SSRN Id4022336

Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Pirot County (Southeastern Serbia)
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Marija S. Markovića,*, Dejan S. Pljevljakušićb, Jelena S. Matejićc, Bojan K. Zlatkovića, Mrdjan
M. Djokića, Olivera M. Papovićd, Vesna P. Stankov Jovanovića
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aUniversity of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Republic
of Serbia
bInstitute for Medicinal Plants Research "Dr. Josif Pančić", Belgrade, Tadeuša Koščuška 1,
11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

cUniversity of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Bulevar Dr. Zorana Đinđića
81, 18000 Niš, Republic of Serbia
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dUniversity of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Lole Ribara
29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Republic of Serbia

*Corresponding author: Marija S. Marković, University of Niš, Faculty of Sciences and
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Mathematics, Višegradska 33, 18000 Niš, Republic of Serbia, Tel.: + 38118533015
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E-mail addresses: marijam@pmf.ni.ac.rs (M.S. Marković), dpljevljakusic@mocbilja.rs (D.S.
Pljevljakušić), jekamatejic@gmail.com (J.S., Matejić), bojan.zlatkovic@pmf.edu.rs (B.K.
Zlatković), mrdjandjokic@pmf.ni.ac.rs (M.M. Djokić), olivera.papovic@pr.ac.rs (O.M.
Papović), sjvesna@pmf.ni.ac.rs (V.P. Stankov Jovanović)
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Highlights
 The rural population in Pirot County (Southeastern Serbia) was surveyed about the
knowledge and use of medicinal plants
 Local people cited 182 plant taxa with 4817 use reports
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 The ethnopharmacological use of 12 plant taxa was not mentioned in neighboring

regions
 Presented data, a basis for further ethnopharmacological investigation
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Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: This study provides information on medicinal plant uses for
medicinal purposes in Pirot County (Southeastern Serbia).
Aim of the study: The present study intended to record the profile of all medical uses per herbal
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drug in Pirot County, which can provide essential data of ethnomedical and pharmacological
importance. Moreover, an objective of the study was to compare field data with that of other
recent ethnobotanical surveys conducted in surrounding areas and overlap and divergences in
Serbian and Bulgarian traditional plant knowledge and practice.
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Methodology: Ethnopharmacological study was conducted in Pirot County, including four

municipalities (Pirot, Bela Palanka, Dimitrovgrad, and Babušnica). The rural population in the
mentioned municipalities (631 informants) was surveyed about the knowledge and use of
medicinal herbs by completing a questionnaire containing general information about respondents
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and specific issues related to the inside, collection, preservation of medicinal herbs, and their
applications. The questionnaire about knowledge and use of medicinal herbs included 157
villages in Pirot County. It was 4817 reports on plants' use against different ailments classified in
This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4022336
various categories. The reported plant taxa are alphabetically systemized, with scientific Latin
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and local names. The plant part used the form of application, therapeutic use, mode of
administration, the total use-reports per species, and the use-value of species. For data analysis,
Informant Consensus Factor (Fic) for the most frequently reported taxa and Use Value (UV)
were assessed to find agreement among informants about the use of plants as remedies.
Comparison of nationality and gender plant used for most frequent indications by informant
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consensus factor analysis was calculated. The overlap of plant taxa and plant reports, recorded
and operated by three ethnic groups (Serbian, Bulgarian, and Roma) in the study area were also
represented. The results are compared with earlier ethnomedicinal studies conducted in Serbia
and the Balkan Peninsula.
Results: A total of 182 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 68 families were recorded during
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ethnobotanical research in the study area. The wealthiest families in plant species were:
Rosaceae (22 species), Lamiaceae (21 species), Compositae (15 species), Apiaceae (9 species),
and families with the widest citations were Lamiaceae (1322 reports), Compositae (899 reports),
Hypericaceae (612 reports), and Rosaceae (462 reports). Hypericum perforatum, Matricaria
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chamomilla, species from genus Thymus, Mentha x piperita, Achillea millefolium, Urtica dioica,
and Salvia officinalis were the most used plant taxa. Aerial part, leaf, flower, fruit, and
underground part were the most used plant parts, and infusion, oil extract, decoction, and extract
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in alcohol were the most cited way of preparation of mentioned medicinal plants species. Plant
species cited by informants were used to treat various ailments classified in 14 categories.
Among them, respiratory (1235 reports), digestive (911 reports), dermatology (612 reports), and
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cardiovascular (482 reports) groups of diseases were the most frequently cited. The
ethnopharmacological uses of 147 plant taxa in Pirot County were different from previous
ethnobotanical studies in the Balkans. The use of 12 plant taxa was not reported in these studies.
Conclusions: The presented study identified plant taxa used by the rural population in Pirot
County. The data about knowledge and use of medicinal plants in the study area can be a good
starting point for further ethnopharmacological investigations.
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Keywords: Pirot County, traditional use, medicinal plants, ethnobotanical survey, Balkan
Peninsula
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1. Introduction
The region of Balkans is one of the most important biodiversity centers of Europe (Zlatković
et al., 2014, Džamić and Matejić, 2017; Živković et al., 2020). The area of Serbia, which is
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situated in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula, is characterized by great floristic diversity
(Jarić et al., 2015). An abundance of medicinal plants placed Serbia in 158 centers of
biodiversity in the world (Jarić et al., 2015; Džamić and Matejić, 2017). Ethnobiological studies
conducted in the Balkans in the past fifteen years have also reported a rich biocultural diversity
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and remarkable vitality of traditional knowledge concerning the local medicinal flora in
investigated areas (Pieroni et al., 2013).
The medicinal plants' use has been the main form of traditional medicine worldwide for
centuries. Medicinal plants are being applied for treating various disorders, particularly in many
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undeveloped countries. Phytotherapy is also popular in developed countries, where populations

intend to stay healthy (Džamić and Matejić, 2017). More than 80% of the world's population,
mostly in developing countries, depend on traditional medicine (Marković et al., 2021). There is
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an increasing tendency to use herbal drugs because numerous pathological conditions cannot be
treated entirely by conventional pharmaceutical medications (Džamić and Matejić, 2017). Many
medicinal plants are also free of hazardous side effects (Schultz et al., 2001).
The people of Southeast Europe, including the Balkans and Serbia, have been practicing
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phytotherapy based on plants and is usually different from conventional medicine (Džamić and
Matejić, 2017). According to Živković et al. (2020), the simultaneous use of herbal preparations
and conventional drug therapy in mentioned areas is widespread.
Ethnobotanical research studies have an essential role in preserving traditional
phytotherapeutic knowledge, which is at risk of being lost in the future (Jarić et al., 2015). In the
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regions of the Western Balkans, including Serbia, ethnobotanical research studies have been
done in recent fifteen years (Pieroni et al., 2005, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015; Jarić et al., 2007, 2011,
2014a, 2014b, 2015; Pieroni, 2008; Šarić-Kundalić et al., 2010; Menković et al., 2011; Popović
et al., 2012; Mustafa et al., 2012a, 2012b, 2015, 2020; Šavikin et al., 2013; Rexhepi et al., 2013;
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Zlatković et al., 2014; Saric Kundalic et al., 2016; Stankov Jovanović et al., 2018; Marković,
2019; Janaćković et al., 2019; Tsioutsiou et al., 2019; Marković et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c;
Matejić et al., 2020; Živković et al., 2020; Marković et al., 2021; Mullalija et al., 2021). These
primarily by the rural population. er

studies aimed to collect and preserve the knowledge on traditional uses of medicinal plants,
Serbian rural areas spread on about 85% of the territory of Serbia, and 41.8% of the total
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residents live in the villages (Dajić Stevanović et al. 2014). In general, the rural areas have often
been treated as a problem for the fast prosperity of the national economy. According to the same
authors, rural regions in Serbia have tremendous biodiversity, and they are rich with natural
resources, traditional heritage, and ethnobotanical knowledge. The poverty level is the highest in
the rural regions of Southeastern Serbia (Matejić et al., 2020, Živković et al., 2020), including the
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study area of Pirot County. The people in mentioned rural areas do not have adequate medical
care, and due to a lack of organized health care, their first choice of healthcare is medicinal plants
(Matejić et al., 2020). The majority of the population has a strong belief in the power of medicinal
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plants as remedies for different kinds of ailments and diseases, and they usually use natural herbal
medicines (Jarić et al., 2015).
The present study aimed to record the profile of all medical uses per herbal drug in rural
areas of Pirot County (Southeastern Serbia), which can provide important data of ethnomedical
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and pharmacological contextualization. It is crucial to answer the questions presented in the

paper: a) which are the most commonly used medicinal plants in the investigated area, b) which
indications are usually treated, c) are there any differences in the medicinal plants' use between
the Serbian, Bulgarian and Roma populations, and d) compare results with previously published
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data of ethnomedicinal studies collected from researchers from surrounding territories in Serbia
and Balkan Peninsula.
2. Materials and methods

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2.1. Research area
The area of Pirot County is located in South-Eastern Serbia (42.863′ N – 43.403′ N and
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22.117′ Е – 23.006′ E). It includes four municipalities Pirot, Bela Palanka, Babušnica, and
Dimitrovgrad. The investigated area covers 2761 km2 (Pirot County GIS, 2019) at elevations 239
to 2169 m, and the total number of inhabitants is 92,479 (Marković et al., 2021).
The research area is situated in a temperate continental climatic zone. The sub-mountain and
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mountain climate are recorded at higher altitudes in the mountain region of the research region
(Marković et al., 2010). Stara Planina Mts and Suva Planina Mts, which belong to the group of
Carpatho-Balkan Mountains, are the most critical natural objects in the investigated region, with
significant resources of medicinal herbs (Marković et al., 2010, 2021). The study area found and
described the following forest communities Carpinetum orientalis serbicum Rudski 1949,
Quercetum frainetto-cerridis Rudski 1949 (Marković et al., 2015a), Fagetum moesiacae
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montanum Jov. 1953 (non-Rudski 1949) (Marković et al., 2018). The vegetation patterns of dry
grasslands and rocky grounds rich in medicinal plants were described by Marković et al.
(2015b).
It is worthy to note that Pirot County is rich in many medicinal plants, as recorded in
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previous studies in this area. Mihajlov and Milojević (1985) were found 208 species of medicinal
herbs. Ranđelović et al. (1991) were described 93 medicinal plants in the research area. On the
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Vidlič mountain in the study area, Marković et al. (2019) were noticed 264 medicinal plants,
while Marković et al. (2009) were recorded the presence of 60 aromatic plants. In Pirot County,
Marković et al. (2010, 2020d) made a list of 326 herbs considered official or used in folk
medicine. According to Stankov Jovanović et al. (2018), Hypericum perforatum is the most
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frequently used medicinal herb in ethnomedicine of the research area. Widely used plants, whose
folk medical heritage about the use in the study area was described in recent studies, are also
Achillea millefolium (Marković, 2019), Matricaria chamomilla (Marković et al., 2020a), Rosa
canina (Marković et al., 2020b), and species from genus Thymus (Marković et al., 2020c).
It is crucial to consider the investigated area from the conservational concern. The part of
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Stara Planina Mts. belongs to Pirot and Dimitrovgrad municipality. According to the Official
Gazette of the Republic of Serbia (1997), Stara Planina Mts has been protected as Nature Park in
Serbia, among other things, in order to conserve the exceptional value of plant life. Lakušić and
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Ćetković (2007) were done the biodiversity of Stara Planina Mts, with the review of species,
habitats, and their protection in this area. Suva Planina Mts. has been declared a Special Nature
Reserve (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 2015). According to this legislation, part of
the territory of Suva Planina Mts, which belongs to the Pirot County in Bela Palanka
Municipality, is under the first, second, and third-degree of protection. Also, the canyon of the
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river Jerma in municipalities Babušnica, Dimitrovgrad, and Pirot has been protected by the
decision on the protection of the Special Nature Reserve "Jerma" (Official Gazette of the
Republic of Serbia, 2014) as a Special Nature Reserve, protection category Ι – a protected area of
international, national importance.
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The study area is also attractive from an ecological point of view, providing importance to
the flora of this region, with rare steppe elements, such as Adonis vernalis, Anemone montana,
Paeonia tenuifolia (Marković et al., 2015b). Marković et al. (2020d) were noticed protected and
strictly protected plant species, which collection and market sales in the research area are
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regulated by special legislation in Serbia (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 5/10, 47/11,
32/16”). According to this legislation, strictly protected species recorded in the Pirot County are:
Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Adonis vernalis L., Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K.Koch., Anacamptis
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laxiflora (Lam.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Anemone montana Hopp, Drosera
rotundifolia L., Menyanthes trifoliata L., Orchis militaris L., Paeonia peregrina Mill., Paeonia
tenuifolia L., Pinus mugo Turra, Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Rchb., Ruta graveolens L.,
Swertia perennis L., and Vinca herbаcea Waldst. & Kit.
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2.2. Population and unique dialect of the language
The ethnic structure of the population of Pirot County is heterogeneous. According to the
official census in 2011, the nationalities include Serbs (83.7%), Bulgarians (7.1%), Roma
(4.7%), and others (4.5%) (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2011). In the
municipality, Pirot, Bela Palanka, and Babušnica, Serbs were in the majority, while in the
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municipality Dimitrovgrad, Bulgarians' ethnic group was in the majority (Marković et al., 2021).
In the Pirot County, as well as in other regions of Eastern Balkans - Southeastern Serbia,
Northeastern Macedonia, and Western Bulgaria, live a distinct ethnographic group “Shopi” or
"Torlaci" (Panajotović, 2007; Stojković, 2010; Krstić, 2019, 2020). The name Torlak, as a name
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of the regional group, is associated with a dialect (Krstić, 2019). This term is derived from the
South Slavic word “tor” (sheepfold), referring to sheep farming as their dominant activity in the
past (Šubarević et al., 2015).
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Serbian is the official language that belongs to the South Slavic group of languages.
According to Matejić et al. (2020), the language in Eastern and Southeastern Serbia is divided
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into two different groups of dialects “timočko-lužnički” and “svrljiško-zaplanjski”. The dialect
of the people of Pirot County is a specific variant of the "timočko-lužnički" dialect that varies
significantly in some features. It belongs together with Serbian, Bulgarian and Macedonian, the
Balkan Slavic linguistic area. The dialect of the people in this area is a variant of Shtokavian,
named Torlakian dialect, that is very specific, with many unique old words, and it is classified as
an endangered language, according to UNESCO list (Panajotović, 2007). According to the same
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author, the separation of Shtokavian dialects, including Torlakian, from the other neighboring
South Slavic dialects can be explained by migratory routes of different Slavic tribal groups in the
past. The language of the residents in the villages of Pirot County has many specific and native
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old words, including the local names of plants. Milojević and Mihajlov (1985) have been noticed
788 native folk names of 208 medicinal plants species and, most of them are characterized by the
unique characteristics of the dialect of the study area.
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2.3. Ethnobotanical survey

The ethnobotanical field studies were undertaken between 2017 and 2019 by interviewing the
rural population in four municipalities of Pirot County. A semi-structured questionnaire was
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conducted within 631 informants of 157 villages in the study area (65 villages in the
municipality of Pirot, 36 villages in the municipality of Bela Palanka, and 32 villages in
Babušnica municipality 24 villages in the municipality of Dimitrovgrad). Interviews were carried
out with 337 men and 294 women, aged 16–88, living in the study area (Stankov Jovanović et
al., 2018; Marković, 2019; Marković et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c; Marković et al., 2021). The
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number of interviewed population with ethnic composition and number of reports and
comparison with the total number of rural inhabitants in four municipalities of the study area,
according to the census from 2011, are given in Table 1. It has been found that 631 respondents
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know 182 medicinal herbs species used for various medical purposes in human ethnomedicine
(4817 reports).
Data inventoried from the informants were the local names of used plants, the ailment or
application of plant, which parts are used, the form they are prepared and applied, and internal or
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external administration mode. The respondents were also asked to show the mentioned plants in
their dry state if they had dried plant material or in a fresh state from natural habitats of plants in
the vicinity around their houses (forests, meadows, dry pastures, rocky grounds). Many of them
were transplanted wild plants from natural habitats into their gardens for the medicinal purposes
they mentioned. Besides wild flora, some respondents also mentioned using cultivated plant
species to treat various ailments. They usually were planted these plant species in their gardens.
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The map of the study area with the distribution of villages visited in the scope of interviews is
given in Figure 1.
Answers from the survey were systematized according to the alphabetic order of the villages
in four municipalities. Questionnaire data and notes with different observations and recipes for
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preparations of mentioned medicinal plant species, obtained during the field survey, are deposited
in the herbarium “Herbarium Moesiacum Niš” (HMN), herbarium collection of the Faculty of
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Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš. All collected data were sorted using Microsoft
Excel, also in alphabetical order of villages in four municipalities of the study area. The following
data was entered in the columns: gender, nationality, and age of respondents, village (place of
residence) of respondents, municipality (Pirot, Bela Palanka, Dimitrovgrad or Babusnica),
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common name of the plant species that the respondent knows, and uses, Latin name and family of
the medicinal plant species that the respondent knows and uses, part of the plant commonly used,
form in which the medicinal plant is used, mode of administration (internal or external), and
common use among people.
The plant species mentioned and collected during the interviews in four municipalities of Pirot
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County were identified according to Josifović (1970–1986), Jordanov (1963–1979), and Tutin et
al. (1964-1980, 1993). The taxonomic nomenclature is done following the checklist from the
database of The Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/). The species collected during the research
were deposited in the mentioned HMN herbarium. The inventory voucher numbers are given in
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Table 2. The following identified species: Alchemilla flabellata Buser, Crocus tommasinianus
Herb., Euphrasia stricta D. Wolff, Thymus praecox Opiz. subsp. jankae (Čelak) Jalas, Ulmus
glabra Huds., and Verbascum phlomoides L. contains genus level in the table because there are
other species from the same genera in the study area, which can be used with the same effect. The
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respondents did not differentiate between the species of mentioned genera and used them in the
same way.
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2.4. Data analysis

The results of ethnobotanical research in this paper were summarized in a tabular manner and
arranged in alphabetical order of the plant taxa's Latin name with other data: family, the local
folk names, voucher specimen in HMN herbarium, the plant part used, and use of plant with the
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number of reports in brackets, form, and mode of administration (Table 2). All reports were
organized into one of 14 categories: Au – autoimmune diseases, Ca – cancerous diseases, Cd –
cardiovascular, Dg – digestive, Dm – dermatology, Dp – depurative, En – endocrinology, If –
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infectious, Nr – nervous system diseases, Pr – preventive, Rp – reproductive, Rs – respiratory, Ur
– urinary, Vr – various. The use-value was done in the same table, which expresses the relative
importance of plant species mentioned by respondents. It was calculated according to the
formula: UV = U/n; where UV is the use-value of species; where U is a total number of use-
reports per species, and n is the number of respondents (Trotter and Logan, 1986). This factor
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can test the reliability of each plant species mentioned during ethnobotanical field research to
support its pharmacological properties (Jarić et al., 2015). When UV values are near one, the
plant species are important in the research area because there are many use-reports (Matejić et
al., 2020). According to Weckerle et al. (2018), the variance was also calculated for used plants,
concerning the total number of informants and use-reports per species. The higher variance
showed that the number of use reports per species was larger (Matejić et al., 2020).
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The Informant Consensus Factor (Fic) for the most frequently reported taxa was calculated
for analyzing the collected data of Pirot County in general and in each of four municipalities.
According to Trotter and Logan (1986), it was calculated as the quotient between the number of
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use-reports minus the number of used plant taxa and the number of use-reports minus one. The
high value, near 1, indicated many use-reports of a species in the study area (Matejić et al.,
2020). The taxa ratio is the percentage of reports mentioned the most frequently used plants.
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Comparison of nationality and gender plant used for most frequent indications by informant
consensus factor analysis was calculated. The overlap of plant taxa mentioned during the
ethnobotanical survey by three different ethnic groups (Serbian, Bulgarian, and Roma) in Pirot
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County was graphically represented. The overlap of plant reports for comparing three mentioned
ethnic groups was graphically represented, too.
A comparison with previous studies in neighboring regions was performed regarding
ethnopharmacological uses, which are different and new than other studies in neighboring
regions of the Balkan Peninsula.
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2.5. Statistical analysis

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The Chi-square (χ2) test was applied to compare the distribution of plant use between
different groups of informants. Statistical analyses were done applying SPSS statistical software
(version 20.0) at the significance level set at p < 0.05.
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3. Results and discussion

3.1. Quantitative analyses
The ethnobotanical research results in the study area of Pirot County showed that 182 plant
taxa are used to treat various ailments and diseases. The results are systematized in Table 2—the
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information for each plant species mentioned during the research. The species were classified
into 68 families. The most abundant families were Rosaceae (22 plant species), Lamiaceae (21
plant taxa), Compositae (15 species), and Apiaceae (9 species). Families such as Lamiaceae
(27.44%, 1322 reports), Compositae (18.66%, 899 reports), Hypericaceae (12.71%, 612 reports),
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Rosaceae (9.59%, 462 reports), Urticaceae (4.28%, 206 reports), Gentianaceae (3.49%, 168
reports), Malvaceae (3.47%, 167 reports), Adoxaceae (2.57%, 124 reports), and Plantaginaceae
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(2.18%, 102 reports) were with the widest citations (Figure 2).
The majority of plant taxa are herbaceous plants (73.63%), followed by trees (19.78%) and
shrubs (6.59%). The most frequently used plants' parts were the aerial part (48.33%, 2328
reports), leaves (19.91%, 959 reports), floral structures (16.80%, 809 reports), fruit (7.12%, 343
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reports), and underground parts (4.84%, 233 reports) (Figure 3). In lower proportion, bark of the
tree (1.08%, 52 reports), fresh juice from three (0.89%, 43 reports), seed (0.56%, 27 reports),
corn silk (0.37%, 18 reports), bean pods and stems (0.04%, 2 reports each), and gemma (0.02%,
1 report) have been used.
Plants used to treat diverse ailments in the study area are prepared and administered in
different forms. The preparation form of tea or water extraction was usually preparation used,
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infusions (67.34%, 3244 reports), decoctions (8.89%, 428 reports), and macerates (1.39%, 67
reports). The relatively common used forms were also: oil extract (9.43%, 454 reports), extract in
alcohol (4.13%, 199 reports), fresh leaf (3.41%, 164 reports), the form of compress (1.70%, 82
reports), and fresh juice (1.14%, 55 reports) (Figure 4). In a minor proportion, dry plant (0.60%,
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29 reports), syrup (0.39%, 19 reports), fresh fruit (0.35%, 17 reports), dry seed (0.27%, 13
reports), fresh plant and fresh tuber (0.17% each one, 8 reports each one), fresh root (0.14%, 7
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reports), dry rhizome (0.12%, 6 reports), fresh seed (0.10%, 5 reports), dry leaf (0.06%, 3
reports), dry tubers, fresh rhizome, and vinegar (0.04% each one, 2 reports each one), fresh bulb,
fresh flower, and pulp (0.1% each one, 1 report each one), were mentioned for use. Most plants
were used for internal oral absorption (84.2%, 4056 reports), while the minority of plants were
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used for external application (15.8%, 761 reports).
3.2. The groups of diseases and predominantly used plant taxa

