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Global Environmental Threats and Sustainable Development

Conference Paper · August 2009

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 20

Theclimatechange inoeases thepnrbability

ofdisas{ersandtheirnegative
efece,suohaslonglasting
drcugbb,floods,sbrms,etc.Natumlresources havebecomeanothersorxcefor conflicts.It was
assumed in popular atdtebeginning
theories ofthe90sthatrivalryfornatural
resoures
wouldbecome
oneof t}e mostimportant politios.
ftctorcof intemational Theseassumptionsgmdually
havecometue.
Ext"ordinary amount of naturalrcsourcesmay thus causea long-termdevelopmen! but also
never+ndins civilwars

GLOBALENIRONImMALTHREATS
Theseriousness ofthe situationis provenby the frct thatthe Conceptof sustainabledevelopment
wasdoveloped asearlyas 1987.Theconceptreprcsents analtemative
modelofdevelopmurtofsociety
in rclationto cunentlydominantindustrialeconomy. BeforetheConceptofsustainable development tlrc
societydid not considernat-ualenvironmental limits of economicgrovth.The economicgr,owthwas
generallyconsidercd to be a criterionof wealthandovemllsuccessflrl socialdevelopmenlHowever
since drc 80s of the last century theattentionof mainly develo@ counfiies is aimed at
,,sustainabilitl'anda qualitdiveaspectofdevelopment. Thefollowingdefinitionwasintroduced in the
r€podofthe UN Commit@on dreEnvircnmentandDevelopment (Brundtland's report):,,Sushinable
is
development development thatmeetsthe needsof &e presentwithoutcompromising theabilityof
futuregenerations to meetttreirownneeds."
Theisue ofglobal environmental ohargeswill certainlybe hig! on tle agendaoverthe next 15years
because ofdreir negativenature(greenhouse
effect,globalwarminganddramaticrcductionoftropical
rain foresb,themeltingof permafioston Siberiaresultingin olimaticchange).It maybe assume.d drat
suchdevelopments will generatenew possiblethrcab of highly exisFntialnature(e.g.increasing
deficiencyofwaterresources), whichmaycausemorearmedconflicb.

Souncn{c orNON-REMWABLE sollRcFs oFENERGY

Thohaditionalnon-renewable sourcesof primaryenergli,whichmostlyoriginatsfiom biomassofthe
anoientpast are on the deqease.From the environmental viewpointthesesourcesdo not meet
requirements for thecunentandperspective developmentof enetgrconsumption. Mostelwtricenerry
is ounentlypoducedfrom non+enewable rcsources,
espeoial$by bumingfossilfi-relsin thermalpower
plantsor by fissilereactionin nuclearpowerplants.coal,cnrdeoil, naturalgasandumniumanethemost
significant
non-renewable sources of enetgi.
At prcsentcoalis themostcornmonsourcefor producingenelg,.Open-pitminingdevasta@s landscape
and deepmining may havea negativeimpaoton the qualityof groundwater.Thebumingof coal
ptoducesa high amor.trtofthe greenhouse gaq carbondioxidg whichis released
into theaffnosphere
andthreatensdreolimaticbalanceon Earth.It resulsin unpreceden&d droughtsin somepaflsof the
Earthandcatasftophic ririnfills andwind stormsin others.Thempidmeltingofglacien causes a slow
inortaseofseaandoceans'levels.Polaricecapsaremeltingwhichdisruptstlreenvironment for many
speciesof faunaand flora"cn.rdeoil and natumlgasare othernonqenewable sowces.Due to the
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 22

Gloner,wl,nwrc
It is alsonecessary to mentionglobalwarmingin relationto theincrease ofgreenhouse gases.
Theterm
globalwarmingdescribes the increaseof dre averagetemperahleof Earthatnosphereand oceans,
which hasbeenmonitoredin the last decades. In 2001 a scientifictheoryon climatechangewas
pesartedin thereporlofthe thirdmeetingofthe Intergovemmental Panelon climatechange(Ipcc). It
is statedin this dooumen!which was erplicitly approvedby nationalacademies of sciencein Gg
countriesin 2005,tliattheavemgetemperatuehasincreased 'c
by Q6 sincetheendofthe 19thcentury
and it is likely that ,,waming monitoredduring the last 50 years has mostly been causedby
humanactivities''.
Themaiq mostlikely causeof globalwarmingis theincrease of emissions
of genhouse gasesin the
atrnosphere.
Theemissions arercleasedduringthebumingoffossil fuelgthecuttingofforests,etc.It is
assumedthat the Earthmay walm up by 1, 4 to 5, 8 "C (thecurent annualavemgetemperaturc is
appoximately3, 5 og.

