PROJECT PROPOSAL

ON

FABRICATION OF A STRUT RIG APPARATUS

BY

ABBEY VALENTINA NGOZI ME20200101372

BOLORUNDURO SEGUN JOSEPH ME20200100119

Supervised By:

ENGR. ABDUL-MUMINI

Submitted To:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING, FEDERAL POYLTECHNIC EDE, OSUN STATE,
NIGERIA.

DECEMBER, 2022
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................3

1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................3

1.1 Background of the study..................................................................................3

1.2 Statement of the problem..............................................................................4

1.3 Aims and Objective of the Study.....................................................................4

1.4 Justification of the Study.................................................................................4

1.5 Scope of the Study...........................................................................................5

CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................6

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................6

2.1 Review of Other Literatures............................................................................6

CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................9

3.0 Materials and Method......................................................................................9

3.1 Materials Selection..........................................................................................9

3.2 Proposed Method.............................................................................................9

3.3 Bills of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation Table.............................10

3.4 Working Principle.........................................................................................11

3.5 Gant Chart.....................................................................................................11

3.6 EXPECTED RESULTS..............................................................................13

 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Columns are one of the most used basic structural elements, and there are
extensive studies related to the elastic stability of columns with different properties
in shape and of material and to their static and dynamic behaviors. Their search-
area of buckling of non-uniform columns has been one of the important area of
extensive studies based on its usefulness in the fields of structural, mechanical and
aeronautical engineering. Determination of a practical load carrying capacity of a
structural member requires a detailed stability analysis in theoretical and
computational manner. It is difficult to determine the exact analytical solutions for
these buckling problems of various column types with arbitrary distributions of
flexural stiffness and various end conditions. Conducting research on buckling of
columns has been the center point of study for many researchers, and studying this
subject becomes more and more systematic during the last decades ( L.Euler
1778).Buckling is in stability of a material when subjected to loading which
eventually leads to failure. It is the sudden sideways deflection of the structural
member. This can happen when the stress subjected on the material is below that
needed to cause failure. Materials having different properties have different
buckling loads which is a function of the length of the column and the second
moment of area of its cross-section. Buckling loads can be determined
experimentally by the use of south-west plot (chart) without subjecting it to its
critical load, or it can be determined by subjecting it to a critical load. Both
destructive and non-destructive method can be used. Bending and buckling can
cause change in shape but the difference comes in the method of applying the load.
For example, in bending case, the load is applied perpendicular to the centroid axis
while in buckling, the load is applied axially compressive stress and eventual side-
ways failure.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Given that telescopic sections are finding increasing applications in those instances
where space is at a premium and reduction in weight and material cost is a
necessity, it is vital that a design theory and subsequent methodology is generated
wherein the behavior of the telescoping assembly is accounted for, in terms of its
possible application areas. Despite numerous advances over the ages in the field of
mechanics, not to mention increasing use of telescoping sections all around us
from simple household appliances to complex retractable stadium roofing, the lack
of literature in the public domain with regards to telescoping sections is a deterrent
to the further use of this simple yet highly effective structure.

1.3 Aims and Objective of the Study

The main aim of the study is to fabricate the strut rig apparatus. The specific
objectives are:

 To determine the critical buckling load for a strut with-pinned to pinned end-
fixed to fixed ends 5-Pinned-fixed ends.
 To develop a Strut rig apparatus.
 To fabricate a strut rig apparatus.
 To compare the theoretical and experimental buckling loads of strut in order
to test the theory and show its limits.

1.4 Justification of the Study

The strut rig apparatus shows the backlines of a material when subjected to load.
This helps engineers understand and identify the strength of the material.

The lack of strut rig apparatus in the school of engineering technology at Federal
Polytechnic Ede and Mechanical Engineering Department technology in particular
as well as the financial constraint to import the machine, lead use to fabricate the
strut rig apparatus using local sourced materials for the betterment of the
department in the school.
The fabricated strut rig apparatus will enable engineering students to acquire
knowledge in strength of material of measurement. The fabricated strut rig
apparatus will be useful in performing practical on different columns in the
strength of materials and materials science laboratory.