During our study, it was noted that inhabitants of Pirot County usually used the following
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plant species: Hypericum perforatum (612 reports, 12.71%), Matricaria chamomilla (381
reports, 7.91%), species from genus Thymus (359 reports, 7.45%), Mentha x piperita (351
reports, 7.29%), Achillea millefolium (245 reports, 5.09%), Urtica dioica (206 reports, 4.28%),
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and Salvia officinalis (176 reports, 3.65%). The ethnomedicinal application of the same plant
taxa has been described previously by Stankov Jovanović et al. (2018), Marković (2019) and
Marković et al. (2020a, b, c). St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) was mentioned by 90.5%
of respondents (Stankov Jovanović et al., 2018), using human and veterinary ethnomedicine.
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According to Marković et al. (2020a), 383 participants mentioned the use of chamomile
(Matricaria chamomilla) in human and veterinary ethnomedicine. Marković et al. (2020c) was
determined the use of the following plant species from the genus Thymus in the Pirot County:
Thymus longicaulis, Thymus praecox subsp. jankae, Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus, Thymus
pulegioides subsp. panonicus, Thymus pulegioides subsp. pulegioides, Thymus odoratissimus and
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Thymus striatus. The authors reported that the use of mentioned plants species from the genus
Thymus in the folk medicine of the study area could be interpreted identically.
Plant taxa most employed in each municipality and group of ailments are presented in Table
3. The primary reported groups of ailments were Rs - respiratory system diseases (1235 reports,
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25.64%), Dg - digestive group of diseases (911 reports, 18.91%), Dm - dermatology (612

reports, 12.70%), Cd - cardiovascular (482 reports, 10.01%), Nr - nervous system diseases (274
reports, 5.69%), If - infectious diseases (274 reports, 5.13%), Pr - preventive (238 reports,
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4.94%), Ur - urinary (229 reports, 4.75%), and Vr - various (228 reports, 4.7%). The less
reported group of ailments were Rp - reproductive diseases (107 reports, 2.22%), En -
endocrinology (104 reports, 2.16%), Dp - depurative (52 reports, 1.08%), Ca - cancerous
diseases (51 reports, 1.06%), and Au - autoimmune diseases (47 reports, 0.98%).
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The respiratory group of diseases (Rs) includes the following primary reported indications:
common cold (640 reports), cough (329 reports), and sore throat (80 reports). The most
commonly used plant taxa for treating respiratory system diseases were the species from the
genus Thymus (235 reports), Matricaria chamomilla (193 reports), and Sambucus nigra (108
reports).
The digestive group of ailments (Dg) includes the most frequent indications of stomach
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troubles in general (451 reports), stomach (191 reports), diarrhea (81 reports), and appetite (66
reports). For the treatment of the digestive group of diseases, the most frequently used plants
were Mentha x piperita (277 reports), Achillea millefolium (104 reports), and Hypericum
perforatum (103 reports).
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The most frequently treated troubles in the dermatology group of disease (Dm) were wounds
(383 reports) and burns (108 reports). Concerning the dermatology group of diseases,
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respondents in four municipalities mainly reported that they used Hypericum perforatum (383
reports), Plantago major (67 reports), and Matricaria chamomilla (31 reports).
High blood pressure (156 reports) and anemia (138 reports) were the primary reported
pe
indications in the cardiovascular group of diseases (Cd). Plants with the largest number of
reports used for this group of diseases in the study area were Urtica dioica (131 reports),
Crataegus pentagyna (74 reports), Pyrus pyraster (40 reports), and Prunus spinosa (42 reports).
In the group of nervous system diseases (Nr), sedation (223 reports) was the main treatment
indication. Nervous system diseases were most frequently treated using Melissa officinalis (100
ot
reports), species from genus Thymus (50 reports), Mentha x piperita (21 reports), and Tilia
cordata (21 reports).
tn
The most frequently used plants against infectious diseases (If) were Salvia officinalis (126
reports), Matricaria chamomilla (42 reports), and Sempervivum tectorum (29 reports). They are
primarily used for rinsing the oral cavity 142 reports).
In the prevention (Pr) against of diseases, the rural population of Pirot County was mainly
rin
mentioned improving the immune system (130 reports) and disease prevention (coffee
replacement) (59 reports). For preventive inhabitants of the Pirot County usually were used Rosa
canina (43 reports), Urtica dioica (35 reports), species from genus Thymus (22 reports), and
Achillea millefolium (21 reports).
ep
In the group of urinary system diseases (Ur), kidney and bladder diseases (97 reports), and
urinary tract inflammation (75 reports) were usually treated. The most frequently used plants for
treating urinary system diseases were Petroselinum crispum (33 reports), Equisetum arvense (29
reports), and Vaccinium vitis-idaea (21 reports).
Pr
A particular group, namely "Various" (Vr) were indicated, which mainly includes unknown
use (109 reports), and the use in nutrition as a spice (23 reports), or as a salad (15 reports), and
the other less reported uses. In the group named “Various” inhabitants usually were used
ed
Achillea millefolium (27 reports), Taraxacum campylodes (21 reports), Hypericum perforatum
(16 reports), and species from genus Thymus (10 reports).
In the group of reproductive system diseases (Rp), prostate diseases (51 reports) and
gynecological problems (19 reports) were the most frequently reported. The usually used plant
iew
taxa for treating reproductive diseases were Achillea millefolium (10 reports), Hypericum
perforatum (9 reports), Agrimonia euparotia (6 reports), and Epilobium parviflorum (6 reports).
Endocrinology group of diseases (En) include diabetes (67 reports), bile diseases (11
reports), thyroid diseases (11 reports), liver diseases (10 reports), and other less reported
indications. This group of ailments was usually treated by Gentiana cruciata (8 reports),
Helianthus tuberosus (8 reports), Centaurium erythraea (7 reports), and Taraxacum campylodes
ev
(7 reports).
In the group of depurative uses of plants (Dp), blood purification (28 reports) and cleansing
the body (17 reports) were the primary reported applications. The plants that were considered
r
depurative were Allium ursinum (5 reports), Gentiana cruciata (5 reports), Taraxacum
campylodes (5 reports), Urtica dioica (4 reports).
er
Due to the increasing occurrence of cancer, the cancerous group of diseases (Ca) was isolated
as a separated group, of which cancerous diseases in general (41 reports) were mainly reported.
The other less reported indications in this group were: breast cancer and cervical cancer (2
reports each), cysts on the breast, leukemia, liver and bile cancer, lung cancer, lymph gland
pe
cancer, and throat cancer (1 report each). Cancerous diseases were usually treated with
Chelidonium majus (16 reports), Gentiana cruciata (13 reports), and Persicaria bistorta (4
reports).
The other autoimmune diseases (Au) were isolated as a separated group. The most commonly
mentioned indications were rheumatic pain (22 reports) and allergy (10 reports). This group of
ot
diseases was commonly treated with Symphytum officinale (7 reports), Rosmarinus officinalis (5
reports), and Urtica dioica (5 reports).
tn
Underway the interview, it was observed that the inhabitants of villages in the study area
usually were used medicinal plants rather than seeking help at health care facilities. The rural
population of the four municipalities usually use the same medicinal plant taxa for treating the
following groups of diseases: respiratory (Rs), digestive (Dg), dermatology (Dm), cardiovascular
(Ca), nervous system diseases (Nr), infectious (If), various (Vr), and cancerous diseases (Ca)
rin
(Table 3). According to the Institute of Public Health Pirot (2016), the most common group of
diseases among the population of Pirot County in the previous period were respiratory system
diseases (19.3%), which is in line with our results.
Different municipalities' residents mainly use different medicinal plant taxa for treating the
ep
following group of ailments: preventive (Pr), urinary (Ur), reproductive (Rp), endocrinology
(En), and autoimmune diseases (Au). In municipalities, Pirot, Bela Palanka, and Babušnica for
preventive (Pr), the most frequently used plants were Rosa canina, Urtica dioica, species from
genus Thymus, and Achillea millefolium, while in municipality Dimitrovgrad Gentaiana
Pr
cruciata, and Urtica dioica were usually used. Urinary group of diseases (Ur) in municipality
Pirot were mainly treated using Petroselinum crispum, in municipality Bela Palanka using
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, in municipality Babušnica using Equisetum arvense, and in the
ed
municipality of Dimitrovgrad using Hypericum perforatum, and Petroselinum crispum.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi has the most common use in the municipality of Bela Palanka in
comparison with other municipalities because its populations are represented on Suva Planina
Mts, which is located in the municipality Bela Palanka. In the villages located in the territory of
Stara Planina Mts, Vaccinium vitis-idaea is a substitute for Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. The people
iew
usually use these plant species that are widespread in their villages' vicinity. In municipality
Pirot, reproductive diseases (Rp) were mainly treated using Agrimonia eupatoria, while in other
municipalities using Achillea millefolium. In the municipality Pirot, the endocrinology group of
diseases (En) were usually treated using Gentiana cruciata, and the autoimmune group of
diseases (Au) were mainly treated using Symphytum officinale. In contrast, in other
municipalities, these two groups of diseases were treated using several different plant species
ev
(Table 3).
Of 182 mentioned plant taxa during the study, 101 (55.49%) were reported only by Serbs, 12
(6.59%) only by Bulgarians, 41 (22.53%) were used by both Serbs and Bulgarians, 8 (4.40%)
r
were used by Serbs and Roma. In contrast, 20 (10.99%) were used simultaneously by Serbs,
Bulgarians, and Roma (Figure 5). Of total plant reports (4817), 321 (6.66%) were recorded only
by Serbs, 20 (0.42%) only by Bulgarians, 1119 (23.23%) by both Serbs and Bulgarians, 74
er
(1.54%) by both Serbs and Roma, while 3283 (68.15%) reports were recorded simultaneously by
Serbs, Bulgarians, and Roma (Figure 6).
pe
3.3. Informant consensus factor for groups of ailments by nationality and gender
Comparison of nationality and gender plant used for groups of ailments by informant
consensus factor analysis is reported in Table 4. The highest consensus (informant consensus
factor – FIC ˃ 0.90) was among the Serbs for the diseases' respiratory, digestive, and
ot
dermatology group. The Serbs had a more significant informant consensus factor for all groups
of ailments, suggesting more significant knowledge about the use of medicinal plants among the
Serbian population compared to Bulgarians and Roma.
tn
The man had a higher quantitative value for used plant taxa, use reports, and informant
consensus factor than a woman for respiratory (Rs), cardiovascular (Cd), preventive (Pr), urinary
(Ur), various (Vr), and depurative (Dp) group of ailments, while the women had mentioned
quantitative values higher for a cancerous (Ca) group of diseases. The woman knew a smaller
number of taxa than men for digestive (Dg), nervous system diseases (Nr), and infectious (If)
rin
groups of ailments. However, the informant consensus factor and number of use reports were
higher for women than for men in these groups of ailments. The men had higher values of use
reports and the number of used plant taxa for dermatology (Dm) and reproductive (Rp) group of
diseases than women, while the values of informant consensus factor were the same for men and
ep
women (Dm), or higher for woman (Rp). The man had higher values of used plant taxa and
informant consensus factor than a woman for endocrinology (En) group of ailments, while the
number of use reports was the same for this group of ailments. The woman had higher values of
used plant taxa and informant consensus factor than men for the cancerous group of diseases
(Ca), while the number of used plant taxa was the same for men and women in this group of
Pr
ailments.
In general, the men had a greater consensus for cardiovascular (Ca), preventive (Pr), urology
ed
(Ur), various (Vr), endocrinology (En), and autoimmune (Au) group of ailments, while women
had a greater consensus for digestive (Dg), nervous system diseases (Nr), infectious (If),
reproductive (Rp), depurative (Dp), and the cancerous (Ca) group of ailments. Males and females
had the same informant consensus factor for respiratory (Rs) and dermatology (Dm) groups of
ailments. The men knew more different plant taxa against the majority group of diseases, except
iew
the cancerous and autoimmune diseases.
The men of Serbian, Bulgarian, and Roma nationality knew more different plant taxa against
respiratory (Rs), cardiovascular (Ca), infectious (If), reproductive (Rp), endocrinology (En), and
depurative (Dp) group of ailments than women. The women of Serbian nationality knew more
different plant taxa against various and autoimmune groups of ailments. In contrast, the women
of Bulgarian nationality knew more different plant taxa against digestive (Dg), dermatology
ev
(Dm), nervous system diseases (Nr), and urinary (Ur) groups of ailments.
3.4. Statistical ethnobotanical analyses
r
The Chi-square test (χ2) was performed to compare sex differences in the number of used
er
plant taxa in the country. The obtained results showed that males and females did not differ in
the number of used taxa concerning the country. Still, in a few cases, Roma females (and males)
did not use plants for Pr, Ur, Vr, Rp, Dp, and Au. In two cases, it was not applicable to perform
statistical analysis.
pe
Considering the number of use reports with respect to the origin country results demonstrated
sex differences in the treatment of Rs, Dm, Cd. As written above, in the fewer cases, Roma
females (and males) did not use plants (Pr, Ur, Vr, Rp, Dp, and Au).
ot
3.5. Comparative ethnopharmacological analysis, with emphasis on the novelties of the

presented study
tn
Ethnobotanical field studies have been conducted in the Balkan Peninsula during the last
fifreen years by Pieroni et al. (2005), Jarić et al. (2007), Šarić Kundalić et al. (2010), Menković
et al. (2011), Pieroni et al. (2011), Popović et al. (2012), Šavikin et al. (2013), Rexhepi et al.
(2013), Pieroni et al. (2014), Zlatković et al. (2014), Mustafa et al. (2015), Jarić et al. (2015),
rin
Pieroni et al. (2015), Saric Kundalic et al. (2016), Janaćković et al. (2019), Tsioutsiou et al.
(2019), Matejić et al. (2020), Živković et al. (2020), and Mustafa et al. (2020). A comparative
review of plant uses in Pirot County and previously conducted mentioned ethnobotanical field
studies in surrounding regions in the Balkans is presented in Table 5. The novelty of our study
compared to previous ethnobotanical studies on the Balkans is presented in the text below.
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The following ethnopharmacological uses of 147 plat taxa were different and new in
comparison with other studies in neighboring regions of the Balkans, which can be considered as
the novelties of the presented study (the symbol ◙ indicated that the plant taxa was not
mentioned in previously conducted ethnobotanical field studies in neighboring areas):
Pr
- Acer campestre – asthma,
- Achillea clypeolata – cardiac diseases, for stomach and stomach troubles, improving the
ed
immune system, against common cold, bronchial catarrh,
- Achillea millefolium – rheumatic pain, cardiac diseases, the use for circulation, for
digestion, in the treatment of some dermatology problems (acne, burns, and cuts),
cleansing the body, thyroid diseases, against viruses, high temperature, inflammation,
headache, weakness and numbness, leaking breast, prostate disease, chest pain, sinusitis,
iew
cysts on the kidney, diseases of internal organs, for baths, for better memory, in nutrition
as a spice,
- Acorus calamus – cancerous diseases,
- Adonis vernalis – for the heart,
- Aesculus hippocastanum – in the treatment of arthritis, in nutrition.
- Agrimonia eupatoria – for circulation, for the heart, varicose veins, catarrh of the
ev
stomach, for colon, for the stomach, stomach diseases, bile diseases, liver diseases,
prostate diseases, kidney and urinary tract sands, kidney diseases, diseases of internal
organs,
- Alchemilla spp. – against stomach pain,
r
- Allium ampeloprasum – against gallbladder stone.
- Allium sativum – for the heart,
-
er
Allium ursinum – rheumatic pain, for circulation, strengthening the heart and blood
vessels, for appetite, blood purification, cleansing the body, against infections
(purification of toxins), against headache, for sedation, improving the immune system,
the use as an aphrodisiac, the treatment of common cold, edema of the lungs,
pe
- Althaea officinalis – for diseases of the blood vessels,
- Amaranthus retroflexus – for kidney, urinary tract sands,
- Anacamptis morio – aphrodisiac,
- Anthyllis vulneraria – for hemorrhoids, rinsing the oral cavity (pul out the pus),
- Arctium lappa – high blood pressure, diarrhea,
- Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – thyroid diseases, for concentration,
ot
- ◙ Artemisia alba – for appetite, improving the immune system,

- Artemisia absinthium – for the stomach, nausea in the stomach,
- Ballota nigra – bronchitis,
tn
- Berberis vulgaris – antiseptic, high temperature, disease prevention (coffee replacement),

cough, kidney and bladder diseases,
- Betula pendula – against gastric bacteria, prostate disease, proteins in the urine,
- Brassica oleracea – thyroid diseases,
rin
- Buglossoides purpurocaerulea – against nighttime urination in children,

- Calendula officinalis – rheumatic pain, for the stomach, against cracked hands and heels,
blood purification, sedation, disease prevention (coffee replacement), improving the
immune system, cysts on the ovaries, against shoulder pain, for better eyesight, in
nutrition,
ep
- Capsella bursa-pastoris – for the stomach, prostate disease,

- Carlina acaulis – diabetes,
- Carum carvi – high blood pressure,
- Centaurium erythraea – cancerous diseases, hemorrhoids, high blood pressure, against
Pr
gastric bacteria, digestion, for the stomach, burns, for sunbathing, wounds, cleansing the
body, liver diseases, jaundice, disease prevention (coffee replacement), aphrodisiac,
ed
bronchitis, chest pain, cough, urinary tract inflammation, internal wounds,
- Ceterach officinarum – high blood pressure,
- Chelidonium majus – allergy, cancerous diseases, cervical cancer, liver and bile cancer,
throat cancer, high cholesterol, gastric and duodenal ulcer, wounds, blood purification,
cleansing the internal organs, thyroid diseases, gynecological problems, menstrual pains,
iew
sore throat, cysts on the kidney, urinary tract inflammation,
- Cirsium arvense – cuts, diabetes, liver diseases, prostate disease,
- Citrus trifoliata – rheumatic pain,
- Clematis vitalba – for cracked hands,
- Cornus mas – common cold,
- Cotinus coggygria – gynecological problems,
ev
- Crataegus monogyna – for circulation, sclerosis,
- Crataegus pentagyna – for circulation, diabetes, disease prevention (coffee replacement),
improving the immune system, common cold, cough, kidney and bladder diseases, hot
drink,
r
- Crocus spp. – in nutrition for a homemade alcoholic drink (liqueurs),
- Cydonia oblonga – common cold, sore throat,
-
-
-
-
er
Dianthus giganteiformis subsp. pontederae – gastric ulcer,
Dioscorea communis – inflammation of joints,
◙ Drosera rotundifolia – tuberculosis,
◙ Dysphania ambrosioides – diarrhea,
pe
- ◙ Ecballium elaterium – sinusitis.
- Elymus repens – high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes,
- Equisetum arvense – cancerous diseases, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diarrhea,
stomach diseases, diabetes, proteins in the urine, swelling of legs,
- Erodium cicutarium – against spasms in the abdomen of children,
- Eryngium campestre – hemorrhoids, external ulcers, prostate disease, cough, kidney and
ot
bladder diseases,
- Euphrasia spp. – bile diseases, improving the immune system, cough, against fear
(cense),
tn
- ◙ Fagopyrum esculentum – high blood pressure, cleansing the body,

- Ficus carica – diarrhea,
- Filipendula ulmaria – for perspiration,
- Foeniculum vulgare – sclerosis, gynecological problems,
rin
- Fragaria vesca – bile diseases, disease prevention (coffee replacement), substitution for
Chinese tea, urinary tract inflammation, against spasms in the arms and legs,
- Fraxinus ornus – for rejuvenation,
- Galium aparine – cancerous diseases, cardiac diseases, inflammation of oral cavity,
- Galium odoratum – bile diseases,
ep
- Galium verum – diabetes, inflammation of oral cavity, against the evil eye for women,
hoarseness,
- Gentiana cruciata – high blood pressure, blood purification, inflammation, disease
prevention (coffee replacement), leaking breast, bronchitis, common cold, cough,
Pr
diseases of internal organs,
- Gentiana lutea – cancerous diseases, for circulation, blood purification, diabetes,
ed
aphrodisiac,
- Geranium macrorrhizum – high blood pressure, diabetes, Parkinson disease, for
rejuvenation, bronchitis,
- Glechoma hederacea – allergy,
- Hedera helix – common cold,
iew
- Helianthus tuberosus – high blood pressure, high cholesterol,
- Helleborus odorus – thyroid diseases,
- Herniaria glabra – prostate disease,
- Hypericum perforatum – swelling of joints, for the heart, high blood pressure, digestion,
for appetite, for the stomach, nausea in the stomach, pyrosis, acne, corns, and calluses,
eczema, rashes, face wash, scratches, blood purification, cleansing the body, bile
ev
diseases, liver diseases, antibiotic, high temperature, for nerves, disease prevention
(coffee replacement), flushing cervical wounds, gynecological problems, menstrual
problems, asthma, respiratory diseases, against pain, against secretions,
- Inula helenium – for circulation, for colon, blood purification, prostate disease, kidney,
r
and bladder diseases, quitting smoking,
- Iris x germanica – for making shampoos,
-
-
-
-
er
Juglans regia – improving the immune system, bronchitis, for better memory,
Juniperus communis – allergy, high blood pressure, thyroid diseases,
◙ Laburnum alpinum – constipation,
Lavandula angustifolia – cancerous diseases, for flavoring,
pe
- Levisticum officinale – diabetes, for the glands, for flavoring,
- Lilium martagon – eczema,
- Malus domestica – thyroid diseases,
- Malus sylvestris – high cholesterol, urinary tract inflammation,
- Marrubium peregrinum – for nerves, bronchitis, cough,
- Marrubium vulgare – depression, sedation,
ot
- Matricaria chamomilla – against hyperacidity, for the stomach, nausea, face wash, fixing
hair roots (balm for blond hair), for a nicer skin complexion, swelling of eyes, blood
purification, detoxification, disease prevention (coffee replacement), kidney and bladder
tn
diseases, urination,
- Melissa officinalis – for the stomach, detoxification, rinsing the oral cavity (dental
inflammation), sclerosis, prostate disease, common cold, sinusitis (for inhalation),
internal ulcers,
rin
- Mentha longifolia – for the stomach, against rash, common cold,

- Mentha x piperita – high blood pressure, bloating and gas, nausea, detoxification, leaking
breast, cough, respiratory diseases, eye inflammation, ulcer (swelling) on the chest,
- Ocimum basilicum – allergy, for the heart, gynecological problems, female genital
flushing, sore throat,
ep
- Ononis spinosa – prostate disease,