Globalwarmingis only one factrcrcausingclimaticchangegthereforeits consequences

cannotbe
discussed
independently,
butin thebroadercontextofclimatechanse.

Cr,nlarrcnaxcns
some ex?ertsbelieveclimatechangesare not anythingextaordinary.They haveoccunedin the
geologicalpastof theFarlhandwe canassume theywill happenin tlle fi;tureaswell. It is impotantto
realizethemainfactctscausingclimat€changes.Accordingticpresentstudiesit canbeassumed thatthe
followingseven&cton contibuteto climatechanges:
1. solar activity is not constant,but cyolicalandof variousduration(occunenceof maculaor the
oscillationof magneticpolarity.The cycleof magneticactivity in durationof 100000 yearsis
pnobably themostsignificantandprovenfor theperiodofthe last200000yearsby Sharma(2002).
Sharma's calculations suggest
thatwhenthesunis magnetically moreactivqtheearthomeriences a
warmerclimate,andviceversa
2. Thechangeofthe magneticfield ofthe Earth causes, apartfromotherthings,a significantclimate
ohange.Theperiodicityofchangesofthe Farthmagneticfieldis approximate$10000years,butin
the geological
pastthechangeshappened ingularly. The intensityof changealsodepends on the
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 24

fte USAledbyRonald Reagan

andtheformerUSSR. It wastlueeminutestotwelveatthattime,Onttre
otherhandit showed
soventeon
minu@stotwelvein 1991afterthecollapse
oftheSovietUnion.

Lnnnxunn
tll DOJEROVA Vdra, KAPLAN, Mchal, CHLEBECEKTorM!. Gtobal Sectrity md
Developnent.[quoted17ft March 2009]. Rozvojovka.[on-line].Availableat WWW:
*-*r:z:.toj.J26J1.htn].
[http://www.rozvojovka.o/globalni-bezpecno
pl BALABAN,Milo5.Seourity Futurein Foreign PoliticalConter<t
Rislqy21*,cannxy.
VojeraM
rczhledy,Pmgrc,2006, vol.15(47),No.1,p.3-24. ISSN12i0-3292.
t3l NACI{TMANNOV.4, Iva Committee wantsto reduce emissionsof greenhouse
gases
fiomair
taffic. [quoedl1ft December2008]. Ekolist [on-line]. Available at WWW:
[hup:/tuu,w.ekolistcz/zpmva.shtnl?sh*itn=910133d977a2b38834b9fade472ff801dsel_ids
ids7o5Bxbce26c60d584d8d4 1b18fl 5fe260c5I 9%5F 11.
14] Another warningof climaologists:changes will besudden andinyversible. 30ftMarch
[quoted
20081. Novinky. [on-line]. Available at WWW:
[h@://www.novinky.oz-lzafuanicnt/exropaldalsi-varovani-ldimatologu-zneny-budou-nahlea-ne
watr,e*127022_k(A.htr1ll.
151 KU"ILEK Mroslav.Globalwafling ondclimatechangein thepast. [quotedgsJung200fl.
MethodicalportalRVP [on-line].AvailableatWWW; [htp://www.rvp.cz/clartek243/1,40].
t6l Doomsdaycknk apprcachesmifuight. lquotea19sJuly 2004. News. [on-line].Availableat
WWW:
[htp:/Avww.novinlqy.czlkokejvapokallpticke-hodiny-lidstva-se-priblizily-k-pulnoci_106906_
6.htnll.
m GlobalewitonmennJchonge.lquotedzl$ I.u/,y
200v. world Healthorganization.
[on-line].
AvailableonWWW:[http://www.who.int/globalchange/enl.

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