1.5 Scope of the Study

It is an essential apparatus needed in mechanical engineering field as to determine
the amount of load that can be entrusted on a, material before subjecting it to use.
The apparatus has a simple and rectangular structure; it comprises a sheet metal
frame which supports four slender spring steel strut having loading platforms at
their top ends. This apparatus was built to meet the needs of practical and research
of the institution.
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Review of Other Literatures
Euler's early study exact analytical solutions of one-step bar and multi-step bar
with varying cross-section under the action of concentrated and variably
distributed axial loads were obtained by literal.

The problem of stability analysis of non-uniform rectangular beams, such as lateral

torsion a buckling of rectangular beams was solved by using homotopic
perturbation method by pinarbasi. A number of researches on this topic have been
made by Atay and coskun to investigate the elastic stability of a homogeneous and
nonhomogeneous Euler beam by using variational literation method and homotopic
perturbation method. There are several equations used such as, Emden-fowler time
dependent type equation, Laplace equation with Dirichlet and Neumann conditions
and multi-pantograph equation.

Investigation of buckling loads for continuously restrained elastic columns with

five different support cases will be conducted via HAM throughout the study

Olawoore, W. A, Ibikunle, O. A, Olusetan, S. A and Olatinwo, I. O, Fabrication

of Strut Buckling Apparatus. Buckling can be defined as the sudden large
deformation of structure due to a slight increase of an existing load under which
the structure had exhibited little, if any, deformation before the load was increased.
Column buckling is perhaps the only area of structural mechanics in which failure
is not related to the strength of the material. A column buckling analysis consists of
determining the maximum load a column can support before it collapses. But for
long columns, the collapse has nothing to do with material yield. It is instead
governed by the column's stiffness, both material and geometric. A column
Buckling Apparatus was design and constructed to investigate the difference
between theoretical and experimental value of deformation in column buckling.
The Apparatus consists of two vertical columns where load is applied by a screw
via a sliding guide in a ball bushing. Pivot support is a wedge on v-notch and built-
in support is a cylinder in a socket. Load on the strut is measured by a load cell and
deflection is measured by a dial gauge. Side loading is by a weight hanger and
weights. Height of loading beam is Adjustable to accommodate different strut
lengths. The Apparatus is observed to be a good practical facility to adequately
illustrate buckling on columns of different materials and slenderness.

Enrico Pellegrino, Sebastian Spirk and Boris Lohmann, Design and Modeling
of a Quarter-Vehicle Test Rig for Active Suspension Control. A research project of
the authors deals with active damping in the presence of stochastic disturbances
and in particular control concepts for mechatronic suspension systems. In order to
study the performance of controllers for high bandwidth active suspensions in a
realistic framework a quadricycle is used as an experimental vehicle and half of its
front suspension system is integrated in a quarter-vehicle test rig. An actuator is
mounted in parallel to the passive suspension system on the test rig to control the
motions of the chassis and the wheel mass.

Mikael Wahlgren and Niels Bailleul, EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF

LIMITATIONS IN THE STRUT-AND-TIE METHOD. One of the overall main
purposes for a structural engineer is to design structures and structural elements so
that they meet society’s safety requirements, yet use as little material as possible.
In order to do so, the designer has to understand and simplify a complex reality.
The strut-and-tie method is such a simplification model which allows engineers to
design reinforced concrete structures where basic beam theory is not applicable, e.
g. high beams or discontinuity regions near supports and loads.

When designing according to the strut-and-tie method, several assumptions have to

be made regarding the structural behavior. Questions exists whether current
recommendations regarding these assumptions are conservative – the assumed
internal truss system for ultimate limit state calculations is usually based on the
linear-elastic stress field.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method
3.1 Materials Selection
The main goal of material selection is to minimize cost while meeting product
performance goals. In fabricating the machine, mild steel will be used as the
locally sourced material. The use of mild steel is due to the fact that its strength,
rigidity and machinability falls within the design specifications. It is also available
and cost effective.