- Origanum vulgare – for the stomach,
- ◙ Paeonia peregrina – asthma,
- Paeonia tenuifolia – cosmetic purposes,
Pr
- Paliurus spina-christi – for the stomach,

- Papaver rhoeas – asthma, against nighttime urination,
- Persicaria bistorta – cancerous diseases, anemia, colon inflammation, gastric and
ed
duodenal ulcer, stomach diseases, cough, anti-hemorrhage,
- Petroselinum crispum – breast cancer, for circulation, acne, for ovaries, gynecological
problems,
- Physalis alkekengi – breast cancer,
- Pimpinella anisum – high blood pressure,
iew
- Pinus nigra – thyroid diseases,
- Plantago major – high cholesterol, digestion, for the stomach, for heels (in shoes),
leaking breast, menstrual problems (eat one fresh leaf for one day), common cold, ulcer
(swelling) on the chest,
- Polygonatum odoratum – pain along the spine,
- Polygonum aviculare – prostate disease,
ev
- Polypodium vulgare – allergy, diabetes,
- Potentilla argentea – allergy, diabetes,
- Potentilla reptans – kidney and bladder diseases,
- Primula veris – diseases of the blood vessels, for the heart, burns,
r
- Prunus armeniaca – blood purification,
- Prunus cerasus – prostate disease, kidney and bladder diseases,
-
-
-
er
Prunus spinosa – allergy with cough (rhinitis), anemia, for circulation, improving
circulation, inflammation of the gums, source of vitamin C, kidney and bladder diseases,
Pyrus amygdaliformis – high cholesterol, cough,
Pyrus pyraster – gout, for circulation, constipation, blood purification, diabetes, high
pe
temperature, tingling in the hands,
- Quercus cerris – gangrene, bronchitis,
- Robinia pseudoacacia – high cholesterol, against hyperacidity, in nutrition,
- Rosa canina – high blood pressure, myocardium and heart valves, for the stomach,
gastric and duodenal ulcer,
- Rosmarinus officinalis – swelling of joints, strengthening the heart, headache, sedation,
ot
common cold, cough, in nutrition as a spice,

- Rubia tinctorium – abortion for women,
- Rubus caesius – for the heart, gastric and duodenal ulcer, disease prevention (coffee
tn
replacement), substitution for Chinese tea, common cold, urinary tract inflammation,
- Rubus idaeus – disease prevention (coffee replacement), substitution for Chinese tea,
prostate disease,
- Rumex acetosella – in nutrition,
rin
- Ruscus aculeatus – leukemia, lymph gland cancer, gynecology diseases,

- Salix alba – wounds, influenza,
- ◙ Salvia nemorosa – stomach troubles, sore throat,
- Salvia officinalis – rheumatic pain, for appetite, stomach diseases, stomach troubles,
subcutaneous bags, cleansing the body, supports the work of the glands with internal
ep
secretion, against Escherichia coli, for nerves and nervous system, headache, disease
prevention (coffee replacement), inflammation of female genital organs, sinusitis (for
inhalation), flushing the urinary tract, kidney, and bladder diseases,
- ◙ Salvia sclarea – wounds,
Pr
- Sambucus ebulus – insect bite,

- Sambucus nigra – high blood pressure, secretion of glands,
- Satureja hortensis – diabetes, disease prevention (coffee replacement),
ed
- Satureja montana – for the heart, digestion, for the stomach, gastric ulcer, sedation,
disease prevention (coffee replacement), aphrodisiac, sore throat,
- ◙ Scilla bifolia – chest pain,
- Sedum spectabile – colorectal disease, digestion, for the stomach, corns and calluses,
purulent abscesses, ulcers, sedation,
iew
- Sempervivum tectorum – cancerous diseases, varicose veins, for stomach, corns and
calluses, ulcers, bronchitis, against pain in legs,
- ◙ Seseli rigidum – wounds, cancerous diseases,
- Stachys officinalis – for the heart,
- ◙ Stellaria graminea – cough,
- Symphytum officinale – joint cell recovery, joint pain, gangrene,
ev
- Taraxacum campylodes – psoriasis, for scratches, cleansing the body, liver cleanse,
inflammation of female genital organs, common cold, massage of the legs,
- Teucrium chamaedrys – for circulation, low blood pressure, for the stomach, heartburn
(pyrosis), nausea in the stomach, bile diseases, diabetes, gynecological problems, chest
r
pain, urinary tract inflammation,
- Teucrium montanum – for the stomach, cleansing the body, sedation, disease prevention
- er
(coffee replacement), for metabolism, kidney diseases,
Thymus spp. – for the heart, high blood pressure, diabetes, thyroid diseases, rinsing the
oral cavity, epilepsy, filling the pillow against insomnia, for good sleep, disease
prevention (coffee replacement), sore throat, kidney, and bladder diseases, improving
pe
hearing,
- Tilia cordata – asthma, sinusitis (for inhalation), for making yeast,
- Tribulus terrestris – hemorrhoids, aphrodisiac,
- Tussilago farfara – for the heart, painful places on the skin, depression, sore throat,
- Typha latifolia – burns,
- Ulmus spp. – urinary tract inflammation,
ot
- Urtica dioica – allergy, for appetite, fixing hair roots (balm for dark hair), wounds,
herpes zoster, fainting, disease prevention (coffee replacement), cysts on the ovaries,
painful menstruation, common cold, against pain in legs, anti-hemorrhage,
tn
- Vaccinium myrtilus – prostate disease, kidney stone,

- Vaccinium vitis-idaea – against Escherichia coli (antibiotic), Improving the immune
system, prostate disease,
- Veratrum album – skin diseases (scabies and pediculosis),
rin
- Verbascum spp. – swelling (gout), lung cancer, for the heart,

- Verbena officinalis – cysts on the breast,
- Veronica officinalis – high cholesterol,
- Zea mays – for circulation, high blood pressure, kidney stone, proteins in the urine.
ep
The observation was that the use of 12 plant species, which informants in our study mention,
has not been mentioned in any of the studies mentioned above in neighboring regions on the
Balkans. These plant species include Artemisia alba, Drosera rotundifolia, Dysphania
ambrosioides, Ecballium elaterium, Fagopyrum esculentum, Laburnum alpinum, Paeonia
peregrina, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia sclarea, Scilla bifolia, Seseli rigidum, and Stellaria
Pr
graminea. Four of mentioned species are cultivated: Dysphania ambrosioides, Ecballium

elaterium, Fagopyrum esculentum, Laburnum alpinum. The other herbs are wild plant species, of
which Drosera rotundifolia and Paeonia peregrina are strictly protected species according to the
ed
national legislative (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 2016).
The aerial parts of Artemisia alba in the study area are soaked in alcohol, forming the
extracts in alcohol used for appetite, and improving the immune system. Three respondents of
Bulgarian nationality mentioned these uses. Two respondents of Serbian nationality mentioned
iew
using fresh juice of plant species Ecballium elaterium against sinusitis. The use of bulbs from
early spring plant species Scilla bifolia in the treatment of pain chest externally also is the
novelty of the presented study, which was not mentioned in surrounding regions in the Balkans.
The fresh leaf of Salvia sclarea was mentioned to be used for wounds. They compress from the
radix of Seseli rigidum was mentioned for wounds, while its alcoholic extract is credited with
benefits in treating cancerous diseases.
ev
The infusion from the aerial part of Dysphania ambrosioides, for the treatment of diarrhea,
the population of the Pirot County prepare in the following way: dried and the chopped plant is
poured by boiling water and left to stand for some time. In the same way, are prepared the folium
of Fagopyrum esculentum against high blood pressure and for cleansing the body, folium of
r
Laburnum alpinum in the treatment of constipation, the aerial part of Salvia nemorosa against
stomach troubles and sore throat, the aerial part of Stellaria graminea in the treatment of cough.
er
According to our results, mentioned by people in the study area, the infusion of Drosera
rotundifolia can help treat tuberculosis and the flos of Paeonia peregrina for the treatment of
asthma. However, it should be kept in mind that these two species are strictly protected
pe
according to national legislation. It can not be exploited from natural habitats.
In the investigated area, it has been recorded that the different uses of 147 plat taxa were new
compared to other ethnobotanical investigations in neighboring regions of the Balkan Peninsula
studied during the last fifteen years. Among them, 12 plant species were not mentioned by
respondents from other regions. These results suggest the great diversity of knowledge about
ot
medicinal plants in the study area compared to other regions in the Balkans.
tn
4. Conclusions
Results showed that out of 182 plant taxa traditionally used for medicinal purposes in the
Pirot County, Hypericum perforatum, Matricaria chamomilla, species from genus Thymus,
Mentha x piperita, Achillea millefolium, Urtica dioica, and Salvia officinalis were the most
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frequently known and usually used among the rural populations. The form of infusion was the
most common preparation used. The usually reported families were Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, and
Compositae.
Treatment of respiratory, digestive, dermatology, and cardiovascular group of diseases
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reported in the presented study was the most frequently cited by informants. The present study
results are unique in the Balkan Peninsula because the uses of 147 plat taxa were different and
new in comparison with other ethnobotanical studies in neighboring regions, of which 12 plant
species are used only in the Pirot County. These plants are Artemisia alba, Drosera rotundifolia,
Dysphania ambrosioides, Ecballium elaterium, Fagopyrum esculentum, Laburnum alpinum,
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Paeonia peregrina, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia sclarea, Scilla bifolia, Seseli rigidum, and Stellaria
graminea. Their importance can be discovering new herbal medicines for the indications
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proposed by survey informants in this study.
The local population's knowledge about traditional herbal medicine use in the study area
could be categorized as a basis for further research. Further investigations are needed for proven
their efficacy as herbal remedies. These studies can be in the domain of biological activities of
iew
mentioned plant taxa, their chemical composition, pharmacological application, antimicrobial
and antiviral activity, such as clinical evidence of their action. In the future, efficient medicinal
products from plant species mentioned in the presented study could be revealed.
Acknowledgments: This research is part of the project: Ethno-pharmacological study of the

region of southeastern Serbia, O-02-17, supported by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
ev
Contribution of authors:
Marija S. Marković – Conception and design of research, data collection, identification of the
plant species, drafting the article
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Dejan S. Pljevljakušić – Plant material collection, reviewing, editing
Jelena S. Matejić – Identification of the plant species, statistical analysis
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Bojan K. Zlatković – Conception of research, reviewing, editing, supervision
Mrdjan M. Djokić – Data interpretation assistance, graphical design
Olivera M. Papović – Analysis, data interpretation, plant material collection
Vesna P. Stankov Jovanović – Experimental design, data collection, writing assistance
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Figure 1. A map of the study area with mountains and water bodies highlighted, with villages (black
dots) visited in the scope of ethnobotanical interviews in four municipalities:
A. Pirot: Barje Čiflik, Bazovik, Bela, Berilovac, Blato, Brlog, Cerev Del, Cerova, Činiglavci, Crnoklište,
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Crvenčevo, Dobri Do, Dojkinci, Držina, Gnjilan, Gornja Držina, Gosuša, Gradašnica, Izvor, Jalbotina,
Jelovica, Kamik, Koprivštica, Kostur, Krupac, Kumanovo, Mali Jovanovac, Mali Suvodol, Milojkovac,
Nišor, Novi Zavoj, Obrenovac, Oreovica, Orlja, Osmakova, Pakleštivca, Petrovac, Planinica, Pokrevenik,
Poljska Ržana, Ponor, Prisijan, Ragodeš, Rasnica, Rosomač, Rsovci, Rudinje, Sinja Glava, Slavinja, Sopot,
Srećkovac, Staničenje, Sukovo, Temska, Topli Do, Trnjana, Velika Lukanja, Veliki Jovanovac, Veliki
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Suvodol, Veliko Selo, Visočka Ržana, Vlasi, Vojnegovac, Vranište, Zaskovci;

B. Bela Palanka: Babin Kal, Bežište, Čiflik, Crnče, Crvena Reka, Crveni Breg, Dolac, Donja Glama, Donja
Koritnica, Donji Rinj, Draževo, Glogovac, Gornja Koritnica, Klenje, Klisura, Kozja, Kosmovac,
Kremenica, Krupac, Lanište, Leskovik, Ljubatovica, Moklište, Mokra, Novo Selo, Oreovac, Pajež, Sinjac,
Šljivovik, Špaj, Telovac, Toponica, Veta, Vitanovac, Vrandol, Vrgudinac;
C. Babušnica: Berduj, Bratiševac, Crvena Jabuka, Dol, Donje Krnjino, Draginac, Dučevac, Gorčinci, Gornji
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Striževac, Grnčar, Izvor, Kaluđerevo, Kambelevac, Ljuberađa, Masurovci, Modra Stena, Našuškovica,
Preseka, Provaljenik, Radinjince, Radoševac, Rakita, Resnik, Studena, Suračevo, Valniš, Vava, Vojnici,
Vrelo, Vučidel, Zavidince, Zvonce;
D. Dimitrovgrad: Banski Dol, Bilo, Boljev Del, Donja Nevlja, Dragovita, Gojin Dol, Gornji Krivodol,
Gradinje, Gulenovci, Izatovci, kamenica, Kusa Vrana, Lukavica, Petrlaš, Planinica, Poganovo, Radejna,
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Senokos, Slivnica, Smilovci, Trnski Odorovci, Verzar, Vlkovija, Željuša.
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Figure 2. The most frequently cited families of medicinal plants in Pirot County and four
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municipalities
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Figure 3. The most frequently cited plant parts in Pirot County and four municipalities
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Figure 4. The most frequently cited preparation forms of medicinal plants in Pirot County
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and four municipalities
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Figure 5. The overlap of plant taxa recorded and used by three ethnic groups in the study
area
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Figure 6. The overlap of plant reports recorded and used by three ethnic groups in the study area
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Table 1. Overview of the interviewed rural population by nationality and gender in the Pirot County with the number of
e d
reports about the use of plants
Municipality/County Sex SERb

Census dataa
BUL ROM Σ SER
Interviewed
BUL ROM Σ SER
ie
BUL
w
Reports
ROM Σ
Pirot
(rural)
male
fema
le
9152
8645
97
76
353
345
9846
9297
163
158
2
1
4
2
169
161
e v
1321
1301
15
8
19
7
1355
1316
Bela Palanka
(rural)
Σ
male
fema
17797
1910
1701
173
1
1
968
100
101
19143
2090
1893
321
60
61
r r 3
-
-
6
4
-
330
64
61
2622
447
500
23
-
-
26
22
-
2671
469
500
e
le
Σ 3611 2 201 3983 121 - 4 125 947 - 22 969
Babušnica
(rural)
male
fema
le
3403
3216
327
272
112
91
3984
3722
p e
50
37
10
7
3
-
63
44
332
254
55
58
25
-
412
312
t
Σ 6619 599 203 7706 87 17 3 107 586 113 25 724
Dimitrovgrad male 464 1139 3 1996 2 38 1 41 14 234 7 255
(rural)
fema
le
Σ
534
998
n
916
2055
o
5
8
1844
3840
1
3
26
64
1
2
28
69
15
29
178
412
5
12
198
453
t
Pirot County male 14929 1564 568 17916 275 50 12 337 2114 304 73 2491
fema
(rural) 14096 1265 542 16756 257 34 3 294 2070 244 12 2326
ir n
le
Σ 29025 2829 1110 34672 532 84 15 631 4184 548 85 4817
a Data according to the 2011 census (Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, 2011)
p
b Nationality codes, SER - Serbian, BUL - Bulgarian, ROM - Roma
r e
P This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed. Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4022336
Table 2. Medicinal plants in Pirot County reported from respondents
e d Medicinal use
w
Latin name, Family, Serbian name (S), S2
Number UV in
Bulgarian name (B), Roma name (R), Part used Use (number of reports) / Form a / Administration b sample
of reports n=4817 other areas in
Voucher specimen var
ie
Balkans
Acer campestre L., Sapindaceae, kln (B), 1 0.002 0.002 1▲⁕, 5▲
14055 Radix Rs: Asthma (1) / Dec / I
Achillea clypeolata Sm., Compositae, 10▲, 12●▲,
hajdučka trava žuta, mesečnjak žuti, žlta
mesečina, žuta hajdučka trava, ravnc žuti,
žuti ravnc (S), ravnež žlt, žlt ravnež (B),
14056 Herba
v
Cd (2): Cardiac diseases (2) / Inf / I; Dg (12): For appetite (3) / Inf / I , For the stomach (6) / 28
Inf / I, Stomach troubles (3) / Inf / I; Pr (5): Improving the immune system (5) / Inf / I; Rs
e
(6): Common cold (2) / Inf / I, Cough (3) / Inf / I, Bronchial catarrh (1) / Inf / I; Vr (3):
Uniknown (3) / Inf / I
0.044 0.042 16●▲⁕
r
Au (2): Rheumatic pain (2) / Alc-ext / E; Cd (7): Anemia (1) / Inf / I, Cardiac diseases 1▲, 2●▲,
(2) / Inf / I, For circulation (2) / Inf / I, Hemorrhoids (2) / Inf / E; Dg (104): Diarrhea (2) / 245 0.388 0.238 3●▲⁕, 4●▲,
Inf / I, Digestion (1) / Inf / I, For appetite (24) / Inf / I, For the stomach (24) / Inf / I, 5▲, 6●▲,
r
Gastric ulcer (1) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (19) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (33) / Inf / I;
Dm (20): Acne (1) / Com / E, Burns (1) / Oil-ext / E, Cuts (1) / Oil-ext / E, Wounds
e
(17) / Com / E; Dp (3): Blood purification (1) / Inf / I, Cleansing the body (2) / Inf / I; En
(4): Bile diseases (1) / Inf / I, Diabetes (2) / Inf / I, Thyroid diseases (1) / Inf / I; If (5):
Against viruses (1) / Inf / I, Antiseptic (2) / Inf / I, High temperature (1) / Inf / I,
7●▲, 8●,
10●▲, 11●▲,
12●▲, 14●▲⁕,
15●, 16●▲,
17●▲, 18●▲,
e
Inflammation (1) / Inf / I, Nr (5): For nerves (1) / Inf / I, Headache (1) / Inf / I, Sedation 19●▲, 20●▲
(2) / Inf / I, Weakness and numbness (1) / Inf / I; Pr (21): Improving the immune system
p
(21) / Alc-ext / I; Rp (10): Against menopause bleeding (1) / Inf / I, Gynecological
problems (7) / Inf / I, Leaking breast (1) / Inf / I, Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Rs (32):
Asthma (2) / Inf / I, Bronchitis (1) / Inf / I, Chest pain (2) / Inf / I, Common cold (16) /
t
Achillea millefolium L., Compositae, bela Inf / I, Cough (5) / Inf / I, Influenza (2) / Inf / I, Sinusitis (1) / Inf / I, Sore throat (3) / Inf /
hajdučka trava, hajdučica, mesečnjak, I; Ur (5): Cysts on the kidney (1) / Inf / I, Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / I, Inf,
o
mesčnjak beli, bela mesečina, (S), ravnc, Urinary tract inflammation (3) / Inf / I; Vr (27): Diseases of internal organs (2) / Inf / I,
ravnež (B), hajdučka trava, hajdučica (R), For baths / Fr-pl / Ex, For better memory (1) / Inf / I, In nutrition as a spice (1) / Dry-pl /
14057 Herba I, Uniknown use (22) / Inf / I
n
Acorus calamus L., Araceae, iđirot (S), 1 0.002 0.002 3▲, 7▲, 19▲
14058-F Rhizoma Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Inf / I
Adonis vernalis L., Ranunculaceae, 3 0.005 0.005 5●▲, 17▲
gorocvet (S, B), 14059
Aesculus hippocastanum L.,
14060
ir n
Hippocastanaceae, divlji kesten (S, B),
Semen
t
Flos, herba Cd (2): For the heart (2) / Inf / I; Vr: Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
Au (2): Arthritis (2) / Com / E; Cd: Varicose veins (3) / Alc-ext / E; Vr (1): In nutrition
/ Pulp / I
Cd (3): For circulation (1) / Inf / I, For the heart (1) / Inf / I, Varicose veins (1) / Inf / I;
Dg (5): Catarrh of the stomach (1) / Inf / I, Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I, For colon / Inf / I, For
the stomach / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (1) / Inf / I, Dm (5): Wounds / Inf / E; En (3):
6
47
0.010
0.074
0.009
0.069
3●▲, 7▲,
12●▲, 13▲,
18●, 20●
2●▲, 3●▲,
4●▲, 5●▲,
11●▲, 12●▲,
p
Bile diseases (1) / Inf / I, Liver diseases (2) / Inf / I; If /2): Antibiotic (1) / Inf / I, 15●▲, 16●,
Antiseptic (1) / Inf / I; Rp (6): Prostate disease (6) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Cough (2) / I; Ur (19): 17●▲
Kidney and bladder diseases (13) / Inf / I, Kidney and urinary tract sands (1) / Inf / I,
e
Agrimonia eupatoria L., Rosaceae, Kidney diseases (2) / Inf / I, Urinary tract inflammation (3) / Inf / I; Vr (2): Diseases of
r
petrovac (S, B), petrovčić (S), 14061 Herba internal organs (1) / Inf / I, Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
Alchemilla spp., Rosaceaea, virak (S), Folium, Dg (1): Stomach pain / Inf / I; Rp (2): Against menopause bleeding (1) / Inf / I, 3 0.005 0.005 4●▲⁕, 6▲⁕,
14062 Herba Gynecological problems (1) / Inf / I 7●▲⁕, 11▲⁕,
1 0.002
e d
0.002
12●▲⁕,
14●▲⁕, 20●
9▲, 11. ▲,
w
Allium ampeloprasum L., Amaryllidaceae, 12▲, 13▲,
praziluk (S), 14064 Semen En (1): Gallbladder stone / Syr / I 17▲, 20▲
1 0.002 0.002 1▲, 3●, 6▲,
ie
9▲, 11▲, 12●,
13▲, 14●,
Allium cepa L., Amaryllidaceae, crni luk 16▲, 18▲,
v
(S), 14063 Bulbus Cough (1) / Dec / I 20●
2 0.003 0.003 1▲, 3▲, 6●▲,
7●▲, 9●▲,
Allium sativum L., Amaryllidaceae, beli luk
r e 11●▲, 12▲,
13▲, 14●▲,
16●▲, 17●▲,
18▲, 19▲,
r
(S, B), 14065 Bulbus Cd (2): For the heart (1) / Fr-bulb (1) / I, High blood pressure / Fr-bulb (1) / I 20●▲
Allium schoenoprasum L., Amaryllidaceae, Bulbus, 2 0.003 0.003 ◙
e
vlašac (S, B), 14065 Herba Cd (1): Low blood pressure (1) / Fr-bulb / I; Dp (1): Cleansing the body / Fr-pl / I
Au (1): Rheumatic pain / Alc-ext / E; Cd (31): For circulation (2) / Fr-leaf / I, High 1●, 3▲, 7▲,
blood pressure (24) / Fr-leaf / I, High cholesterol (4) / Alc-ext, Fr-leaf / I, Strengthening 56 0.089 0.081 8●, 10▲, 12●,
e
the heart and blood vessels (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Dg (1): For appetite (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Dm (2): 14●▲, 17●▲,
Wounds (1) / Fr-leaf / E, Eddema (1) / Fr-leaf / E; Dp (5): Blood purification (3) / Fr- 18●▲, 19▲,
leaf / I, Cleansing the body (2) / Fr-leaf / I; If (2): Against infections (purification of 20●▲
Allium ursinum L., Amaryllidaceae, divlji

