PHYSICAL SCIENCE

ACTIVITY #3
(4th Quarter)

Name: Date: April 13, 2021

Grade/Strand: STEM

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BASED ON YOUR

OWN INSIGHTS.

1. Research about the lives and ideas of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Brahe
about the early models of the universe. Who among them can you relate
with? What idea/s of each one of it do you agree with? Explain.

: According to Nicolaus Copernicus, the sun should be placed motionless

near the center of the universe. Earth and all the planets inclose it that rotates
around the sun in some round paths that can be changed by uniform speed
and epicycles (Copernican). According to Ptolemy, the sun, moon, and
planets like Mars orbit the earth and he contemplated that stars move around
our planet Earth every day and the motion of the biggest star our the sun, and
the moon, as well as the planets was added to that first common motion of the
entire universe. (Ptolemaic). However, according to Danish astronomer
Tycho Brahe it was really a binded ideas of the Copernican and Ptolemaic
Model. He believed that the planets in the heavens of the solar system
revolve only around the sun but our planet is the core of our universe.
(Tychonic)

The ideas that I agree among them that I can relate and each one of them do I
agree with is the idea of Copernicus. With those contrasting explanations
above, we can say that the comparison of these models of astronomical
phenomena is that the Solar System consists of Sun, Earth and its moon, and
the other planets. They all have their own orbits and there's a uniform speed
and paths for them around their star (the sun).

2. What astronomical observation of Galileo has helped weaken the

Ptolemaic model? Explain

: Galileo showed the strange astronomical orbit of the inner planets, namely
Mercury and Venus. While looked from earth, they form an orbit of shape
like eight. It can be understood why the planets are revolves around the sun
and not revolves the Earth. Kepler became well known by establishing the
earth's orbit is elliptical and not perfectly circular. Which "annoyed" the
Catholic Church: How could a perfect God made earth on an orbit that was
not a perfect circle? Galileo Galilei was the first person who really observed
the planets physically with his telescope and discovered that Jupiter had
several moons. Incidentally, those were, later accepted as a time table to
calculate the latitude by a seagoing vessel.

3. What ideas of the Copernicus’s model of the universe still hold true? What
are the modifications or corrections on his model?

: In a book called On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (that was

published as Copernicus lay on his deathbed), Copernicus proposed that the
Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System. Such a model is called
a heliocentric system. Nicholas Copernicus began with the geocentric model
of Ptolemy, with the Sun as a planet and all planets revolving around the
Earth in circular orbits modified by multiple epicycles. No adequate set of
epicycles had been discovered. He then made one simple change. He had the
Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun, still in circular orbits with
epicycles. There were still readily measurable errors, differences between
predicted positions and observed positions. There was still no way to
optimize the epicycles to be used. Contrary to widespread myth, Copernicus
was not persecuted for these views. The Catholic Church welcomed his
model, particularly because it gave better calculations for the dates of Easter
each year. We understand this because their orbits are smaller than the Earth’s
orbit. Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn can appear at any angle from the Sun. They
also move backwards against the background of stars at regular intervals.
This makes sense, because the Earth goes between them and the Sun at
intervals depending on their orbital periods, and the Earth moves faster in its
orbit.

4. Create your OWN model of the universe. You can be as creative as you
want. (Can be drawn on paper or digitally)