reanna Michi
MOORE’S TEST
- Test for reducing sugars
- Principle: Reducing sugar undergoes aldol condensation
(caramelization reaction) under alkaline/basic conditions because of
the free anomeric carbon
- positive for: ribose, glucose, fructose, lactose
- negative for: glycogen, sucrose and starch
- Positive Result: Caramel odor and brown-yellowish colored complex
- other positive results: yellow/orange/dark brown + caramel odor
THEORETICAL RESULTS:
BARFOED’S TEST
- Test for monosaccharide
- Principle: Strong reducing sugars like monosaccharides are oxidized by
copper ion in acetic acid solution to carboxylic acid and form Cu2O
precipitate within 3 minutes
- Reducing disaccharides undergo same reaction but at slower rate
- Positive Result: Brick red ppt
THEORETICAL RESULTS:
SELIWANOFF’S TEST
- Test for ketoses
- Principle: HCl + resorcinol dehydrates ketoses react faster to give
colored products
- Positive result: Bright cherry red with Ketohexose (such as fructose)
and disaccharides containing a ketohexose (such as sucrose)
- Aldohexose give pale pink color that takes a longer time to develop
- Other sugars (e.g. aldose) may produce yellow to faint pink colors
THEORETICAL RESULTS:
IODINE TEST
- Glycogen has a slightly different structure than does starch where it
has branches via α-1,6-glycosidic bonds, and produces only an
intermediate color reaction, which is reddish brown.
- Positive result: blue-black for starch & reddish-brown for glycogen
- Negative result: yellow or yellowish brown
THEORETICAL RESULTS:
BENEDICT’S TEST
- Test for Reducing Sugars
- Reagents – Copper sulfate, Sodium carbonate, Sodium citrate
- Copper sulfate in Benedict's solution reacts with free ketone/
aldehyde group of reducing sugar to form yellowish orange/ red ppt.
- Positive Results are precipitates with the following colors: Green,
Yellow, Orange, Red precipitate
- Sample: URINE