beli luk, sremuš, (S), 14067 Folium
p
toxins) (2) / Fr-leaf / I; Nr (2): Headache (1) / Fr-leaf / I, Sedation (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Pr
(7): Improving the immune system (7) / Alc-ext, Fr-leaf / I; Rp (1): Aphrodisiac (1) /
t
Fr-leaf / I; Rs (1): Common cold (1) / Alc-ext / I; Vr (3): Edema of the lungs (1) / Fr-
leaf / I, In nutrition (2) / Dry-pl, Fr-leaf / I
2●▲, 3●▲,
o
46 0.073 0.068 7●, 8●▲, 10●,
11●, 12●,
n
Althaea officinalis L., Malvaceae, beli slez Cd (1): Diseases of the blood vessels (1) / Mac / I; Rs (44): Asthma (2) / Mac / I, 14●▲, 15●,
(S, R), divlji beli slez (S), bel slez (B), Bronchitis (1) / Mac / I, Common cold (2) / Mac / I, Cough (39) / Mac / I; Ur (1): Urinary 17●, 19●▲,
14068 Radix tract inflammation / Mac / I 20●
t
Amaranthus retroflexus L., 1 0.002 0.002 5▲, 12▲*,
Amaranthaceae, štir (S), 14069 Folium Ur (1): Kidney and urinary tract sands / Inf / I 18▲
ir n
Anacamptis morio (L.) R.M.Bateman, 2 0.003 0.003 1▲⁕, 5▲, 9▲,
Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, Orchidaceae, 11▲,13▲,
kaćun (S), plavi momak (B), 14166 Tuber Rp (1): Aphrodisiac (1) / Dry-tub / I, Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Dry-tub / I 14▲, 18▲
Anagallis arvensis L., Primulaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 12●, 18●▲
vidovka s roze cvetići (S), 14070 Herba Dm (1): Eyewash (for women) (1) / Mac / E
p
Anagallis arvensis subsp. foemina (Mill.) 1 0.002 0.002 12●
Schinz & Thell., Primulaceae, vidovka s
plavi cvetići (S), 14071 Herba Dm (1): Eyewash (for men) (1) / Mac / E
e
Anethum graveolens L., Apiaceae , kopar, 1 0.002 0.002 3▲, 15▲,
r
mirođija (S), 14072 Folium Cd (1): High blood pressure / Inf / I 18●▲, 19▲
Anthyllis vulneraria L., Leguminosae, 4 0.006 0.006 4●▲
belodun, detelina kamenjarka, ranilist, žuta Cd (1): Hemorrhoids (1) / Inf / E; Dm (2): Wounds / Com / E; If (1): Rinsing the oral
detelina (B), 14073 Flos cavity (pul out the pus) / Inf / I
Au (1): Rheumatic pain / Alc-ext / E; Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Inf / I; Cd (1):
9 0.014
e d
0.014 1▲, 2▲, 3●▲,
4●▲, 6▲, 8▲,
9●▲, 10▲,
w
High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I; Dg (2): Diarrhea (2) / Inf / I; Dm (2): Skin diseases (1) 12●▲, 14●▲⁕,
Arctium lappa L., Compositae, čičak (S), Fructus, / Com / E; Strengthening hair roots (1) / Inf / E; Dp (1): Blood purification (1) / Inf / I; En 16▲, 17▲,
14074 Radix (1): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I 18●
ie
17 0.027 0.026 1●, 3●, 4●, 7●,
En (1): Thyroid diseases (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Ur (14): 11●, 12●,
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel, Kidney and bladder diseases (5) / Inf / I, Kidney diseases (1) / Inf / I, Kidney sand (1) / 13●▲, 15●,
v
Ericaceae, medveđe uši (S), uvin čaj (S, R), Inf / I, Urinary tract inflammation (6) / Inf / I, Urination (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): For 17●, 19●,
uva (B), 14075 Folium concentration (1) / Inf / I 20●▲
Aristolochia clematitis L., 1 0.002 0.002 2▲, 5▲, 12▲,
Aristolochiaceae, vučja jabuka (S), 14076 Herba Vr (1): Against moths (1) / Fr-pl / E
r e
Cd (1): Cardiac diseases (1) / Alc-ext / I; Dg (15): Against pein in abdomen (1) / Alc-ext /
I, For appetite (10) / Alc-ext / I, For the stomach (3) / Alc-ext / I, Nausea in the stomach
22 0.035 0.034
17●
3●▲, 4▲,
5●▲, 9●▲,
11●▲, 12●▲,
r
(1) / Alc-ext / I; En (1): Bile diseases / Alc-ext / I; Nr (1): Nervous collapse / Alc-ext / I; 13▲, 14▲,
Artemisia absinthium L., Compositae, beli Pr (2): Improving the immune system / Alc-ext / I; Vr (2): Uniknown use (2) / Alc-ext / 17●▲, 18●▲,
e
pelin (S, R), pelin (S), 14077 Herba I 19▲
Artemisia alba Turra, Compositae, bel Dg (1): For appetite (1) / Alc-ext / I; Pr (2): Improving the immune system (2) / Alc- 3 0.005 0.005 ◙
pelin (B), 14078 Herba ext / I
e
Asarum europaeum L., Aristolochiaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 4▲, 12▲,
kopitnjak (S), 14080 Herba Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / E 17▲, 18▲
Atropa bella-donna L., Solanaceae,
p
1 0.002 0.002 5▲
beladona (S), 14082 Folium Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) Alc-ext / E
Ballota nigra L., Lamiaceae, crna kopriva 1 0.002 0.002 5▲, 8▲
t
(S), 14083 Herba Rs (1): Bronchitis (1) / Inf / I
2 0.003 0.003 1▲, 2▲, 8▲,
12▲, 13▲,
Bellis perennis L., Compositae, bela rada
(S), 14084
Berberis vulgaris L., Berberidaceae, žutika,

Herba
Folium, o
Dg (1): Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Regulation of menstrual cycle in women (1) / Inf / I
n
If (2): Antiseptic (1) / Dec / I, High temperature / Inf / I; Pr (1): Disease prevention
(coffee replacement) (1) / Inf / I; Rs (1): Cough (1) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder
5 0.008 0.008
14●▲, 18▲,
20●▲
5▲, 20▲
t
šimšir, šimširika (S), 14085 Radix diseases (1) / Inf / I
12 0.019 0.019 3●▲, 5▲, 6▲,
Dg (1): Against gastric bacteria (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Prostate disease / Inf / I; Ur (9): 7▲, 11●▲⁕,
ir n
Cortex, Kidney and bladder diseases (2) / Inf / I, Kidney and urinary tract diseases (1) / Inf / I, 12●, 13▲,
Betula pendula Roth, Betulaceae, bela Folium Kidney and utinary tract regeneration (1) / Syr / I, Proteins in the urine (1) / Inf / I, 14●▲, 15▲,
breza (S), breza (S, B), 14087 Succus Urinary tract inflammation (4) / Dec, Inf / I; Vr (1): Kidney and bile sand (1) / Inf / I 17▲, 18●, 20●
1 0.002 0.002 1▲, 3▲, 7▲,
9▲, 12▲,
p
Brassica oleracea L., Brassicaceaea, kupus 14▲, 17▲,
(S), 14089 Folium En (1): Thyroid diseases (1) / Fr-leaf / I 18▲, 20▲
e
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) I. M. 2 0.003 0.003 5●▲
Johnst., Boraginaceae, siskavče, bela zrnca Ur (2): Against nighttime urination in children (1) / Dry-seed / I, Kidney stone (1) / Dry-
r
(S), 14090 Semen seed / I
Au (2): Rheumatic pain (2) / Alc-ext, Oli-ext / E, Cd (11): For circulation (1) / Inf / I, 46 0.073 0.068 2●▲, 3●▲,
Calendula officinalis L., Compositae, Flos, Hemorrhoids (3) / Oil-ext / E, Varicose veins (7) / Oil-ext / E; Dg (4): For the stomach 5▲, 6●, 7●▲,
P
neven (S, B), 14091 Folium (1) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (2) / Alc-ext, Inf / I, Stomach troubles (1) / Inf / I; Dm 11●▲, 12●▲,
(15): Against cracked hands (2) / Oil-ext / E, Against cracked heels (3) / Oil-ext / E,
Against cracked hands and heels (3) Oil-ext / E, Burns (1) / Oil-ext / E, Skin diseases (1)
/ Oil-ext / E, Wounds (5) / Oil-ext / E; Dp (2): Liver cleanse (1) / Inf / I, Blood
e d 14●▲, 17●▲,
18●▲, 19●▲,
20●▲
w
purification (1) / Inf / I; Nr (1): Sedation (1) / Inf / I; Pr (2): Disease prevention (coffee
replacement) (1) / Inf / I; Improving the immune system (1) / Inf / I; Rp (2):
Gynecological problems (1) / Inf / I, Cysts on the ovaries (1) / Inf / I; Vr (7): Against
ie
shoulder pain (1) / Oil-ext / E, For better eyesight (4) / Inf / I, In nutrition (1) / Fr-leaf
/ I; Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
12 0.019 0.019 2●▲, 4●▲,
v
5▲, 8▲, 10▲,
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik., Dg (1): For the stomach (1) / Inf / I; Rp (3): Gynecological problems (1) / Inf / I, 11▲, 12●▲,
Brassicaceae, hoću-neću (S), rusomača (B), Menstrual bleeding (1) /Inf / I, Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Vr (8): Anti-hemorrhage (7) 14●▲, 16●▲,
e
14092 Herba / Inf / I, Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I 17●▲, 18▲
r
Carlina acaulis L., Compositae, ćeremetka, 7 0.011 0.011 1●, 2▲, 3▲,
šeremetka, vilino sito (S), kopava (B), En (1): Diabetes (1) / Fr-root / I; Vr (6): In nutrition (5) / Fr-root / I, Uniknown use (1) / 4▲, 5▲, 8▲,
14093 Radix Fr-root / I 9●, 13●, 17●▲
r
Dg (1): Against spasms in the abdomen of baby (1) / Dry-seed / I; Cd (1): High blood 2 0.003 0.003 3●, 19●▲
Carum carvi L., Apiaceae, kim (S), 14094 Semen pressure (1) / Dry-seed / I
e
Au (2): Rheumatic pain (2) / Oil-ext / E; Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Inf / I; Cd (2): 3●▲, 4●▲,
Hemorrhoids (1) / Oil-ext / E, High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I; Dg (36): Against gastric 85 0.135 0.117 6▲, 10●▲,
bacteria (1) / Inf / I, Digestion (2) / Alc-ext / I, For appetite (13) / Alc-ext / I, For the 11●▲, 12●▲,
e
stomach (15) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (2) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (3) / Inf / I; Dm 14●▲, 17●,
(7): Burns (4) / Oil-ext / E, For sunbathing (1) / Oil-ext / E, Wounds (2) / Oil-ext / E; 20●▲
Dp (2): Blood purification (1) / Inf / I, Cleansing the body (1) / Inf / I; En (7): Diabetes
Centaurium erythraea Rafin, Gentiacaceae,

crven kantarion, kičica, plavi kantarion,
roze kantarion (S), gorčika, crveni p
(6) / Inf / I, Liver diseases (1) / Inf / I; If (4): High temperature (3) / Inf / I, Jaundice (1)
/ Inf / I; Nr (3): Sedation (3) / Inf / I; Pr (8): Disease prevention (coffee replacement)
t
(1), Improving the immune system (7) / Alc-ext / I; Rp (2): Aphrodisiac (2) / Alc-ext / I;
Rs (5): Bronchitis (1) Oil-ext / E, Common cold (1) / I, Chest pain (1) / Oil-ext / E,
Cough (2) / I; Ur (1); Urinary tract inflammation (1) / Inf / I; Vr (5): Internal wounds
o
kantarion, rozavi kantarion (B), 14096 Herba (2) / Inf, Oil-ext / I, Uniknown use (3) / Inf / I
Ceterach officinarum Willd., Aspleniaceae, 5 0.008 0.008 17●, 20▲
n
strašnik (S, B), 14081 Herba Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I; Vr (4): Against fear (cense) (1) / Dry-pl I E
Au (2): Allergy (2) / Inf / I; Ca (16): Cancerous diseases (12) / Inf / I, Cervical cancer 1▲, 2●▲, 3●,
(2) / Inf / I, Liver and bile cancer (1) / Inf / I, Throat cancer (1) / Inf / I; Cd (1): High 54 0.086 0.078 4●▲, 5▲, 7●,
t
cholesterol (1) / Inf / I; Dg (3): Gastric and duodenal ulcer (3) / Inf / I; Dm (17): 8●, 11●,
Eczema (1) / Oil-ext / E, Skin diseases (4) / Fr-juice / E, Skin diseases (eczema and warts) 12●▲, 13▲,
ir n
(1) / Fr-juice / E, Skin diseases (warts...) (1) / Fr-juice / E, Skin diseases (scabies and 14●▲, 15▲,
pediculosis) (1) / Fr-pl / E, Warts on hand (8) / Fr-juice / E, Wounds (1) / Fr-pl / E; Dp 17●. 18●,
(3): Blood purification (2) / Inf / I, Cleansing the internal organs (1) / Inf / I; En (3): 19●▲, 20●▲
Liver diseases (2) / Inf / I, Thyroid diseases (1) / Inf / I; Rp (3): Gynecological problems
Chelidonium majus L., Papaveraceae, (2) / Inf / I, Menstrual pains (1) / Inf / I; Rs (1): Cough (1) / Inf / I, Sore throat (1) / Inf
lišaivac (S, B), lišavac, lišavica, rusomača / I; Ur (3): Cysts on the kidney (1) / Inf / I, Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Inf / I,
e p
rusa, rusovača (S), 14098 Herba Urinary tract inflammation (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
39 0.062 0.058
2●▲, 4▲,
6●▲, 7●, 8▲,
10▲, 11▲,
r
Cichorium intybus L., Compositae, 12●▲, 14●▲,
gologuza (S, B), cikorija, gologuz, Herba, Dg (37): Diarrhea (37) / Inf / I; En (1): Diabetes (1) / Dec / I; Rp (1): Prostate disease (1) 17▲, 18●,
plavocvet, vodopija (S), 14100 Radix / Dec / I 19▲
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Compositae,
ost, palamida (S, B), 14101
Citrus trifoliata L., Rutaceae, divlji limun
Herba
Dm (1): Cuts (1) / Com / E; En (2): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I, Liver diseases (1) / Inf / I;
Rp (2): Prostate disease (2) / Inf / I
5
1
0.008
0.002
e d
0.008
0.002
6▲⁕, 16▲⁕
14▲⁕, 16▲⁕,
w
(S), 14183 Fructus Au (1): Rheumatic pain (1) / Alc-ext /E 19▲⁕
Clematis vitalba L., Ranunculaceae, pavit 1 0.002 0.002 4▲, 5▲, 8▲
(S), 14102 Herba Dm (1): For cracked hands (2) / Fr-pl / E
ie
Colchicum autumnale L., Colchicaceae, 2 0.003 0.003 1●, 5▲, 17●▲
brnduška, kaćunak jesenji, mrazovac (S),
14103 Semen Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Dry-seed / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Dry-seed / I
v
1▲, 2●▲,
21 0.033 0.032 4●▲, 5●▲,
e
7●, 8●▲,
9●▲, 10●▲,
r
11●▲, 12●▲,
Cd (9): Anemia (4) / Dec / I, For the heart (2) / Dec / I, High blood pressure (3) / Dec / I; 13●▲, 14●▲,
Dg (4): Diarrhea (4) / Dec / I; En (2): Diabetes (2) / Dec / I; Pr (2): Improving the 15●▲, 16▲⁕,
r
Cornus mas L., Cornaceae, dren, drenjina immune system (2) / Dec / I; Rs (3): Common cold (3) / Dec / I; Vr (1): Hot drink (1) / 17●▲, 18●▲,
(S), drenka (S, B), 14104 Fructus Dec / I 19●, 20●▲
e
Cotinus coggygria Scop., Anacardiaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 5▲, 11▲, 12▲
ruj (S), 14105 Folium Rp (1): Gynecological problems (1) / Inf / I
Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC., Rosaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 2●▲, 12●▲,
e
crveni glog (S), 14107 Fructus Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Dec / I 15▲
33 0.052 0.050 3●▲, 4●▲,
p
5●▲, 6●▲,
7●, 10●▲,
11●▲, 13▲,
t
Flos, Cd (31): For circulation (2) / Dec, Inf / I, For the heart (anti-arrhythmic) (8) / Dec, Inf / 14●▲, 16▲,
Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Rosaceae, beli Folium, I, High blood pressure (17) / Dec, Inf / I, Improving heart rate (3) / Dec, Inf / I; Nr (1): 17●▲, 18●▲,
o
glog (S, B), glog (S), 14106 Fructus Sclerosis (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) /( Dec / I 19●▲, 20●▲
Cd (74): Cardiac diseases (1) / Dec / I, For circulation (1) / Inf / I, For the heart (13) / 3●▲, 6●▲,
Dec, Inf / I, High blood pressure (53) / Dec Inf / I, Improving heart rate (3) / Dec, Inf / I, 85 0.135 0.117 10●, 14●▲,
n
Strengthening the heart (3) / Dec / I; En (1): Diabetes (1) / Dec / I; Pr (3): Disease 17●▲
Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit. ex Flos, prevention (coffee replacement) (1) / Dec / I, Improving the immune system (2) / Dec /
t
Willd., Rosaceae, crni glog (S, B), gloginja Folium, I; Rs (2): Common cold (1) / Dec / I, Cough (1) / Dec / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder
(S, R), 14108 Fructus diseases (1) / Dec / I; Vr (4): Hot drink (1) / Dec / I, Uniknown use (3) / Dec / I
Crocus spp., Iridaceae, brnduška, kaćunak 1 0.002 0.002 16▲⁕
ir n
prolećni (S), 14109 Tuber Vr (1): In nutrition for a homemade alcoholic drink (liqueurs) (1) / Alc-ext / I
7 0.011 0.011 7●▲, 9▲, 11●,
12●▲, 13●▲,
Cydonia oblonga Miller, Rosaceae, dunja Folium, Dg (4): Diarrhea (4) / Inf / I; Rs (3): Common cold (1) / Inf / I, Cough (1) / Fr-seed / I, 14●▲, 19●,
(S), 14110 Semen Sore throat (1) / Fr-seed / I 20●▲
p
Dianthus giganteiformis subsp. pontederae 4▲⁕
(A.Kern.) Soó, Caryophyllaceae, divlji 1 0.002 0.002
karanfil (S), 14112 Herba Dg (1): Gastric ulcer (1) / Inf / I
r e
Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick &
Wilkin, Dioscoraeceae, bljušt (S), 14226
Drosera rotundifolia L., Droseraceae,
rosulje (S), 14113
Rhizoma
Herba
Au (1): Inflammation of joints (1) / Com / E
Tuberculosis (1) / Inf / I

1
1 0.002 0.002
2▲, 5▲, 16▲,
17▲
◙
Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin &
Clemants, Amaranthaceae, henopodijum
(B), 14099 Herba Dg (1): Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I
1 0.002
e d
0.002 ◙
w
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich., ◙
Cucurbitaceae, divlje dinjče (S), 14115 Fructus Rs (2): Sinusitis (2) / Fr-juice / E 2 0.004 0.003
Cd (10): Hemorrhoids (1) / Inf / I, High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I, High cholesterol (8) 18 0.029 0.028 3▲, 5▲,
ie
/ Inf / I; Dg (2): For the stomach (2) / Inf / I; Dp (1): Blood purification (1) / Inf / I; En 11●▲, 14●▲,
Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Poaceae, pir, (3): Diabetes (3) / Inf / I; Nr (1): For nerves (1) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder 16▲, 17●▲,
pirevina, pirovina (S), 14116 Rhizoma diseases (1) / Inf / I 18●▲
v
Epilobium parviflorum Schreb., 7 0.011 0.011 2●, 4●▲⁕,
Onagraceae, mala mlečika, mala sitnicveta 12●▲, 16●▲,
mlečika, malocvetna mlečika, sitnocvetna 17●▲
mlečika, sitnocvetna vrbovka, vrbica (S),
14117 Herba
r e
Rp (6): Prostate disease (6) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Inf / I
Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Inf / I; Cd (2): High blood pressure (2) / Inf / I, High
46 0.073 0.068 2●▲, 3●▲,
4●▲, 5●▲,
r
cholesterol (1) / Inf / I; Dg (3): Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (1) / Inf / I; 7●▲, 8●▲,
Stomach troubles (1) / Inf / I; En (2): Diabetes (1), Gallbladder stone (1); Rp (5): 10●, 11●▲,
e
Prostate disease (5) / Inf / I; Ur (28): Kidney and bladder diseases (11) / Inf / I, Kidney 12●▲⁕, 13▲,
Equisetum arvense L., Equisetaceae, diseases (2) / Inf / I, Kidney stone (2) / Inf / I, Proteins in the urine (1) / Inf / I, Urinary 14●▲, 16●,
rastavić, rastavičje (S), rastaviče (B), tract inflammation (9) / Inf / I, Urination (3) / Inf / I; Vr (4): Swelling of legs (1) / Inf / I, 17●▲, 18●,
e
14118 Herba Kidney and bile sand (1) / Inf / I, Uniknown use (2) / Inf / I 19●▲
Erodium cicutarium (L) L' Her., 1 0.002 0.002 5▲
Geraniaceae, živa trava (B), 14119 Herba Dg (1): Against spasms in the abdomen of children (1) / Inf / I
Eryngium campestre L., Apiaceae, bel trn,
magareći trn, zajčije uši (S), magareći
žbun, magareško trnje (B), 14120
Euphrasia spp., Orobanchaceae, vidac,

