ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Introduction to Artificial Intelligencce

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is defined as the ability of a digital computer or computer-

controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings.

AI is also defined as,

• An Intelligent Entity Created By humans

• Capable of Performing Tasks intelligently without being explicitly instructed.
• Capable of thinking and acting rationally and humanely.
Artificial vs Human
Intelligence
• AI is important to humans, and we have tried to understsand “how we think” since thousand
of years.

• AI is about “understanding intelligence” and “building intelligent entities”.

• AI compasses a huge variety of subfields ranging from general to specific such as chess ,
proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on crowded street and
diagnosing diseases.

• AI is relevant to any intellectual task and it is a universal field.

THINKING HUMANLY THINKING RATIONALLY

ACTING HUMANLY THINKING RATIONALLY

FOUR MAIN VIEWS / APPROACHES OF AI
ACTING HUMANLY
- acting like a person
- classic example is “Turing Test”.
THINKING HUMANLY
- thinking like a person
- the field of Cognitive Science deals into this topic. Trying to model how human thinks.
THINKING RATIONALLY
- modeling thinking as a logical process, where conclusions are drawn based on some
type of symbolic logic.
ACTING RATIONALLY
- performing actions that increase the value of the state of the agent or
environment in which the agent is acting.
FOUR MAIN VIEWS / APPROACHES OF AI
The definition of AI can be organized in 4 different categories:

These definitions are concerned with thought

process and reasoning

THINKING HUMANLY THINKING RATIONALLY

Measures succcess in Measures succcess in
terms of human terms of ideal performance
performance measure (rationally)
ACTING HUMANLY ACTING RATIONALLY

These definitions address human behavior

How do we measure if Artificial Intelligence is acting like a human?

Even if we reach that state where an AI can behave as a human does, how can we be
sure it can continue to behave that way? We can base the human-likeness of an AI entity
on the:

• Turing Test
• The Cognitive Modelling Approach
• The Law of Thought Approach
• The Rational Agent Approach
What is the Turing Test in Artificial Intelligence?

The basis of the Turing Test is that the AI entity should be able to hold a conversation with a human
agent. The human agent ideally should not be able to conclude that they are talking to an Artificial
Intelligence. - Alan Turing (Turing, 1950)

To achieve these ends, the AI needs to possess these qualities:

• Natural Language Processing to communicate successfully.

• Knowledge Representation store information provided before or during the interrogation;
• Automated Reasoning uses the stored information to answer questions and draw new
conclusions.
• Machine Learning to detect patterns and adapt to new circumstances.
Cognitive Modelling Approach

As the name suggests, this approach tries to build an Artificial Intelligence model based on
Human Cognition.

To distil the essence of the human mind, there are 3 approaches:

Introspection: observing our thoughts, and building a model based on that.

Psychological Experiments: conducting experiments on humans and observing their behaviour

Brain Imaging: Using MRI to observe how the brain functions in different scenarios and
replicating that through code.
The Laws of Thought Approach

The Laws of Thought are a large list of logical statements that govern the operation of our
mind.The same laws can be codified and applied to artificial intelligence algorithms.

There are two main obstacles to this approach. First, it is not easy to take informal
knowledge and state it in the formal terms required by logical notation, particularly when
the knowledge is less than 100% certain.

Second, there is a big difference between being able to solve a problem ``in principle'' and
doing so in practice.

``Socrates is a man; all men are mortal; therefore

Socrates is mortal.''
The Rational Agent Approach

A rational agent acts to achieve the best possible outcome in its present circumstances.

According to the Laws of Thought approach, an entity must behave according to the
logical statements.

In the ``laws of thought'' approach to AI, the whole emphasis was on correct inferences.
Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent, because one way
to act rationally is to reason logically to the conclusion that a given action will achieve
one's goals, and then to act on that conclusion.
The Rational Agent Approach
Philosophers (going back to 400 B.C.) made AI conceivable by considering the ideas that the
mind is in some ways like a machine, that it operates on knowledge encoded in some internal
language, and that thought can be used to help arrive at the right actions to take.

Mathematicians provided the tools to manipulate statements of logical certainty as well as

uncertain, probabilistic statements. They also set the groundwork for reasoning about
algorithms.

Psychologists strengthened the idea that humans and other animals can be considered
information processing machines. Linguists showed that language use fits into this model.

Computer engineering provided the artifact that makes AI applications possible. AI programs
tend to be large, and they could not work without the great advances in speed and memory that
the computer industry has provided.
History of AI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaL5ZMvRRqE&t=157s
1927: The sci-fi film Metropolis, directed by Fritz Lang, featured a robotic girl who was physically indistinguishable from
the human counterpart from which it took its likeness. The artificially intelligent robot-girl then attacks the town,
wreaking havoc on a futuristic Berlin. This film holds significance because it is the first on-screen depiction of a robot
and thus lent inspiration to other famous non-human characters such as C-P30 in Star Wars.
1950: Claude Shannon, “the father of information theory,”
published “Programming a Computer for Playing Chess,”
which was the first article to discuss the development of a
chess-playing computer program.
1950: Alan Turing published “Computing Machinery
and Intelligence,” which proposed the idea of The
Imitation Game – a question that considered if
machines can think. This proposal later became
The Turing Test, which measured machine
(artificial) intelligence. Turing’s development
tested a machine’s ability to think as a human
would. The Turing Test became an important
component in the philosophy of artificial
intelligence, which discusses intelligence,
consciousness, and ability in machines.
1961: Unimate, an industrial robot
invented by George Devol in the 1950s,
became the first to work on a General
Motors assembly line in New Jersey. Its
responsibilities included transporting die
castings from the assembly line and
welding the parts on to cars – a task
deemed dangerous for humans.
1965: Joseph Weizenbaum, computer scientist and professor, developed ELIZA, an interactive
computer program that could functionally converse in English with a person. Weizenbaum’s goal
was to demonstrate how communication between an artificially intelligent mind versus a human
mind was “superficial,” but discovered many people attributed anthropomorphic characteristics to
ELIZA.
1977: Director George Lucas’ film Star Wars is released. The film
features C-3PO, a humanoid robot who is designed as a protocol
droid and is “fluent in more than seven million forms of
communication.” As a companion to C-3PO, the film also
features R2-D2 – a small, astromech droid who is incapable of
human speech (the inverse of C-3PO); instead, R2-D2
communicates with electronic beeps. Its functions include
small repairs and co-piloting starfighters.
1980: WABOT-2 was built at
Waseda University. This inception
of the WABOT allowed the
humanoid to communicate with
people as well as read musical
scores and play music on an
electronic organ.
1999: In line with Furby, Sony introduced AIBO
(Artificial Intelligence RoBOt), a $2,000 robotic pet
dog crafted to “learn” by interacting with its
environment, owners, and other AIBOs. Its features
included the ability to understand and respond to
100+ voice commands and communicate with its
human owner.
2002: i-Robot released Roomba, an
autonomous robot vacuum that
cleans while avoiding obstacles.
2011: Apple released Siri, a virtual
assistant on Apple iOS operating
systems. Siri uses a natural-
language user interface to infer,
observe, answer, and recommend
things to its human user. It adapts
to voice commands and projects an
“individualized experience” per user.
2016: A humanoid robot named Sophia is
created by Hanson Robotics. She is known as
the first “robot citizen.” What distinguishes
Sophia from previous humanoids is her
likeness to an actual human being, with her
ability to see (image recognition), make facial
expressions, and communicate through AI.
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Introduction to Artificial Intelligencce