Herba diseases (1) / Inf / I
p
Cd (2): Hemorrhoids (2) / Com / E; Dm (1): External ulcers (1) / Com / E; Rp (1):
Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Cough (2) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder
t
En (1): Bile diseases (1) / Inf / I; Pr (1): Improving the immune system (1); Rs (1):
Cough (1) / Inf / I; Vr (2): Against fear (cense) (1) / Dry-pl / E, Eye inflammation
7
5
0.011
0.008
0.011
0.008
5▲, 12▲
3●⁕, 4●⁕,
5●▲⁕, 20●⁕
o
vidovka (S), 14121 Herba (conjuctivitis) / Inf / E
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench., 2 0.003 0.003 ◙
n
Polygonaceae, heljda (B), 14122 Folium Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I; Dp (1): Cleansing the body (1) / Inf / I
Ficaria verna Huds., Ranunculaceae, 1 0.002 0-002 2●, 17●▲
ledinjak (S), 14195 Tuber Cd (1): Hemorrhoids (1) / Oil-ext / E
t
8 0.013 0.013 1▲, 3▲, 7▲,
12▲, 13▲,
ir n
Ficus carica L., Moraceae, smokva (S), Fructus, 17▲, 18●▲,
14123 Folium, Dg (8): Constipation (1) / Fr-fruit / I, Diarrhea (7) / Inf / I 19▲, 20▲
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim., Au (1): Rheumatic pain (1) / Inf / I; Pr (1): For perspiration (1) / Inf / I; Ur (1): 3 0.005 0.005 2●, 4●▲,
Rosaceae, medunika (S), 14124 Flos Urination (1) / Inf / I 14●▲, 17●▲
4 0.006 0.006 2●▲, 3●▲,
p
Foeniculum vulgare Mill., Apiaceae, Dg (2): Against spasms in the abdomen of baby (1) / Inf / I, Digestion (1) / Alc-ext / I; Nr 11▲, 18▲,
anason, komorač, morač (S), 14125 Fructus, (1): Sclerosis (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Gynecological problems (1) / Alc-ext / I 19●
0.016 0.016 2▲, 3▲, 4▲,
e
10 5▲, 6●▲, 7▲,
r
En (1): Bile diseases (1) / Inf / I; Pr (3): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (2) / 8▲, 9▲, 10●,
Fragaria vesca L., Rosaceae, šumska Inf / I, Substitution for Chinese tea (1) / Inf / I; Rs (3): Common cold (2) / Inf / I, Cough 13▲, 14▲,
jagoda, divlja jagoda (S), diva jagoda (B), Folium, (1) / Inf / I; Ur (2): Urinary tract inflammation (2) / Dec, Inf / I; Vr (1): Against spasms 15▲, 19▲,,
P
14126 Radix in the arms and legs (1) / Inf / I 20▲
Fraxinus ornus L., Oleaceae, crni jasen (S),
14128
Galium aparine L., Rubiaceae, belo
Succus Pr (1): For rejuvenation (1) / Fr-juice / I
Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Inf / I; Cd (1): Cardiac diseases (1) / Inf / I; If (1):
1
3
0.002
0.005
e d
0.002
0.005
4▲, 5▲, 20▲
5▲, 17▲
w
ivanjsko cveće, lepljivica, tulica (S), 14129 Herba Inflammation of oral cavity (1) / Inf / I
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop., Rubiaceae, 2 0.003 0.003 3▲, 4▲, 12▲,
lazarkinja (S), 14130 Herba En (1): Bile diseases (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I 14▲, 17▲
ie
Dm (1): Skin diseases (1) / Com / E; En (1): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I; If (1): Inflammation of 9 0.014 0.014 2▲, 4▲, 5▲,
oral cavity (1) / Inf / I; Nr (2): Against fainting (2) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder 11●▲, 12▲,
Galium verum L., Rubiaceae, ivanjsko diseases (1) / Inf / I; Vr (3): Against the evil eye for women (1) / Dry-pl / E, Hoarseness 17●▲, 18▲
v
sveće, sveti jovan (S), 14131 Herba (1) / Inf / I, Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
Cd (3): High blood pressure (2) / Alc-ext / I; High cholesterol (1) / Alc-ext / I; Dg (5): 4●▲, 12●▲
e
For appetite (3) / Alc-ext / I, Gastric and duodenal ulcer (2) / Alc-ext / I; Dp (5): Blood 53 0.084 0.077
purification (5) / Alc-ext / I; En (8): Diabetes (8) / Alc-ext / I; If (1): Inflammation (1) /
r
Alc-ext / I; Pr (9): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (1) / Alc-ext / I, Improving
the immune system (8) / Alc-ext / I; Rp (1): Leaking breast (1) / Com / E; Rs (4):
Gentiana cruciata L., Gentianaceae, plava Bronchitis (2) / Alc-ext / I, Common cold (1) / Mac / I, Cough (1) / Mac / I; Vr (4):
r
lincura, otodovka (S), otodevka (B), 14132 Herba Diseases of internal organs (1) / Alc-ext / I, Uniknown use (3) / Alc-ext / I
30 0.048 0.045 1▲, 4●▲,
e
Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Dec / I; Cd (2): For circulation (2) / Alc-ext / I; Dg 6●▲, 7●▲,
(10): For appetite (5) / Alc-ext / I, For the stomach (4) / Dec / I, Gastric and duodenal 8▲, 9▲, 11▲,
ulcer (1) / Dec / I; Dp (3): Blood purification (3) / Alc-ext / I; En (1): Diabetes (1) / 12●▲, 13▲,
e
Gentiana lutea L., Gentianaceae, lincura Dec / I; Pr (12): Improving the immune system (12) / Alc-ext / I; Rp (1): Aphrodisiac 14●▲, 19●▲,
(S, B), 14133 Rhizoma (1) / Alc-ext / I 20●▲
Cd (2): High blood pressure (2) / Inf / I; En (1): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I; Nr (1):
p
7 0.011 0.011 4▲, 18▲, 19▲
Geranium macrorrhizum L., Geraniaceae, Folium, Parkonson disease (1) / Inf / I; Pr (1): For rejuvenation (1) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Bronchitis
zdravac (S), baštenski zdravac (R), 14134 Herba (2) / Inf / I
t
Geranium robertianum L., Geraniaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 4▲, 5▲, 17▲
crveni zdravac (S), 14135 Herba Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
1 0.002 0.002 2▲, 3▲, 5▲,
Glechoma hederacea L., Lamiaceae,
dobričica (S), 14136 Herba
n o
Au (1): Allergy (1) / Inf / I
5 0.008 0.008
14▲, 15▲,
17▲, 18▲
5▲, 8▲, 9▲,
10●, 12▲,
14▲, 15●▲,
t
Hedera helix L., Araliaceae, bršljan (S, B), Rs (4): Common cold (1) / Alc-ext / I, Cough (3) / Alc-ext / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use 17▲, 18▲,
14137 Folium (1) / Alc-ext / I 19▲
ir n
10 0.016 0.016 2●, 8▲, 11▲,
12●, 13▲,
Helianthus tuberosus L., Compositae, Cd (2): High blood pressure (1) / Fr-tuber / I, High cholesterol (1) / Fr-tuber / I; En (8): 16▲, 17●,
gradunje, čičoka, vrndulji (S), 14138 Tuber Diabetes (8) / Fr-tuber / I 20▲
1 0.002 0.002 1▲, 4▲, 5▲,
p
Rhizoma 8▲, 9▲, 12▲,
Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit. Ex cum 13▲, 15▲,
Willd., Ranunculacae, kukurek (S), 14139 radicibus En (1): Thyroid diseases (1) / Alc-ext / I 16▲, 17▲
e
Herniaria glabra L., Caryophyllaceae, Rp (2): Prostate disease (2) / Inf / I; Ur (2): Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Inf / I, 4 0.006 0.006 3●▲, 17●▲,
r
kilavica, sitniica (S), 14140 Herba Kidney diseases (1) / Inf / I 18▲
Humulus lupulus L., Cannabaceae, hmelj 2 0.003 0.003 3▲, 5●, 11●▲,
(S), 14141 Fructus Nr (1): Sedation (1) / Alc-ext / I; Rp (1): Prostate disease (1) / Alc-ext / I 12●, 17▲
Au (1): Swelling of joints (1) / Alc-ext / E; Cd (12): Anemia (1) / Inf / I, Diseases of the
blood vessels (1) / Inf / I, For the heart (1) / Inf / I, Hemorrhoids (6) / Oil-ext / E, High
blood pressure (3) / Inf / I; Dg (103): Digestion (2) / Inf / I, For appetite (2) / Inf / I,
612 0.970
e d
0.029
1●▲⁕, 2●▲,
3●▲, 4●▲,
5●▲, 6●▲⁕,
w
For the stomach (54) / Inf / I, Gastric and duodenal ulcer (3) / Inf / I, Gastritis (2) / Inf / 7●, 8●▲,
I, Nausea in the stomach (1) / Inf / I, Pyrosis (1) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (11) / Inf / I, 9●▲, 10●▲,
Stomach troubles (27) / Inf / I; Dm (383): Acne (1) / Oil-ext / E, Burns (97) / Oil -ext / 11●▲, 12●▲,
ie
E, Corns and calluses (1) / Oil-ext / E, Cuts (4) / Oil-ext / E, Eczema, rashes (1) / Oil - 13●▲, 14●▲,
ext / E, Face wash (1) / Inf / E, Scratches (1) / Oil -ext / E, Wounds (277) / Oil -ext / E; 15●▲, 16●▲,
Dp (3): Blood purification (2) / Inf / I, Cleansing the body (1) / Inf / I; En (4): Bile 17●▲, 18●▲,
v
diseases (2) / Inf / I, Liver diseases (2) / Inf / I; If (7): Antibiotic (1) / Inf / I, Antiseptic 19●
(1) / Inf / I, High temperature (1) / Inf / I, Inflammation (4) / Inf / I; Nr (15): Depression
(2) / Inf / I, For nerves (3) / Inf / I, Sedation (10) / Inf / I; Pr (6): Disease prevention
e
(coffee replacement) (4) / Inf / I, Improving the immune system (2) / Inf / I; Rp (9):
r
Cervical wounds (1) / Oil-ext / E, Flushing cervical wounds (1) / Inf / E , Gynecological
problems (2) / Oil-ext / E, Inflammation of female genital organs (1) / Oil-ext / E,
Menstrual problems (3) / Inf / I, Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Rs (34): Asthma (2) / I,
r
Bronchitis (3) / I, Common cold (14) / I, Cough (11) / I, Respiratory diseases (1) / I, Sore
throat (3) / I; Ur (19): Kidney and bladder diseases (11) / Inf / I, Kidney diseases (2) / Inf
Hypericum perforatum L., Hypericaceae, / I, Urinary infections (1) / Inf / I, Urinary tract inflammation (5) / Inf / I; Vr (16): Against
e
kantarion (S, R), drenčak, žlt kantarion (B), pain (1) / Inf / I, Against sectretions (1) / Inf / I, Diseases of internal organs (2) / Inf / I,
14142 Herba Uniknown use (12) / Inf / I
e
Hyssopus officinalis L., Lamiaceae, izop, 5▲, 10●, 12▲,
miloduh (S), 14143 Herba Rs (2): Cough (2) / Inf / I 2 0.004 0.003 16▲, 19▲
Cd (1): For circulation (1) / Inf / I; Dg (1): For colon (1) / Inf / I; Dp (1): Blood 10 0.016 0.016 2●▲, 3▲, 5▲,
p
purification (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Prostate disease (1‚) / Inf / I; Rs (4): Asthma (2) / Dec / 6●▲, 7●,
Inula helenium L., Compositae, beli oman I, Bronchitis (1) / I, Dry cough (1) / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Inf / I; 11▲⁕, 12●▲,
t
(S), oman (S, R), 14144 Rhizoma Vr (1): Quitting smoking (1) / Dry-rh / I 17▲, 19●
Iris x germanica L., Iridaceae, perunika (S, 4 0.006 0.006 17▲
R), divlja ruža (S), 14145 Rhizoma Vr (4): For making shampoos (1) / Dry-rh / E, Uniknown use (3) / Dry-rh / E
o
9 0.014 0.014 1●, 2●▲,
3●▲, 7●▲,
n
8●▲, 9●▲,
Dg (1): Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I; Dm (1): Skin diseases (1) / Com / E; En (2): Thyroid 11●▲, 12●▲,
diseases (2) / Alx-ext / I; Pr (1): Improving the immune system (1) / Fr-fruit / I; Rp (1): 13▲, 14●▲,
t
Juglans regia L., Juglandaceae, orah (S), Folium., Inflammation of female genital organs (1) / Inf / I; Rs (1): Bronchitis (1) / fr-fruit / I; Vr 15●▲, 17●▲,
14146 Fructus (2): For better memory / fr-fruit / I, Hair washing (it gives shine) / Inf / E 18▲
ir n
8 0.013 0.013 1▲, 2●▲,
3●▲, 4▲,
5●▲, 6●▲,
Au (2): Allergy (2) / Dec / I; Cd (1): High blood pressure / Alc-ext / I; Dg (1): 8▲, 9▲, 11▲,
Digestion (1) / Alc-ext / I; En (1): Thyroid diseases (1) / Alc-ext / I; Pr (1): Improving 13●▲, 14●▲,
Juniperus communis L., Cupressaceae, the immune system (1) / Alc-ext / I; Ur (2): Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Alc-ext / I, 16▲, 17●▲,
p
kleka (S), 14147 Fructus Urination (1) /Alc-ext / I 19▲
Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & J. 1 0.002 0.002 ◙
e
Presl, Leguminosae, majkin list (S), 14148 Folium Dg (1): Constipation (1) / Inf / I
5 0.008 0.008 3▲, 5▲, 7▲,
r
12▲, 15●▲,
Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Lamiaceae, Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Inf / I; Vr (4): Against moths (4) / Dry-pl / E; Vr (1): 16▲, 17▲,
lavanda (S), 14149 Herba For flavoring (1) / Fry-fruit/ I 18▲, 19▲
Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch.,
Apiaceae, selen (S), 14150
Lilium martagon L., Liliaceae, krin (S),
Fructus
En (2): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I, For the glands (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): For flavoring (1) / Fr-
leaf / I
3
1
0.005
0.002
e d
0.005
0.002
1▲, 17▲, 18▲
1▲, 9▲⁕,
w
14151 Flos Dm (1): Eczema (1) / Alc-ext / E 12▲⁕, 17▲⁕
Lythrum salicaria L., Lythraceae, 2 0.003 0.003 5●▲, 8▲, 17●
potočnjak, vrbičica (S), 14153 Herba Dg (2): Diarrhea (2) / Inf / I
ie
1 0.002 0.002 3▲, 9▲, 13▲,
Malus domestica Borkh., Rosaceae, jabuka 14▲, 18▲,
(S), 14154 Semen En (1): Thyroid diseases (1) / Fr-seed / I 20▲
v
4 0.006 0.006 2▲, 3▲, 6●▲,
9▲, 10▲,
e
11▲, 12▲,
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Rosaceae, divlja Fructus, Cd (3): For circulation (1) / Fr-fruit / I; High cholesterol (2) / Vin / I; Ur (1) Urinary 13▲, 17▲,
r
jabuka (S), kiselačka (B), 14155 Flos tract inflammation (1) / Inf / I 20▲
4 0.006 0.006 2▲, 3▲, 8▲,
9▲, 11▲,
r
12▲, 13▲,
Malva sylvestris L., Malvaceae, crni slez 16●▲, 17▲,
e
(S), crn slez (R), 14156 Flos Rs (4): Cough (4) / Inf / I 18▲, 20▲
Marrubium peregrinum L., Lamiaceae, Nr (1): For nerves (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Gynecological problems (outflow) (1) / Inf / I; Rs 5 0.008 0.008 5▲, 10●▲
očajnica (S), sosarica, svesičje (B), 14157 Herba (2): Bronchitis (1) / Inf / I, Cough (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown us e (1) / Inf / I
e
2 0.002 0.002 3▲, 5▲, 8▲,
Marrubium vulgare L., Lamiaceae, bela 10▲, 12▲,
p
očajnica (S), 14158 Nr (2): Depression (1) / Infg / I, Sedation (1) / Inf / I 17▲
Dg (82): Against hyperacidity (1) / Inf / I, Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I, Digestion (1) / Inf / I, 1●, 2●▲,
For the stomach (6) / Inf / I, Nausea (1) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (2) / Inf / I, Stomach 381 0.604 0.240 3●▲⁕, 4●▲,
t
troubles (70) / Inf / I; Dm (31): Burns (1) / Oil-ext / E, Eyewash (19) / Inf / E, Face wash 5●▲, 6●▲,
(2) / Inf / E, Fixing hair roots (balm for blond hair) (2) / Inf / E, For a nicer skin 7●▲, 8●▲,
complexion (2) / Com / E, Swelling of eyes (1) / Com / E, Mucosal inflammation (1) / 9●▲, 10●,
o
Com / E, Skin diseases (2) / Inf / E, Wounds (1) / Oil-ext / E; Dp (2): Blood purification
(1) / Inf / I, Detoxification (1) / Inf / I; If (43): Against infection of eyes (1) / Com / E,
n
Against infections (1) / Inf / I, High temperature (2) / Inf / I, Inflammation (9) / Inf / I,
Rinsing the oral cavity (27) / Inf / I, Rinsing the gums (2) / Inf / I; Nr (17): Insomnia (1) /
Inf / I, Sedation (16) / Inf / I; Pr (3): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (2) / Inf /
11●▲, 12●▲,
14●▲⁕, 15●▲,
16●, 17●▲,
18●▲, 19●▲,
20●▲
t
I, Improving the immune system (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Vaginal flushing (1) / Inf / E; Rs
(192): Bronchitis (1) / Inf / I, Common cold (143) / Inf / I, Cough (13) / Inf / I, Influenza
ir n
Matricaria chamomilla L., Compositae, (1) / Inf / I, Respiratory diseases (1) / Inf / I, Sore throat (34) / Inf / I; Ur (3): Kidney and
kamilica (S, B, R), podrumče (B), bela rada bladder diseases (2) / Inf / I, Urination (1) / Inf / I; Vr (7): Eye inflammation (3) / Inf /
(R), 14159 Flos E, Hair washing (1) / Inf / E, Uniknown use (3) / Inf / I (Marković et al., 2020a)
123 0.197 0.157 2●▲, 3●▲,
Au (1): Rheumatic pain (1) / Alc-ext / E, Cd (3): For the heart (1) / Inf / I, High blood 5●▲, 6●▲,
p
pressure (2) / Inf / I; Dg (11): For the stomach (2) / Inf / I, Nausea (1) / Inf / I, Stomach 8●▲, 9▲,
troubles (8) / Inf / I; Dp (1): Detoxification (1) / Inf / I; If (1): Rinsing the oral cavity 10▲, 11●▲,
(dental inflammation) (1) / Inf / I; Nr (100): For nerves (12) / Inf / I, Sclerosis (1) / Inf / 12●▲, 13●▲,
e
Melissa officinalis L., Lamiaceae, I, Sedation (87) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Common cold (1) / 14●▲, 16●▲,
matičnjak (S, B, R), matočina (S, B), Com / I, Sinusitis (for inhalation) (1) / Inf / E; Vr (3): Internal ulcers (1) / Inf / I, 17●▲, 18●▲,
Pr
14160
Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Lamiaceae,

divlja nana (S, B), 14161
Folium
Herba
Uniknown use (2) / Inf / I
Dg (12): For the stomach (2) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (3) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (7)
/ Inf / I; Dm (1): Against rash (1) / Inf / E; Nr (2): Sedation (2) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Common
cold (2) / Inf / I
17 0.027 0.026
19●▲, 20●▲
2●▲, 3●▲,
5●▲, 6●▲,
Au (1): Rheumatic pain (1) / Alc-ext / E; Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I; Dg
e d 9▲, 11●▲,
17▲, 20▲
2●▲, 3●▲,
w
(277): Bloating and gas (1) / Inf / I, Diarrhea (2) / Inf / I, Digestion (1) / Inf / I, For the 351 0.556 0.247 7●▲, 12●▲,
stomach (27) / Inf / I; Nausea (2) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (6) / Inf / I, Stomach 14●▲, 17▲,
troubles (238) / Inf / I; Dp (1): Detoxification (1) / Inf / I; Nr (21): Headache (2) / Inf / I, 18▲, 19●▲,
ie
Sedation (19) / Inf / I; Pr (3): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (3) / Inf / I; Rp (1): 20●▲
Leaking breast (1) / Com / E; Rs (41): Common cold (29) / Inf / I, Cough (3) / Inf / I,
Mentha x piperita L., Lamiaceae, mentolka Respiratory diseases (1) / I, Sore throat (8) / I; Ur (1): Urination (1) / Inf / I; Vr (4): Eye
v
(S), đoz, džodžan (S, B), nana, pitoma nana inflammation (1) / Com / E, Ulcer (swelling) on the chest (1) / Com / E; Uniknown use
(S, B, R), 14162 Folium (2) / Inf / I
2 0.003 0.003 2▲, 3▲, 5●▲,
Morus nigra L., Moraceae, dud, crni dud

(S), 14163 Folium
r
Dg (1): Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I, En (1): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I
e 8▲, 11▲,
13▲, 14▲,
15▲, 17●▲,
18▲, 20▲
r
Au (1): Allergy (1) / Inf / I; Cd (1): For the heart (1) / Inf / I; Dg (1): Stomach troubles 74 0.117 0.104 3●▲, 7▲, 8▲,
(1) / Inf / I; If (1): High temperature (1) / Inf / I; Nr (6): Sedation (6) / Inf / I; Rp (2): 11▲, 12●▲,
e
Gynecological problems (1) / Inf / I, Female genital flushing (1) / Inf / E; Rs (59): 14●▲, 16▲,
Asthma (1) / Inf / I, Common cold (12) / Inf / I, Cough (8) / Inf / I, Respiratory diseases 17●▲, 18●▲,
Ocimum basilicum L., Lamiaceae, bosiljak (3) / Inf / I, Sinusitis (for inhalation) (34) / Inf / E, Sore throat (1) / Inf / I; Vr (3): In 19●▲, 20●▲
e
(S), bosiljče (B), 14164 Herba nutrition as a spice (3) / Dry-pl / I
6 0.010 0.009 2▲, 3▲, 4●▲,
5▲, 6▲, 8▲,
Ononis spinosa L., Leguminosae, grmotrn
(S, R), zečji trn (S), 14165 Radix Kidney stone (1) / Dec / I
t p
Rp (2): Prostate disease (2) / Dec / I, Ur (4): Kidney and bladder diseases (3) / Dec / I,
39 0.062 0.058
12●▲, 14●▲⁕,
17▲
1▲, 2●▲,
3●▲, 4●,
5●▲, 6●▲,
o
7●, 8●▲,
Dg (8): For the stomach (1) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (7) / Inf / I; Dp (2): Cleansing the 9●▲, 10●▲,
n
Origanum vulgare L., Lamiaceae, body (2) / Inf / I; If (2): Antibiotic (1) / Inf / I, High temperature (1) / Inf / I; Nr (1): 11●▲, 12●▲,
vranilova trava (S, B), crnovrška, divlji Sedation (1) / Inf / I; Pr (4): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (2) / Inf / I, 13●▲, 15●,
origano, turski čaj, vranilovka (S), crni vrh, Improving the immune system (2) / Inf / I; Rs (14): Bronchitis (2) / Inf / I, Common cold 16▲, 17●▲,
t
crnovršje, origano divlji, plava nana (B), (11) / Inf / I, Respiratory diseases (1) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Urinary tract inflammation (1) / Inf 18▲, 19●,
14167 Herba / I; Vr (7): In nutrition as a spice (4) / Dry-pl / I, Uniknown use (3) / Inf / I 20▲
ir n
Paeonia peregrina Miller, Paeoniaceae, 2 0.003 0.003 ◙
božur (S), 14168 Flos Rs (1): Asthma (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
Paeonia tenuifolia L., Paeoniaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 5▲
uskolisni božur (B), 14169 Flos Vr (1): Cosmetic purposes (1) / Oil-ext / E
Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Rhamnaceae, 3 0.005 0.005 16▲, 17●▲
p
drača, draka, čalija (S), 14170 Fructus Dg (3): Diarrhea (2) / Inf / I, For the stomach (1) / Inf / I
Papaver rhoeas L., Papaveraceae, bulka, 3 0.005 0.005 5▲, 18▲, 20▲
mak (S), 14171 Flos Rs (2): Asthma (2) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Against nighttime urination (1) / Inf / I
e
Pelargonium graveolens L' Her., 1 0.002 0.002 17●. 18●
Geraniaceae, lezetra (S), 14172 Folium En (1): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I
r
Persicaria bistorta (L.) Samp.,
Polygonaceae, srčenjak (S), 14181
P
Rhizoma
Ca (4): Cancerous diseases (4) / Dec, Dry-rh / I; Cd (4): Anemia (1) / Dec / I, Cardiac
diseases (1) / Dec / I, For the heart (anti-arrhythmic) (1) / Dec / I, Hemorrhoids (1) / Dec /
I; Dg (5): Colon inflammation (1) / Dec / I, Diarrhea (2) / Dec / I, Gastric and duodenal
15 0.024 0.023
2●▲, 3●, 4●▲
ulcer (1) / Dec / I, Stomach diseases (1) / Dec / I; Rs (1): Cough (1) / Dec / I; Vr (1):
Anti-hemorrhage (1) / Dec / I
Ca (1): Breast cancer (1) / Com / E; Cd (1): For circulation (1) / Inf / I; Dm (1): Acne 42 0.067
e d
0.062 3▲, 6▲, 7●▲,
w
(1) / Inf / E; Rp (5): For ovaries (1) / Inf / I, Gynecological problems (1) / Inf / I, 11▲, 12▲,
Prostate disease (3) / Inf / I; Ur (33): Kidney and bladder diseases (12) / Inf / I, Kidney 13●▲, 14●▲,
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss., diseases (3) / Inf / I, Kidney stone (1) / Inf / I, Urinary infections (1) / Inf / I, Urinary tract 17●▲, 18●,
ie
Apiaceae, peršun (S, B), 14173 Folium inflammation (16) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I 19●, 20●▲
2 0.003 0.003 1▲, 9▲, 11●,
13▲, 14▲,
v
Phaseolus vulgaris L., Leguminosae, pasulj 17●▲, 18▲,
čučavac (S), 14174 Legumen En (2): Diabetes (2) / Inf / I 20▲
Physalis alkekengi L., Solanaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 2▲, 5▲, 12▲,
ljoskavac (S), 14175
Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae, anis (S),
14176
Fructus
Fructus
Ca (1): Breast cancer (1) / Fr-fruit / I
Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I
r e 1
1
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002
15▲, 18▲
3▲, 11▲
3▲, 5▲, 11▲,
r
13▲, 15▲,
Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, Pinaceae, crni bor 17▲, 20▲
e
(S), 14177 Turio En (1): Thyroid diseases (1) / Inf / I
Cd (1): High cholesterol (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Dg (13): Digestion (1) / Fr-leaf / I, For the 1●▲, 2●▲,
stomach (8) / Fr-leaf / I, Gastric and duodenal ulcer (1) / Fr-leaf / I, Gastric ulcer (2) / 101 0.160 0.135 3●▲, 4●▲,
e
Fr-leaf / I, Stomach troubles (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Dm (67): Burns (1) / Fr-leaf / E, Cuts (1) / 6●▲, 7●, 8▲,
Fr-leaf / E, For heels (in shoes) (1) / Fr-leaf / E, Purulent abscesses (1) / Com / E, Skin 9▲, 10●,
diseases (1) / Fr-leaf / E, Swelling (1) / Com / E, Ulcers (8) / Com, Fr-leaf /E, Wounds
p
11●▲, 12●▲,
(53) / Com, Fr-leaf / E; If (1): Purulent infections (1) / Fr-leaf / E; Rp (2): Leaking breast 13●▲, 14●▲,
Plantago major L., Plantaginaceae, (1) / Com / E, Menstrual problems (eat one fresh leaf for one day) (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Rs 15●▲, 17●▲,
t
parabica, živovlak, živovlak širi listovi (S), (15): Bronchitis (2) / Syr / I, Common cold (1) / Inf / I, Cough (12) / Syr / I; Ur (1): 18●▲, 19●,
bokvica (S, B, R), žilovlak (S, B, R), 14178 Folium Urination (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Ulcer (swelling) on the chest (1) / Fr-leaf / E 20●▲
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce, 1 0.002 0.002 2▲, 4▲, 5▲,
o
Asparagaceae, kičmenjača (B), 14179 Rhizoma Au (1): Pain along the spine (1) / Alc-ext / E 12▲
7 0.011 0.011 3▲, 4▲, 5●▲,
n
10▲, 11▲,
Polygonum aviculare L., Polygonaceae, En (1): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I; Rp (3): Prostate disease (3) / Inf / I; Ur (2): Kidney and 12●, 14●▲,
troskot (S, R), 14180 Herba bladder diseases (1), Kidney stone (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I 17●▲, 18▲
t
Polypodium vulgare L., Polypodiaceae, 2 0.003 0.003 17▲
slatka paprat (S), 14182 Rhizoma Au (1): Allergy (1) / Dec / I; En (1): Diabetes (1) / Dec / I
ir n
Potentilla argentea L., Rosaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 5▲
petoprsnica (S), 14184 Herba Vr (1): Against fear (1) / Inf / I
Potentilla reptans L., Rosaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 3▲, 5▲, 12▲
petoprsnica polegla (S), 14185 Herba Ur (1): Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Inf / I
1●▲, 4●▲,
p
61 0.097 0.087 6●, 7●, 9▲,
Primula veris L., Primulaceae, jagorčevina Cd (2): Diseases of the blood vessels (1) / Inf / I, For the heart (1) / Inf / I; Dm (1): 10▲, 11●▲,
(S, R), jaglika (S); jagliče, igliče, žuto Burns (1) / Oil-ext / E; Pr (1): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (1) / Inf / I; Rs 12●▲, 13●,
e
jagličje, gorčevina (B), igličje (B, R), (57): Asthma (5) / Inf / I, Bronchitis (6) / Inf / I, Common cold (5) / Inf / I, Cough (40) / 17●, 19●▲,
r
igličica (R), 14186 Flos Inf / I, Influenza (1) / Inf / I 20●▲
Prunus armeniaca L., Rosaceae, kajsija 2 0.003 0.003 14▲, 17●,
(S), 14187 Semen Dp (1): Blood purification (1) / Fr-seed / I; Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Fr-seed / I 19▲
P
Prunus avium (L.) L., Rosaceae, trešnja 1 0.002 0.002 1●, 2▲, 5▲,
(S), 14188 Petiolus Ur (1): Kidney stone (1) / Inf / I 7▲, 10▲,
e d 11▲, 12▲,
14▲, 16▲,
17▲, 18▲,
w
20▲
Prunus cerasus L., Rosaceae, višnja (S), Folium, 2 0.003 0.003 6▲, 9▲, 12▲,
14189 Petiolus Rp (1): Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Inf / I 14▲, 18▲
ie
Au (1): Allergy with cough (rhinitis) (1) / Dec / I; Cd (32): Anemia (6) / Dec / I, For 50 0.079 0.073 2▲, 3▲, 4●▲,
circulation (2) / Dec / I, High blood pressure (15) / Dec / I, High cholesterol (1) / Dec / I, 7●, 9▲, 10●,
Improving circulation (1) / Dec / I, Strengthening the heart (7) / Dec / I; Dg (2): 11●▲, 12●▲,
v
Constipation (1) / Inf / I, Diarrhea (1) / Inf / I; Dm (1): Inflammation of the gums (1) / 13▲, 17●,
Cortex, Dec / I; En (2): Diabetes (2) / Dec / I; Pr (6): Improving the immune system (5) / Dec / I; 18●▲, 20●▲
Prunus spinosa L., Rosaceae, trnjina (S), Flos, Source of vitamin C (1) / Dec / I; Rs (4): Common cold (4) / Dec / I; Ur (1): Kidney and
trn (S, B), 14190
Pulmonaria officinalis L., Boraginaceae,
crvena medunika, medunika, plućnjak (S),
meduniče, siskavče (B), 14191
Fructus
Folium
bladder diseases (1) / Dec / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Dec / I
r
Rs (10): Cough (10) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Dec / I
e 11 0.017 0.017 3▲, 11▲,
12▲, 14●▲,
17▲, 19▲
r
Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill., Rosaceae, Cortex, 2 0.003 0.003 20▲
divlja kruška ječmenka (S), 14192 Fructus Cd (1): High cholesterol (1) / Dec / I; Rs (1): Cough (1) / Dec / I
e
Au (1): Gout (1) Dec / I; Cd (40): For circulation (1) / Dec / I, High blood pressure 51 0.081 0.074 4▲, 6●, 7●,
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd., Rosaceae, Cortex, (12) / Dec , Inf / I, High cholesterol (27) / Dec, Inf / I; Dg (1): Constipation (1) / Dec / I; 9▲, 12●▲,
divlja kruška (S, B, R), divlja kruška Folium, Dp (1): Blood purification (1) / Dec / I; En (5): Diabetes (5) / Dec / I; If (2): High 13▲, 20▲
e
slanopdža (S) Fructus temperature (2) / Dec / I; Vr (1): Tingling in the hands (1) / Alc-ext / E
Quercus cerris L., Fagaceae, cer, granica, Cortex, Dm (1): Gangrene (1) / Dec / I; If (1): Rinsing of the throat (1) / Dec / I; Rs (1): 3 0.005 0.005 3▲, 5▲, 9▲,
hrast cer (S), 14194 Succus Bronchitis (1) / Fr-juice / I
p
12●▲, 13▲
3▲, 5▲, 11▲,
Cd (2): High cholesterol (2) / Dr-seed / I; Dg (1): Against hyperacidity (1) / Inf / I; Rs 11 0.017 0.017 12●▲, 14●▲,
t
Robinia pseudoacacia L., Leguminosae, Flos, (6): Bronchitis (2) / Inf / I, Common cold (1) / Inf / I, Cough (3) / Inf / I; Vr (2): In 15●, 16▲, 17●,
bagrem (S), 14196 Semen nutrition (2) / Dry-seed / I 18●, 20▲
1●▲, 2●▲,
n o
Cd (4): High blood pressure (3) / Dec, Alc-ext / I, Myocardium and heart valves (1) /
Inf / I; Dg (6): Diarrhea (1) / Dec / I, Digestion (1) / Dec / I, For the stomach (1) / Dec /
I, Gastric and duodenal ulcer (1) / Dec / I, Stomach troubles (1) / Dec / I; Pr (43):
132 0.209 0.166 3▲, 4●▲, 5▲,
6●▲, 7●▲,
8●▲, 9●▲,
10▲, 11●▲,
12●▲, 13●▲,
t
Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (5) / Dec / I, Improving the immune system (2) / 14●▲, 15●▲,
Dec / I, Source of vitamin C (36) / Dec / I; Rs (78): Common cold (68) / Dec / I, Cough 16▲, 17●▲,
ir n
Rosa canina L., Rosaceae, šipurak, šipak, Flos, (3) / Dec / I, Influenza (7) / Dec / I; Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Dec / I (Marković et al., 18●▲, 19●▲,
divlja ruža (S, B, R), 14197 Fructus 2020b) 20●▲
Au (5): Rheumatic pain (4) / Com, Alc-ext / E, Swelling of joints (1) / Com / E; Cd (1): 3▲, 12●▲,
Strengthening the heart (1) / Alc-ext / I; Dg (1): Stomach diseases (1) / Inf / I; Nr (2): 14 0.022 0.022 16▲, 17▲,
Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae Headache (1) / Com / E; Sedation (1) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Common cold (1) / Inf / I, 18▲, 19▲
p
ruzmarin (S, R), 14198 Folium Cough (1) / Inf / I; Vr (3): In nutrition as a spice (3) / Dry-leaf / I
Rubia tinctorium L., Rubiaceae, broć (S), 1 0.002 0.002 11▲
14199 Rhizoma Rp (1): Abortion for women (1) / Alc-ext / I
e
20 0.032 0.031 1▲⁕, 2▲⁕,
r
Cd (1): For the heart (1) / Inf / I; Dg (3): Diarrhea (2) / Inf / I, Gastric and duodenal 3●▲⁕, 4●▲⁕,
ulcer (1) / Inf / I; Pr (4): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (2) / Inf / I, 5●▲, 6●▲⁕,
Substitution for Chinese tea (2) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Menstrual bleeding (1) / Inf / I; Rs (10): 7●▲⁕, 9▲⁕,
Rubus caesius L., Rosaceae, divlja kupina, Folium, Common cold (2) / Inf / I, Cough (6) / Inf / I; Sore throat (2) / Fr-fruit / I; Ur (1): 10●▲⁕,
P
kupina (S), diva kupina (B), 14200 Fructus Urinary tract inflammation (1) / Inf / I
11●▲⁕, 12▲⁕,
e d 13●▲⁕,
1●7▲⁕, 18▲⁕,
19▲⁕, 20●▲⁕
w
5 0.008 0.008 1▲, 2▲, 3▲,
4▲, 5▲, 7▲,
9▲, 11▲,
ie
12▲, 14▲,
Rubus idaeus L., Rosaceae, malina (S), Pr (3): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (1) / Inf / I, Substitution for Chinese tea 17●▲, 18▲,
14201 Folium (2) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Prostate disease (1) / Inf / I; Rs (1): Cough (1) / Inf / I 20▲
v
Rumex acetosella L., Polygonaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 3▲
kiseljak (S), 14202 Folium Vr (1): In nutrition (1) / Fr-leaf / I
Rumex patientia L., Polygonaceae, 3 0.005 0.005 3▲, 6▲, 11▲,
livadsko zelje, poljsko zelje, štavljak (S),
14203
Ruscus aculeatus L., Asparagaceae, divlji

Folium
Rhizoma
cum
r
Dg (2): Diarrhea (2) / Inf / I; Vr (1): In nutrition / Fr-leaf / I
Ca (2): Leukemia (1) / Alc-ext / I, Lymph gland cancer (1) / Alc-ext / I; Rp (1):
e 3 0.005 0.005
13▲, 17●▲,
18●▲, 20●▲
2▲, 16▲
r
šimšir, kostrika, šimšir (S), 14204 radicibus Gynecology diseases (1) / Alc-ext / I
3 0.005 0.005 3▲, 4●▲, 5▲,
e
6▲, 10▲,
11▲, 12▲,
Salix alba L., Salicaceae, bela vrba (S), Cortex, Dm (3): Wounds (1) / Oil-ext / E; If (1): High temperature (1) / Dec / I; Rs (1): 14▲, 17▲,
e
vrba (B), 14205 Flos Influenza (1) / Dec / I; 20▲
Salvia nemorosa L., govnjar (S), 2 0.003 0.003 ◙
govnjarnik (B), 14206 Folium Dg (1): Stomach troubles (1) / Inf / I; Rs (1): Sore throat (1) / Inf / I
t p
Au (1): Rheumatic pain (1) / Alc-ext / E; Dg (7): For appetite (1) / Inf / I, For the
stomach (3) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (1) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (2) / Inf / I; Dm
(2): Subcutaneous bags (1) / Fr-leaf / E, Wounds (1) / Fr-leaf / E; Dp (2): Cleansing the
body (2) / Inf / I; En (1): Supports the work of the glands with internal secretion (1) /
Alc-ext / I; If (126): Against Escherichia coli (1) / Inf / I, Against infections (1) / Inf / I,
176 0.279 0.201 1●▲, 3●▲,
5●▲, 7▲,
11●▲, 12●▲,
14●▲, 15●,
16▲, 17●▲,
o
Antiseptic (1) / Inf / I, Disinfection (1) / Inf / I, Flushing of gums (toothache) (2) / Inf / I, 18●, 19●▲,
Inflammation (7) / Inf / I, Rinsing the oral cavity (113) / Alc-ext, Inf / I, Nr (8): For 20●
n
nerves (1) / Inf / I, For the nervous system (1) / Inf / I, Headache (1) / Inf / I, Sedation
(5) / Inf / I; Pr (2): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (1) / Inf / I, Improving the
immune system (1) / Inf / I; Rp (1): Inflammation of female genital organs (1) / Inf / I;
t
Rs (22): Common cold (2) / Inf / E, Cough (3) / Inf / E; Cough (1) / Alc-ext / E;
Respiratory diseases (1) / Inf / E, Sinusitis (for inhalation) (3) / Inf / E, Sore throat (12) /
ir n
Inf / E; Ur (3): Flushing the urinary tract (1) / Inf / I, Kidney and bladder diseases (1) /
Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae, kalaver Inf / I, Urinary tract inflammation (1) / Inf / I; Vr (1): Against night perspiration (1) / Inf /
(S), žalfija (S, R), kaloper (B), 14207 Folium I
Salvia sclarea L., Lamiaceae, mečje uši 1 0.002 0.002 ◙
(B), 14208 Folium Dm (1): Wounds (1) / Fr-leaf / I
p
1 0.002 0.002 3▲, 4▲, 5▲,
9▲, 11▲,
Sambucus ebulus L., Adoxaceae, burjan 17▲, 18▲,
e
(S), 14209 Folium Dm (1): Insect bite (1) / Fr-leaf / E 20▲
123 0.195 0.157 1▲, 2●▲,
Pr
Sambucus nigra L., Adoxaceae, zova,
bazovka (S), bz (S, B), 14210
Flos,
Cortex
Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I; Dg (2): Stomach troubles (2) / Inf / I; Dm (2):
Burns (1) / Oil-ext / E, Wounds (1) / Oil-ext / E; En (1): Secretion of glands (1) / Inf / I;
If (3): High temperature (3) / Inf / I; Nr (2): Sedation (2) / Inf / I; Pr (3): For perspiration
(3) / Inf / I; Rs (108): Bronchitis (10) / Inf / I, Common cold (65) / I, Cough (30) / I,
3●▲, 4●▲,
5●▲, 6●▲,
7●, 8●, 9●▲,
10●▲, 11●▲,
Influenza (1) / Inf / I, Respiratory diseases (2) / I; Ur (1): Urinary tract inflammation (1) /
Inf / I
e d 12●▲, 13●▲,
14●▲, 16●▲,
17●▲, 18●▲,
w
19●▲, 20●▲
Sanicula europaea L., Apiaceae, milogled 1 0.002 0.002 4▲, 17▲
(S), 14211 Herba Vr (1): Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
ie
Saponaria officinalis L., Caryophyllaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 3▲, 5▲, 8●▲,
sapunjača (S), 14213 Herba Rs (1): Cough (1) / Inf / I 16▲, 17▲
Satureja hortensis L., Lamiaceae, čubrika En (1): Diabetes (1) / Inf / I; Pr (1): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (1) / Inf / 8 0.013 0.013 12●▲, 17▲
v
(S. B), čubrica, čubrilo (S), 14097 Herba I; Vr (14): In nutrition as a spice (5) / Dry-pl / I; Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I
Cd (1): For the heart (1) / Inf / I; Dg (4): Digestion (1) / Inf / I, For the stomach (1) / 1▲, 3▲,
e
Inf / I, Gastric ulcer (2) / Inf / I; Nr (1): Sedation (1) / Inf / I; Pr (6): Disease 70 0.111 0.099 10●▲⁕, 11●▲,
prevention (coffee replacement) (6) / Inf / I, Improving the immune system (1) / Inf / I; 12●▲, 13▲,
r
Rp (1): Aphrodisiac (1) / Inf / I; Rs (49): Asthma (1) / Inf / I, Bronchitis (5) / Inf / I, 16●▲, 17●▲,
Satureja montana L., Lamiaceae, rtanjski Common cold (24) / Inf / I, Cough (6) / Inf / I, Respiratory diseases (10) / Inf / I, Sore 20▲
čaj, divlja čubrika (S, B), 14214 Herba throat (3) / Inf / I; Vr (8): Uniknown use (8) / Inf / I
r
Scilla bifolia L., Asparagaceae, plavo oko 1 0.002 0.002 ◙
(S), 14215 Bulbus Rs (1): Chest pain (1) / Com / E
e
Sedum album L., Crassulaceae, oriz, 14216 Herba Cd (2): Hemorrhoids (2) / Com / E 2 0.003 0.003
Sedum spectabile Boreau, Crassulaceae, Dg (5): Colorectal disease (1), Digestion (1), For the stomach (2), Gastric and duodenal 12 0.019 0.019 12●
debela koka (S, B), dobra koka, kravlje ulcer (1); Dm (5): Corns and calluses (1) Fr-leaf / E, Purulent abscesses (1) / Fr-leaf /
e
sise, zečje uši (S), 14217 Folium E, Ulcers (2) / Fr-leaf / E, Wounds (2) / Fr-leaf /E; Nr (1): Sedation (1) / Fr-leaf / I
Ca (2): Cancerous diseases (2) / Fr-leaf / I; Cd (1): Varicose veins (1) / Alc-ext / E; Dg 1●, 2●▲, 3▲,
p
(3): For the stomach (2) / Fr-leaf / I, Gastric ulcer (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Dm (6): Corns and 45 0.071 0.066 6●▲, 7●▲,
calluses (1) / Fr-juice / E, Ulcers (1) Fr-juice / E, Wart on hand (1) / Fr-juice / E, 10●▲, 11●▲,
Sempervivum tectorum L., Crassulaceae, Wounds (3) / Fr-juice / E; If (29): Ear inflammation (29) / Fr-juice / I; Pr (1): Improving 13●, 14●▲,
t
čuvarkuća (S, B, R), slonovo uvo (S), the immune system (1) / Fr-leaf / I; Rs (2): Bronchitis (1) / Fr-leaf / I, Sore throat (1) /Fr- 17●▲, 18●▲,
14218 Folium leaf / I; Vr (1): Against pain in legs (1) / Alc-ext / E 19●▲, 20●▲
Seseli rigidum Waldst. & Kit., Apiaceae, 2 0.003 0.003 ◙
devetosilj (S), 14219
Sorbus domestica L., Rosaceae, oskoruša
(S), 14221
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis., Lamiaceae,
ranilist (S), 14222
Radix
Fructus
Herba
n o
Dm (1): Wounds (1) / Com / E; Ca (1): Cancerous diseases (1) / Alc-ext / I
Rs (1): Cough (1) / Dec / I
Cd (2): For the heart (1) / Inf / I, Dm (1): Wounds (1) / Inf / I
1
2
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.003
2▲, 5▲, 12▲,
17▲
2●▲, 3▲, 4▲,
5▲
Stellaria graminea L., Caryophyllaceae,
bela mišjakinja (B), 14223
ir n
Symphytum officinale L., Boraginaceae,
gavez, crni gavez (S), 14224
Syringa vulgaris L., Oleaceae, jorgovan,
Herba
Rhizoma
tRs (2): Cough (2) / Inf / I
Au (7): Joint cell recovery (1) / Com / E, Joint pain (1) / Com / E, Rheumatic pain (3) /
Com / E, Swelling of joints (2) / Com / E; Dm (6): Gangrene (1) / Oil-ext / E, Injuries
(bandaging on bone) (1) / Oil-ext / E, Swellings (bandaging on bone) / Oil-ext / E,
Wounds (3) Oil-ext / E
2
13
1
0.003
0.021
0.002
0.003
0.020
0.002
◙
2●▲, 3●▲,
5●▲, 6●, 7●,
19●
12●▲, 18▲,
p
ljiljak (S), 14225 Flos Au (1): Rheumatic pain (1) / Alc-ext / E 20▲
Au (1): Psoriasis (1) / Fr-juice / E; Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Dec / I; Dg (2): For 2●, 3●▲, 4▲,
the stomach (1) / Dec / I, Stomach troubles (1) / Dec / I; Dm (2): For scratches (1) / Fr- 49 0.078 0.072 5●▲, 6●▲,
e
leaf / E, Wart on hand (1) / Fr-juice / E; Dp (5): Cleansing the body (3) / Dec / I, Liver 7●▲, 8●,
r
cleanse (2) / Dec / I; En (7): Bile diseases (1) / Dec / I, Diabetes (4) / Dec / I, Liver 9●▲, 10●▲,
Flos, diseases (2) / Dec / I; Pr (1): Improving the immune system (1) / Dec / I; Rp (2): 11●▲, 12●,
Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund, Succus, Inflammation of female genital organs (1) / Dec / I, Prostate disease (1) / Dec / I; Rs (5): 13●▲, 14●▲,
P
Compositae, maslačak (S, B, R), 14224 Radix Bronchitis (2) / Syr / I, Common cold (1) / Dec / I, Cough (1) / Syr / I, Cough (1) / Dec / 15●▲, 16▲,
I; Ur (2): Kidney and bladder diseases (1) / Dec / I, Urination (1) / Dec / I; Vr (21): In
nutrition as a salad (15) / Fr-leaf / I, Massage of the legs (1) / Alc-ext / E, Uniknown use
(5) / Dec / I
e d 17●▲, 18●▲,
19●▲, 20●▲
w
Cd (2): For circulation (1) / Inf / I, Low blood pressure (1) / Inf / I; Dg (45): Diarrhea 2●, 3●▲, 5▲,
(3) / Inf / I, For appetite (1) / Inf / I, For the stomach (14) / Inf / I, Heartburn (pyrosis) 56 0.089 0.081 7●, 11●▲,
(1) / Inf / I, Nausea in the stomach (1) / Inf / I, Stomach diseases (4) / Inf / I, Stomach 12●▲, 17▲,
ie
troubles (21) / Inf / I; En (5): Bile diseases (1) / Inf / I, Diabetes (4) / Inf / I; Rp (1): 18▲, 19▲,
Teucrium chamaedrys L., Lamiaceae, Gynecological problems (1) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Chest pain (2) / Inf / E; Ur (1): Urinary 20▲
podubica (S, B), parabica (S), 14228 Herba tract inflammation (1) / Inf / I
v
Dg (4): For appetite (1) / Inf / I, For the stomach (1) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (2) / Inf / 14 0.022 0.022 2●▲, 3▲,
I; Dp (1): Cleansing the body (1) / Inf / I; Nr (1): Sedation (1) / Inf / I; Pr (5): Disease 4●▲, 7●, 10●,
prevention (coffee replacement) (1) / Inf / I, For metabolism (1) / Inf / Improving the 12●▲, 14●▲,
Teucrium montanum L., Lamiaceae, trava
iva, iva (S), 14229 Herba (2) ( Inf / I
r e
immune system (3) / Inf / I; Ur (1): Kidney diseases (1) / Inf / I; Vr (2): Uniknown use
Cd (5): For the heart (3) / Inf / I, High blood pressure (2) / Inf / I; Dg (26): Digestive
diseases (1) / Inf / I, For the stomach (7) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (18) / Inf / I; En (2):
359 0.569 0.246
17▲, 19●,
20▲
1▲⁕, 2●▲,
3●▲⁕, 4●⁕,
r
Diabetes (1) / Inf / I, Thyroid diseases (1) / Inf / I, If (7): Antiseptic (1) / Inf / I, High 5▲⁕, 6●▲⁕,
temperature (3) / Inf / I, Inflammation (1) / Inf / I, Rinsing the oral cavity (1) / Inf / I; Nr 7●▲⁕, 8●▲⁕,
e
(50): Epilepsy (1) / Inf / I, Filling the pillow against insomnia (1) / Dry-pl / I, For good 9●⁕, 10●▲⁕,
sleep (1) / Inf / I, For nerves (3) / Inf / I, Headache (2) / Inf / I; Sedation (42) / Inf / I; Pr
11●▲⁕,
(22): Disease prevention (coffee replacement) (19) / Inf / I; Improving the immune
e
system (3) / Alc-ext, Inf / I; Rp (1): Menstrual pains (1) / Inf / I; Rs (235): Asthma (2) / 12●▲⁕, 13●⁕,
Inf / I, Bronchitis (11) / Inf / I, Common cold (149) / Inf / I, Cough (59) / Inf / I; Cough 14●▲⁕, 15●⁕,
17●▲, 18●▲,
p
Thymus spp., Lamiaceae, babina dušica (S, (1) / Alc-ext / I; Influenza (1) / Inf / I, Respiratory diseases (5) / Inf / I, Sore throat (7) /
B), dušičina (S), majčina dušica (S, B, R), Inf / I; Ur (2): Kidney and bladder diseases (2) / Inf / I; Vr (10): Improving hearing (2) 19●▲⁕,
14290 Herba / Inf / I, In nutrition as a spice (5) / Dry-pl / I, Uniknown use (3) / Inf / I 20●▲⁕
t
1●▲, 2●▲,
117 0.185 0.151 3▲⁕, 5●⁕,
o
6●⁕, 7●, 8●▲,
Dg (1): Stomach troubles (1) / Inf / I; If (3): High temperature (3) / Inf / I; Nr (21): For 10●▲, 11▲⁕,
12●, 13●▲,
n
nerves (1) / Inf / I, Insomnia (2) / Inf / I, Sedation (18) / Inf / I; Pr (3): Disease prevention
(coffee replacement) (3) / Inf / I; Rs (86): Asthma (1) / Inf / I, Bronchitis (2) / Inf / I, 14●▲⁕, 15●⁕,
Common cold (70) / Inf / I, Cough (9) / Inf / I, Sinusitis (for inhalation) (2) / Inf / E, Sore 16●▲⁕, 17●▲,
t
Tilia cordata Miller, Malvaceae, lipa (S, B, throat (2) / Inf / I; Vr (3): Causing perspiration (1) / Inf / I, For making yeast (1) / Fr-fl / 18●▲, 19●▲,
R), 14231 Flos E, Uniknown use (1) / Inf / I 20●▲⁕
ir n
Tribulus terrestris L., Zygophyllaceae, 4 0.006 0.006 5▲
babin zub (S), 14232 Herba Cd (3): Hemorrhoids (3) / Mac / I; Rp (1): Aphrodisiac (1) / Mac / I
1●▲, 2●▲,
43 0.068 0.064 3●▲, 4●, 5▲,
6●, 7●, 8▲,
Cd (1): For the heart (1) / Inf / I; Dm (4): Painful places on the skin (1) / Com / E, 9▲, 11▲,
e p
Tussilago farfara L., Compositae, podbel
(S, B), svlak (S), 14233
Typha latifolia L., Typhaceae, bambus (S),
Flos,
Folium
Wounds (3) / Com, Fr-leaf / E; Nr (1): Depression (1) / Inf / I; Rs (37): Asthma (6) / Inf
/ I, Bronchitis (6) / Inf / I, Cough (23) / Inf / I, Cough (1) / Com / E, Sore throat (1) / Inf /
I
1 0.002 0.002
12●▲, 14●▲,
16●▲, 17●▲,
18●▲, 19●
11▲, 20▲
r
14234 Radix Dm (1): Burns (1) / Oil-ext /E
Ulmus spp,, Ulmaceae, brest (S), 14235
Cortex,
Folium Dm (2): Urinary tract inflammation (2) / Dec, Inf / I
2 0.003
e d
0.003 1▲, 2▲⁕,
5▲⁕, 11▲⁕,
12▲⁕, 13▲
w
Au (5): Allergy (3) / Inf / I, Rheumatic pain (2) / Fr-pl / E; Cd (131): Anemia (123): 206 0.326 0.220 1▲, 2●▲,
Dry-seed, Inf / I, For circulation (5) / Inf / I, For the heart (2) / Inf / I, Hemorrhoids (1) / 3●▲, 4●▲,
ie
Dec / I; Dg (6): Digestion (2) / Inf / I, For appetite (1) / Inf / I, For the stomach (1) / Inf / 5●▲, 6●▲,
I, Stomach diseases (1) / Inf / I, Stomach troubles (1) / Inf / I; Dm (11): Anti-dandruff (1) 7●▲, 8●▲,
/ Inf / E, Fixing hair roots (balm for dark hair) (2) / Inf / E, Strengthening hair roots (7) / 9●▲, 10●▲,
Dec, Inf / E, Wounds (1) / Com / E; Dp (4): Blood purification (3) / Inf / I, Cleansing the 11●▲, 12▲,
v
body (1) / Inf / I; En (2): Diabetes (2) / Inf / I; If (2): Herpes zoster (1) / Inf / I, 13●▲, 14●▲,
Inflammation (1) / Inf / I; Nr (1): Fainting (1) / Inf / I; Pr (35): Disease prevention 15●▲, 16●▲,
e
(coffee replacement) (2) / Inf / I, Improving the immune system (33) / Alc-ext, Dec, Inf / 17●▲, 18●▲,
Folium, I; Rp (3): Cysts on the ovaries (1) / Dec / I, Painful menstruation (1) / Inf / I, Prostate 19●▲, 20●▲
r
Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae, kopriva (S, B, Radix, disease (1) / Inf / I; Rs (2): Common cold (2) / Inf / I; Vr (4): Against pain in legs (1) /
R), 14236 Semen Com / E, Anti-hemorrhage (1) / Inf / I, Uniknown use (2) / Inf / I
23 0.036 0.035 1●▲, 2●▲,
er
Cd (3): Anemia (2) / Fr-fruit / I, Hemorrhoids (1) / Com / E; Dp (1): Blood purification
(1) / Fr-fruit / I; Pr (2): Improving the immune system (2) / Fr-fruit / I; Rp (2): Prostate
3▲, 4●▲,
6●▲, 7▲, 8▲,
9●▲, 11●▲,
12●, 14●▲,
16▲, 17●▲,
e
Vaccinium myrtillus L., Ericaceae, Fructus, disease (2) / Fr-fruit / I; Ur (15): Kidney and bladder diseases (8) / Inf / I, Kidney stone 18●▲, 19●▲,
borovnica (S, B), 14237 Folium (3) / Inf / I, Urinary tract inflammation (4) / Inf / I; 20●▲
p
En (2): Bile diseases (1) / Fr-fruit / I, Diabetes / Fr-fruit / I; If (1): Against Escherichia 29 0.046 0.044 2●▲, 7●,
coli (antibiotic) (1) / Fr-fruit / I; Pr (1): Improving the immune system (1) / Fr-fruit / I; 11●▲, 12●,
Rp (4): Prostate disease (4) / Inf / I; Ur (21): Kidney and bladder diseases (7) / Inf / I, 14●▲, 17●,
t
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., Ericaceae, Fructus, Kidney diseases (1) / Inf / I, Kidney sand (1) / Inf / I, Kidney stone (1) / Inf / I, Urinary 19●▲
brusnica (S, B), 14238 Folium tract inflammation (11) / Inf / I
o
2 0.003 0.003 2●▲, 3●▲,
4▲, 5●▲,
12●▲, 14▲,
n
Valeriana officinalis L., Caprifoliaceae, 16▲, 17▲,
valerijana, macina trava (S), 14239 Rhizoma Nr (2): Sedation (2) / Alc-ext / I 19●
Veratrum album L., Melanthiaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 11▲, 17▲,
čemerika (S), 14240
ir n
Rhizoma
tDm (1): Skin diseases (scabies and pediculosis) (1) / Alc-ext / E
8 0.013 0.013
20▲
1▲, 2▲⁕,
3●▲, 4▲⁕,
5▲, 7●▲⁕,
8▲⁕, 11▲,
12▲, 14●▲,
16●▲⁕,
p
Verbascum spp., Scrophulariaceae, Flos, Au (1): Swelling (gout) (1) / Com / E; Ca (1): Lung cance r (1) / Inf / I; Cd (1): For the
divizma, lopen (S), 14241 Folium heart (1) / Inf / I; Dm (1): Wounds (1) / Oil-ext / E; Rs (4): Cough (4) / Inf / I 17●▲⁕, 18▲⁕
Verbena officinalis L., Verbenaceae, 1 0.002 0.002 2▲, 5▲, 8▲
e
vrbena (S), 14242 Herba Ca (1): Cysts on the breast (1) ( Inf / I
1 0.002 0.002 2▲, 3▲⁕, 4▲,
Pr
Veronica officinalis L., Plantaginaceae,
čestoslavica (S), 14243 Herba Cd (1): High cholesterol (1) / Inf / I
5▲⁕, 10▲,
11▲
Viola odorata L., Violaceae, ljubičica (S), Rs (6): Bronchitis (2) / Dec, Inf / I; Common cold (2) / Dec / I, Cough (2) / Inf / I; Vr (1):
7 0.011
e d
0.011 3▲, 4●, 9▲,
12●▲, 13▲,
17●▲, 18●▲,
w
14244 Flos, Radix Uniknown use (1) / Dec / I 20▲
1 0.002 0.002 2●▲, 3▲,
Viola tricolor L., Violaceae, daninoć (S), 4●▲, 5▲, 17●,
ie
14245 Herba Dm (1): Skin diseases (acne and piples) (1) / Inf / E 18▲
18 0.029 0.028 1▲, 3●▲, 6▲,
7▲, 9▲,
v
Cd (2): For circulation (1) / Inf / I, High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I, Dg (1): Stomach 11●▲, 12●▲,
troubles (1) / Inf / I; En (2): Diabetes (2) / Inf / I; Rp (2): Prostate disease (2) / Inf / I; Ur 14▲, 16▲,
(11) / Kidney and bladder diseases (4) / Inf / I, Kidney diseases (2) / Inf / I, Kidney stone 17●▲, 18●▲,
a
Zea mays L., Poaceae, kukuruz (S), 14246 Stigmata
r e
(3) / Inf / I, Proteins in the urine (1) / Inf / I, Urinary tract inflammation (1) / Inf / I
Form: Alc-ext – extract in alcohol, Com – compress, Dec – decoction, Dry-leaf – dry leaf, Dry-pl – dry plant, Dry-rh – dry rhizome, Dry-tub – dry tubers, Fr-bulb – fresh bulb,
19▲, 20●▲
Fr-fl – fresh flower; Fr-leaf – fresh leaf, Fr-juice – fresh juice, Fr-pl – fresh plant, Fr-seed – fresh seed, fr-tuber – fresh tubers, Inf – infusion, Mac – macerate in water, Oil-ext – oil
extract, Syr – syrup, Vin – vinegar.
b
c U:
Administration codes: I - Internal, E - External
total number of use - reports per species
er
e
d UV – use-value of species
p
e Groups of diseases: Au – autoimmune diseases, Ca – cancerous diseases, Cd – cardiovascular, Dg – digestive, Dm – dermatology, Dp – depurative, En – endocrinology, If –
infectious, Nr – nervous system diseases, Pr – preventive, Rp – reproductive, Rs – respiratory, Ur – urinary, Vr - various
t
fNumbers refer to the following study areas (references): 1. Northern Albanian Alps (Pieroni et al., 2005), 2. Kopaonik Mt. (Jarić et al., 2007), 3. Middle, south and west Bosnia
and Herzegovina (Šarić Kundalić et al, 2010), 4. Prokletije Mts. (Menković et al., 2011), 5. Deliblato Sands (Popović et al., 2012). 6. South-Western Serbia - Pešter Plateau,
o
Sandžak (Pieroni et al., 2011), 7. Zlatibor district (Šavikin et al., 2013), 8. Macedonia - Sharr Mts (Rexhepi et al., 2013), 9. Eastern Albania - Peshkopia (Pieroni et al., 2014), 10.
Rtanj Mt. (Zlatković et al., 2014), 11. South Kosovo and Metohia (Mustafa et al., 2015), 12. Suva Planina Mts. (Jarić et al., 2015), 13. Eastern Albania – Raicë and Mokra (Pieroni
et al., 2015), 14. North-Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina (Šarić Kundalić et al., 2016), 15. Negotin Krajina (Janaćković et al., 2019), 16. Northern Greece – Edessa, Naoussa
n
(Tsioutsiou et al., 2019), 17. Svrljig region – SE Serbia (Matejić et al., 2020), 18. Timok region – E Serbia (Matejić et al., 2020), 19. Pčinja district - SE Serbia (Živković et al.,
2020), 20. Shtërpcë/Štrpce area – South Kosovo and Metohija (Mustafa et al., 2020).
t
The following symbols indicate comparisons: (●) identical or similar use, (▲) different use, (●▲) same uses are identical or similar, while same uses are different, (◙) use not
ir n
mentioned in previously conducted ethnobotanical field studies in neighboring areas by authors (1-20), ( ) the use in presented study was not mentioned in in previously conducted
ethnobotanical studies in surrounding areas, (⁕) similar taxa: Acer monspessulanum instead of Acer campestre, Achillea holosericea instead of Achillea clypeolata, Achillea collina
and Achillea nobilis instead of Achillea millefolium, Alchemilla vulgaris instead of Alchemilla spp., Amaranthus cruenthus instead of Amaranthus retroflexus, Arctium tomentosum
instead of Arctium lappa, Cirsium vulgare (6) and Cirsium eriophorum (16) instead of Cirsium arvense, Citrus x limon instead of Citrus trifoliata, Cornus sp, instead of Cornus
mas, Crocus sativus instead of Crocus spp., Dianthus knappii instead of Dianthus giganteiformis subsp. pontederae, Epilobium angustifolium instead of Epilobium parviflorum,
p
Equisetum sp. instead of Equisetum arvense, Euphrasia rostkoviana (3), Euphrasia officinalis (4, 20), and Euphrasia stricta (5) instead of Euphrasia spp., Hypericum montanum (1)
and Hypericum montanum (6) instead of Hypericum perforatum, Inula sp. (11) instead of Inula helenium, Lilium candidum instead of Lilium martagon, Matricaria discoidea instead
e
of Matricaria chamomilla, Ononis arvensis instead of Ononis spinosa, Rubus fruticosus (2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 20), Rubus ulmifolius (1, 7, 9, 13), Rubus vestitus (17, 18), and Rubus
vulgaris (19) instead of Rubus caesius, Satureja kitaibelii instead of Satureja montana, Thymus serpyllum (1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 19, 20), Thymus off. comosus (3), Thymus
r
longidentatus (3), Thymus praecox (3), Thymus pulegioides (3, 6, 9, 13, 14), Thymus striatus (8), Thymus praecox subsp. jankae (10), Thymus vulgaris (11, 12, 15, 19) instead of
Thymus spp., Tilia x euchlora (3, 14), Tilia hybrida (3), Tilia tomentosa (5, 15), Tilia sp. (6), Tilia platyphyllos (11, 16, 20) instead of Tilia cordata, Ulmus campestris (2, 5, 12),
e d
Ulmus minor (11) instead of Ulmus spp., Verbascum phlomoides (2, 4, 8, 17, 18), Verbascum densiflorum (4, 7), Verbascum thapsus (4), Verbascum longifolium (16) instead of
Verbascum spp.
ie w
e v
r r
ee
t p
n o
ir n t
e p
Pr
Table 3. Plant taxa most employed for ethnopharmacological indication in each therapeutic category in each municipality and Pirot
County
e d
Group
Rs
Municipality
Pirot
Reports
616
Reports
ratio
[%]
12.79
No of
taxa
51
FICa
0.92
Taxa most used (Number of reports)
Thymus spp. (123), Matricaria chamomilla (94), Sambucus nigra (62)
ie w Taxa
ratio
[%]
42.29
v
Bela Palanka 265 5.50 38 0.86 Matricaria chamomilla (48), Thymus spp. (47), Tilia cordata (22) 44.15
Babušnica 208 4.32 32 0.85 Thymus spp. (35), Matricaria chamomilla (33), Rosa canina (19) 41.83
e
Dimitrovgrad 146 3.03 25 0.83 Thymus spp. (30), Matricaria chamomilla (18), Sambucus nigra (15) 43.15
r
Pirot County 1235 25.64 66 0.95 Thymus spp. (235), Matricaria chamomilla (193), Sambucus nigra (108) 43.40
Dg Pirot 525 10.90 50 0.91 Mentha x piperita (156), Hypericum perforatum (62), Achillea millefoloium (54) 51.81
r
Bela Palanka 169 3.49 34 0.80 Mentha x piperita (54), Achillea millefoloium (24), Matricaria chamomilla (14) 54.76
Babušnica 140 2.90 24 0.83 Mentha x piperita (43), Hypericum perforatum (24), Achillea millefoloium (18) 50.60
Dm
Dimitrovgrad
Pirot County
Pirot
78
911
309
1.62
18.91
6.41
20
63
25
0.75
0.93
0.92
e
Mentha x piperita (24), Matricaria chamomilla (10), Achillea millefoloium (8)
Mentha x piperita (277), Achillea millefoloium (104), Hypericum perforatum (103)
e
Hypericum perforatum (205), Plantago major (33), Matricaria chamomilla (10)
53.85
53.13
80.91
p
Bela Palanka 147 3.05 18 0.88 Hypericum perforatum (88), Plantago major (12), Matricaria chamomilla (10) 74.82
Babušnica 100 2.08 18 0.82 Hypericum perforatum (50), Plantago major (18), Matricaria chamomilla (10) 76.00
t
Dimitrovgrad 56 1.16 8 0.87 Hypericum perforatum (40), Plantago major (4) 78.57
Pirot County 612 12.70 41 0.93 Hypericum perforatum (383), Plantago major (67), Matricaria chamomilla (31) 78.57
Cd Pirot
Bela Palanka
Babušnica
292
89
54
6.06
1.85
1.12
50
24
17
n o
0.83
0.72
0.70
Urtica dioica (79), Crataegus pentygyna (43), Pyrus pyraster (26), Crataegus monogyna (20)
Urtica dioica (22), Crataegus pentygyna (13), Allium ursinum (10), Pyrus pyraster (9)
Urtica dioica (16), Crataegus pentygyna (11), Prunus spinosa (6), Crataegus monogyna (5)
57.53
65.06
70.37
t
Dimitrovgrad 47 0.98 17 0.65 Urtica dioica (14), Crataegus pentygyna (7), Pyrus pyraster (5), Crataegus monogyna (4) 63.83
Pirot County 482 10.01 68 0.86 Urtica dioica (131), Crataegus pentygyna (74), Pyrus pyraster (40), Prunus spinosa (32) 57.47
ir n
Nr Pirot 167 3.67 28 0.84 Melissa officinalis (62), Thymus spp. (34), Mentha x piperita (11), Tilia cordata (10) 70.06
Bela Palanka 43 0.89 14 0.69 Melissa officinalis (10), Thymus spp. (5), Mentha x piperita (4), Tilia cordata (4) 58.14
Babušnica 43 0.89 10 0.79 Melissa officinalis (20), Mentha x piperita (4), Thymus spp. (4) 61.12
Dimitrovgrad 21 0.44 6 0.75 Melissa officinalis (8), Thymus spp. (5), Tilia cordata (4) 80.85
p
Pirot County 274 5.69 31 0.89 Melissa officinalis (100), Thymus spp. (50), Mentha x piperita (21), Tilia cordata (21) 70.07
If Pirot 145 3.01 20 0.87 Salvia officinalis (71), Matricaria chamomilla (23), Sempervivum tectorum (21) 79.31
r e
Bela Palanka
Babušnica
Dimitrovgrad
53
34
15
1.10
0.71
0.31
9
10
4
0.85
0.72
0.79
Salvia officinalis (29), Matricaria chamomilla (13), Thymus spp. (3)
Salvia officinalis (16), Sempervivum tectorum (5), Matricaria chamomilla (4)
Salvia officinalis (10), Matricaria chamomilla (2), Sempervivum tectorum (2)
84.91
73.53
93.33
P
Pirot County 247 5.13 25 0.90 Salvia officinalis (126), Matricaria chamomilla (42), Sempervivum tectorum (29) 79.76
Pr Pirot
Bela Palanka
152
39
3.16
0.81
36
15
0.77
0.63
Rosa canina (24), Achillea millefolium (17), Urtica dioica (17), Thymus spp. (13)
Rosa canina (9), Urtica dioica (9), Thymus spp. (4)
e d 46.71
56.41
w
Babušnica 26 0.54 11 0.60 Rosa canina (9), Urtica dioica (6), Thymus spp. (3) 69.23
Dimitrovgrad 21 0.43 13 0.40 Gentiana cruciata (3), Urtica dioica (3) 28.57
ie
Pirot County 238 4.94 40 0.84 Rosa canina (43), Urtica dioica (35), Thymus spp. (22), Achillea millefolium (21) 50.84
Ur Pirot 111 2.30 27 0.76 Petroselinum crispum (18), Agrimonia eupatoria (13), Equisetum arvense (13) 39.64
v
Bela Palanka 46 0.95 22 0.53 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (7), Equisetum arvense (6), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (5), Zea mays (5) 50.00
Babušnica 50 1.04 19 0.63 Equisetum arvense (8), Petroselinum crispum (7), Agrimonia eupatoria (5), Hypericum perforatum (5) 50.00
e
Dimitrovgrad 22 0.46 10 0.57 Hypericum perforatum (4), Petroselinum crispum (4), Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (3) 50.00
r
Pirot County 229 4.75 46 0.80 Petroselinum crispum (33), Equisetum arvense (29), Vaccinium vitis-idaea (21) 36.24
Vr Pirot 131 2.72 56 0.58 Achillea millefolium (14), Taraxacum campylodes (15), Hypericum perforatum (8), Satureja hortensis (6) 32.82
r
Bela Palanka 48 1.00 28 0.43 Achillea millefolium (5), Taraxacum campylodes (5), Hypericum perforatum (4), Thymus spp. (4) 37.50
Babušnica 31 0.64 20 0.37 Achillea millefolium (6), Urtica dioica (3) 29.03
Rp
Dimitrovgrad
Pirot County
Pirot
18
228
58
0.37
4.73
1.20
14
69
33
0.24
0.70
0.44
e
Achillea millefolium (2), Hypericum perforatum (2), Satureja montana (2), Thymus spp. (4)
Achillea millefolium (27), Taraxacum campylodes (21), Hypericum perforatum (16), Thymus spp. (10)
e
Agrimonia eupatoria (5), Epilobium parviflorum (5), Hypericum perforatum (5)
44.44
32.46
25.86
p
Bela Palanka 26 0.54 21 0.20 Achillea millefolium (2), Capsella bursa-pastoris (2), Chelidonium majus (2), Equisetum arvense (2), 38.46
Polygonum aviculare (2)
Babušnica 13 0.27 11 0.17 Achillea millefolium (2), Plantago major (2) 30.77
En
Dimitrovgrad
Pirot County
Pirot
10
107
69
0.21
2.22
1.43
8
50
35
0.22
o
0.54
0.50
t Achillea millefolium (2), Hypericum perforatum (2)
Achillea millefolium (10), Hypericum perforatum (9), Agrimonia eupatoria (6), Epilobium
parviflorum (6)
Gentiana cruciata (8), Helianthus tuberosus (6), Taraxacum campylodes (4)
40.00
28.91
26.09
Bela Palanka
Babušnica
Dimitrovgrad
22
11
2
0.46
0.23
0.04
t n17
10
2
0.24
0.10
0.00
Achillea millefolium (2), Centaurium erythraea (2), Equisetum arvense (2), Taraxacum campylodes (2),
Urtica dioica (2),
Pyrus pyraster (2)
Allium ampeloprasum (1), Centaurium erythraea (1)
45.45
18.18
100.00
ir n
Pirot County 104 2.16 47 0.55 Gentiana cruciata (8), Helianthus tuberosus (8), Centaurium erythraea (7), Taraxacum campylodes 28.85
(7)
Dp Pirot 30 0.62 20 0.34 Allium ursinum (3), Gentiana lutea (3), Taraxacum campylodes (4) 33.33
p
Bela Palanka 5 0.10 4 0.25 Achillea millefolium (2) 40.00
Babušnica 8 0.17 7 0.14 Urtica dioica (2) 25.00
e
Dimitrovgrad 9 0.19 6 0.38 Gentiana cruciate (2), Origanum vulgare (2) 55.56
r
Pirot County 52 1.08 24 0.55 Allium ursinum (5), Gentiana cruciata (5), Taraxacum campylodes (5), Urtica dioica (4) 36.54
Ca Pirot 36 0.75 15 0.60 Chelidonium majus (11), Gentiana cruciata (9), Persicaria bistorta (4) 66.67
P
Bela Palanka 8 0.17 4 0.57 Chelidonium majus (3), Ruscus aculeatus (2), Sempervivum tectorum (2) 87.50
Babušnica
Dimitrovgrad
4
3
0.08
0.06
4
3
0.00
0.50
Acorus calamus (1), Chelidonium majus (1), Gentiana cruciata (1), Seseli rigidum (1)
Gentiana cruciate (2)
e d 100.00
w
Pirot County 51 1.06 19 0.64 Chelidonium majus (16), Gentiana cruciata (13), Persicaria bistorta (4) 64.71
Au Pirot 30 0.62 19 0.54 Symphytum officinale (5), Rosmarinus officinalis (3), Urtica dioica (3) 27.50
ie
Bela Palanka 10 0.21 9 0.11 Rosmarinus officinalis (2) 20.00
Babušnica 2 0.04 2 0.00 Dioscorea communis (1), Symphytum officinale (1) 100.00
v
Dimitrovgrad 10 0.21 4 0.25 Achillea millefolium (1) 40.00
Pirot County 47 0.98 27 0.43 Symphytum officinale (7), Rosmarinus officinalis (5), Urtica dioica (5) 36.17
e
a FIC - Informant consensus factor
r
Groups of diseases: Au – autoimmune diseases, Ca – cancerous diseases, Cd – cardiovascular, Dg – digestive, Dm – dermatology, Dp – depurative, En – endocrinology, If –
infectious, Nr – nervous system diseases, Pr – preventive, Rp – reproductive, Rs – respiratory, Ur – urinary, Vr - various
r
ee
t p
n o
ir n t
e p
Pr
Table 4. Comparison of gender and nationality for groups of ailments by informant consensus factor analysis
e d
w
Number of used plant taxa Number of use reports FIC*
No of
Test and Sig. different Test and Sig.
ie
Group of ailments Sex SERb BUL ROM taxa SER BUL ROM Σ SER BUL ROM Σ
Rs male 48 25 9 Chi- 55 533 108 21 Chi- 662 0.91 0.78 0.60 0.92
v
female 44 22 3 square=2.263 48 497 73 3 square=15.191 573 0.91 0.71 0.00 0.92
p=0.323 P<0.001
Σ 54 51 9 66 1030 181 24 1235 0.95 0.83 0.65 0.95
e
Dg male 47 14 7 Chi- 50 385 42 13 Chi- 440 0.88 0.68 0.50 0.89
r
p=0.475 p=0.060
Σ 61 22 7 63 803 91 17 911 0.93 0.77 0.63 0.93
r
Dm male 26 6 3 Chi- 29 278 40 9 Chi- 327 0.91 0.87 0.75 0.91
p=0.595 p=0.028
e
Σ 37 10 3 41 528 74 10 612 0.93 0.88 0.78 0.93
Cd male 45 20 6 Chi- 51 231 59 10 Chi- 276 0.81 0.82 0.44 0.82
e
p=0.147 p=0.009
Σ 60 20 6 68 411 59 12 482 0.86 0.67 0.55 0.86
Nr
If
male
female
Σ
male
23
21
31
4
5
6
3
1
4
t
Chi-
square=1.047
p=0.592
p
23
21
31
106
141
247
6
15
21
5
1
6
Chi-
square=5.767
p=0.055
117
157
274
0.78
0.86
0.88
0.40
0.71
0.75
0.50
0.00
0.40
0.81
0.87
0.89
o
20 4 3 Chi- 21 102 9 4 Chi- 115 0.81 0.56 0.33 0.82
p=0.786 p=0.219
n
Σ 24 4 3 25 226 16 5 247 0.90 0.80 0.50 0.90
Pr male 31 10 / Chi- 32 109 18 / Chi- 127 0.72 0.47 / 0.75
square=0.273 square=2.954
t
female 29 7 / p=0.602 31 103 8 / p=0.086 111 0.73 0.14 / 0.72
Σ 39 11 / wo. ROM 40 212 26 / wo. ROM 238 0.82 0.60 / 0.84
ir n
Ur male 37 7 2 Chi- 38 101 13 3 Chi- 117 0.64 0.50 0.50 0.84
female 26 8 / p=0.397 27 101 11 / p=0.700 112 0.75 0.30 / 0.77
Σ 44 10 2 wo. ROM 46 202 24 3 wo. ROM 229 0.79 0.61 0.50 0.80
Vr male 44 15 4 Chi- 49 102 18 4 Chi- 124 0.57 0.18 0.00 0.61
p
female 46 7 / p=0.104 47 94 10 / p=0.224 104 0.52 0.33 / 0.55
Σ wo. ROM wo. ROM
e
64 17 4 69 196 28 4 228 0.68 0.41 0.00 0.70
Rp male 27 5 3 Chi- 31 49 5 3 Chi- 57 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.46
r
female 25 4 / p=0.840 27 45 5 / p=0.898 50 0.45 0.25 / 0.47
Σ 45 8 3 wo. ROM 50 94 10 3 wo. ROM 107 0.53 0.22 0.00 0.54
P
En male 32 1 / NA 32 51 1 / NA 52
0.38 0.00 / 0.70
female
Σ
31
47
/
1
/
/
31
47
52
103
/
1
/
/
52
104
0.41
0.55
e
/
d
0.00
/
/
0.41
0.55
w
Dp male 18 6 1 Chi- 22 26 6 1 Chi- 33 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.34
female 10 2 / p=0.571 11 16 3 / p=0.789 19 0.40 0.50 / 0.44
ie
Σ 21 6 1 wo. ROM 24 42 9 1 wo. ROM 52 0.51 0.38 0.00 0.55
Ca male 11 / / 11 22 / / 22 0.52 / / 0.52
female 11 2 / 3 /
v
NA 11 26 NA 29 0.60 0.50 / 0.64
Σ 19 2 / 19 48 3 / 51 0.62 0.50 / 0.64
e
Au male 14 3 / Chi- 15 19 3 / Chi- 22 0.28 0.00 / 0.33
r
female 17 2 / p=0.537 19 23 2 / p=0.532 25 0.27 0.00 / 0.25
Σ 25 4 / wo. ROM 27 42 5 / wo. ROM 47 0.41 0.25 / 0.43
Nationality codes, SER - Serbian, BUL - Bulgarian, ROM – Roma, *FIC – Informant consensus factor, wo.-without, NA-statistical testing not applicable
r
b
Groups of diseases: Au – autoimmune diseases, Ca – cancerous diseases, Cd – cardiovascular, Dg – digestive, Dm – dermatology, Dp – depurative, En – endocrinology, If –
e
infectious, Nr – nervous system diseases, Pr– preventive, Rp – reproductive, Rs – respiratory, Ur – urinary, Vr – various
p e
o t
t n
ir n
e p
Pr
Table 5. A comparative review of plant uses in Pirot County and previously conducted ethnobotanical field studies in neighboring
regions in the Balkans
e d
Investigation region
Investigation
period
Number of
interviewed
(male/female)
Aged
between
No Families with
the higest
number of
species
Most
popular
medicinal
plants
ie
Most common
w
group of ailments
References
- 70 Lilium
martagon,
Phylitis
e v respiratory,
digestive
Pieroni et al.
(2005)
r
1. Lëpushë, Northern Albanian scolopendriu
Alps 2004 25 m
around 83 Compositae, Hypericum digestive, Jarić et al.
r
60 Lamiaceae, perforatum, dermatology, (2007)
Rosaceae Urtica dioica, respiratory
e
Achillea
2. Kopaonik Mt (C Serbia) 2002-2005 60 millefoloium
e
3. Middle, S and W Bosnia and around 228 Urtica dioica reproductive and Šarić Kundalić
Herzegovina 2006-2009 51 65 urinary, respiratory et al. (2010)
40-82 94 Rosaceae, Achillea digestive, Menković et al.
4. Prokletije Mts (Montenegro) 2006-2007 75 (29/46)
t around p228
Compositae,
Lamiaceae
Compositae,
millefolium,
Hypericum
perforatum
Achillea
respiratory,
dermatology
digestive, urinary,
(2011)
Popović et al.
o
60 Lamiaceae, millefolium, dermatology (2012)
Rosaceae Fragaria sp.,
5. Deliblato sands, Vojvodina Hypericum
(Serbia)
6. Pešter Plateau, Sandžak (SW

2007-2008
t n
65
43-93 62
perforatum
Gentiana
lutea,
Origanum
respiratory Pieroni et al.
(2011)
ir n
Serbia) 2010 42 vulgare
16-80 69 Rosaceae, Mentha x digestive, Šavikin et al.
Lamiaceae, piperita, respiratory (2013)
Compositae Matricaria dermatology
7. Zlatibor district (SW Serbia) 2011 220 (46/174) chamomilla
p
around 76 Lamiaceae, Achillea respiratory Rexhepi et al.
55 Compositae, millefolium, (2013)
e
Rosaceae Castanea
8. Shar Mts. (W North Macedonia) 2009-2011 221 sativa
Pr
9. Peshkopia (E Albania) 2012 32
9-83 84 Gentiana
lutea, Primula
veris
dermatology,
digestrive
Pieroni et al.
(2014a)
10. Rtanj Mt (E Serbia) 2011-2012 37 (18/19)
55-78 45 Lamiaceae,
Rosaceae,
Compositae
Hypericum
perforatum
immune,
respiratory,
digestive
(2014)
e d
Zlatković et al.
w
older 141 Rosaceae,. Achillea digeative, Mustafa et al.
than 50 Compositae, millefolium, respiratory (2015)
ie
Lamiaceae Sambucus
11. South Kosovo and Metohija 2012-2014 139 (92/47) nigra
49-90 128 Lamiaceae, Achillea respiratory, Jarić et al.
v
Compositae, millefolium, reproductive and (2015)
Rosaceae Allium cepa, urinary
e
Allium
12. Suva planina Mts (SE Serbia) 2012-2014 66 (37/29) sativum
r
37-95 59 Rosaceae Ilex Pieroni et al.
aquifolium, (2015)
r
Origanum
vulgare, Rosa
canina, Tilia
13. Rraicë and Mokra (E Albania)
14. Konjuh Mt. (NE Bosnia and

Herzegovina)
2014
2012
36 (24/12)
10 (6/4)
65 92
ee Rosaceae,
Compositae,
Lamiaceae
cordata
Urtica dioica,
Achillea
nobilis
digestive,
respiratory
Šarić Kundalić
et al. (2016)
p
21-88 37 Lamiaceae, Matricaria immune, digestive, Janaćković et al
Compositae, chamomilla, respiratory (2019)
15. Negotin Krajina (NE Serbia) 2016 34 Rosaceae Urtica dioica
o t 24-94 87 Lamiaceae Hypericum

perforatum,
Metricaria
chamomilla,
respiratory,
dermatology,
cardiovascular,
digestive
Tsioutsiou et al.
(2019)
n
16. Northern Greece (Central Sideritis
Macedonia) 2016-2017 96 (37/59) scardica
t
20-90 87 Lamiaceae, Satureja respiratory, Matejić et al
Rosaceae, montana, cardiovascular (2020)
Compositae Sambucus
ir n
17. Svrljig region (E Serbia) 2015-2017 67 (24/43) nigra
48-79 31 Lamiaceae, Hypericum digestive, Matejić et al
Rosaceae, spp., respiratory (2020)
Compositae Matricaria
p
18. Timok region (E Serbia) 2015-2017 94 (33/61) chamomilla
17-74 85 Lamiaceae, Mentha x digestive, Živković et al.
Compositae, piperita, respiratory, (2020)
r e
19. Pčinja district (SE Serbia) 2015 113
Rosaceae Matricaria
chamomilla,
Hypericum
perforatum
dermatology
39-85 122 Rosaceae,
Lamiaceae,
Compositae
Achillea
millefolium,
Allium cepa,
respiratory
e d
Mustafa et al.
(2020)
w
20. Shtërpcë/Štrpce area (South Allium
Kosovo and Metohija) 2017 181 ursinum
ie
16-88 192 Lamiaceae, Hypericum respiratory, presented data
Rosaceae, perforatum, digestive,
Compositae Matricaria dermatology
v
21. Pirot County 2017-2019 631 (337/294) chamomilla
No – the total number of mentioned plan taxa in the ethnobotanical survey of the researched area
r e
er
p e
o t
t n
ir n
e p
Pr

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Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Pirot County (Southeastern Serbia)

11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia

81, 18000 Niš, Republic of Serbia

29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Republic of Serbia

 The ethnopharmacological use of 12 plant taxa was not mentioned in neighboring

Methodology: Ethnopharmacological study was conducted in Pirot County, including four

undeveloped countries. Phytotherapy is also popular in developed countries, where populations

primarily by the rural population. er

and pharmacological contextualization. It is crucial to answer the questions presented in the

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Research area

2.3. Ethnobotanical survey

2.4. Data analysis

2.5. Statistical analysis

3. Results and discussion

3.2. The groups of diseases and predominantly used plant taxa

25.64%), Dg - digestive group of diseases (911 reports, 18.91%), Dm - dermatology (612

3.4. Statistical ethnobotanical analyses

3.5. Comparative ethnopharmacological analysis, with emphasis on the novelties of the

- Acer campestre – asthma,

- ◙ Artemisia alba – for appetite, improving the immune system,

- Berberis vulgaris – antiseptic, high temperature, disease prevention (coffee replacement),

- Buglossoides purpurocaerulea – against nighttime urination in children,

- Capsella bursa-pastoris – for the stomach, prostate disease,

- ◙ Fagopyrum esculentum – high blood pressure, cleansing the body,

diseases of internal organs,

- Mentha longifolia – for the stomach, against rash, common cold,

- Ononis spinosa – prostate disease,

- Paliurus spina-christi – for the stomach,

common cold, cough, in nutrition as a spice,

- Ruscus aculeatus – leukemia, lymph gland cancer, gynecology diseases,

- Sambucus ebulus – insect bite,

- Vaccinium myrtilus – prostate disease, kidney stone,

- Verbascum spp. – swelling (gout), lung cancer, for the heart,

graminea. Four of mentioned species are cultivated: Dysphania ambrosioides, Ecballium

Acknowledgments: This research is part of the project: Ethno-pharmacological study of the

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Ethnomedicine. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 61, 1359–1379.

mountain (south-eastern Serbia). J Ethnopharmacol. 4(175), 93–108.

Acaddemie Serbe des Sciences et des Arts, Belgrade (In Serbian).

20th century, Pirotski zbornik, 45, 81-171. https://doi.org/10.5937/pirotzbor2045081K

Serbia. Arhiv za farmaciju 70, 238 – 247. https://doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm2004238M

Institute of Forestry. Belgrade. (In Serbian)

Kosovo, Journal of Herbal Medicine, August, 2020, 100344.

Herzegovina. J. Ethnopharmacol. 131, 33–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.061

Suvodol, Veliko Selo, Visočka Ržana, Vlasi, Vojnegovac, Vranište, Zaskovci;

Senokos, Slivnica, Smilovci, Trnski Odorovci, Verzar, Vlkovija, Željuša.

Municipality/County Sex SERb

Allium sativum L., Amaryllidaceae, beli luk

Allium ursinum L., Amaryllidaceae, divlji

Berberis vulgaris L., Berberidaceae, žutika,

Centaurium erythraea Rafin, Gentiacaceae,

Tuberculosis (1) / Inf / I

Euphrasia spp., Orobanchaceae, vidac,

Mentha longifolia (L.) L., Lamiaceae,

Morus nigra L., Moraceae, dud, crni dud

Cd (1): High blood pressure (1) / Inf / I

3▲, 5▲, 11▲,

Ruscus aculeatus L., Asparagaceae, divlji

Rs (1): Cough (1) / Dec / I

tDm (1): Skin diseases (scabies and pediculosis) (1) / Alc-ext / E

total number of use - reports per species