3.2 Proposed Method

The proposed method to use are of various stages of different applications which follows

the process of metal working. The proposed method will be carried out as follows:

Materials Selection

Design Consideration And Calculation

Measuring, Marking Out And Cutting Of Parts

Assembly Of Parts

Bolting And Finishing Of The Individual Parts

Surface Finishing And Body Filling

Painting
3.3 Bills of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation Table
Table 1: charts showing the cost of material

S\N Items And Description Quantity Unit Total

price amount
1 2 Square Pipe (For Base ) 2 length 3100 6200
2 0.8mm Mild Steel Plate ( For Grid ¼ length 15500 3875
Back Wall)
3 1mm Mild Steel Flat Bar (For 2 length 1000 2000
Column Sample)
4 5mm Mild Steel Plate (For Weight 1/8 length 5000 5000
Mount)
5 Steel Rule 1m (meter) 600 600
6 Oil Paint ¼ gallon 8500 4000
7 Weight Sets 10 X 5N 2200 22000
5 X 1N 1500 7500
8 Fixed Support 4 pes 1000 4000
9 Guide Bushes - 5000 5000
10 Pinned Support 3 pes 1000 3000
11 Strut Channel Spring 4 pes 4000
12 Fabrication Work - 10000
13 Transportation - 3000
14 Typing/AutoCAD - 5000
15 Miscellaneous - 5000
16 Total - 90000

MAIN COMPONENTS

In strut rig apparatus, there are many components and materials used but some are
vitally important to carry out the strut rig apparatus. They are:

1. Dial gauge- it measure he lateral deflection at any point along a strut. Also
the flatness and inclination of objects.
 2. Pinned Support- it can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but not a
moment.
3. Fixed support- I sis vertical and horizontal forces as well as a movement.
They are also known as rigid support; they make it table.
4. Strut bar- they maintain pressure on both sides so it can become balance.

3.4 Working Principle

The apparatus shows how the buckling mechanism occurs, and the influence of the
end restraint. It comprises a sheet metal frame which supports four slender spring
steel struts having loading platforms at their top ends. Each strut has a different end
restraint so that comparisons can be instantly made in a highly visible way. End
restraints are as follows:

 Both ends pinned

 One end pinned, the other one fixed
 Both ends fixed
 Base fixed, top free (flagpole)

For the first three, the middle of the strut moves inwards as the strut buckles. The
loading platforms act through relatively friction free guide bushes. On the back of
the frame is a wipe able grid, which can be used to, measure and draw the
deflected strut shape onto. It can be cleaned easily cleaned.

3.5 Gant Chart

The table bellows show the estimated period for the fabrication of the strut rig
apparatus and testing and evaluation of its performance.
Table 2: Chart showing the period estimated for the project

Description Of Durati Yea Quarter

Activity on r

Month Au Se Oc No De Ja Fe Ma
s g p t v c n b r

Research Findings 2 202 X X

2 X X
Design, Market 5 202 X X X X X
Survey and 2 X X X X X
Ordering
Project Proposal 1 202 XX
Reports(Chapter1- 2
3) defense

Construction/ 2 202 X X
Fabricat ion work 3 X X
Testing and Result 1 202 X
3 X
Modification 2 202 XX XX
3
Performance 2 202 XX XX

Evaluation 3

Project Report 5 202 XX XX X XX XX

Writing 3 X

(Chapter1-5)
Internal Defense 1 202 XX
3
3.6 EXPECTED RESULTS
Buckling analysis is mainly important for axial loaded members because the
subjected compressive stress members at the point of failure is less than the
materials ultimate compressive stress. As a result, special consideration should be
given to the critical load when designing axially compressed members. The
analytical critical loads which are determined by Comsol Multiphysics, and
ANSYS19.2 and compared with Euler's theoretical critical buckling load. The
number of nodes required to obtain accurate results is very large when compared to
the ANSYS finite element analysis which did not utilize tetrahedral elements.
Buckling loads strongly depends on the material properties and the geometry of the
column. Buckling loads are directly proportioned with the modulus of elasticity,
thickness, outer to inner radius ratio and all the column geometry parameters
except the column length. The critical load values 14 of different cross-section of
column are calculated from the Eigen value analysis, which are approximately the
same value and the only difference is in percentages which are not exceeded by
0.8%. The numerical solution of the columns is suitable to calculate the critical
load due to it used for the total cross sections of the column and with regular
shapes. There is insignificant variation in lateral deflection of columns is found by
the buckling analysis of column with one end fixed and other ends free. Finally the
maximum deflection of all the cross-section of the column at 1N. At the end of
this project we can fabricate a Strut rig apparatus that can determine the buckliness
of a material before applying load on it after production.
 REFERENCES

1. Riley C.E. (2003). Elastic Buckling Loads of Slender Columns with Variable
Cross-section by the Newark Method .MSc Thesis Department of Civil
Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins Colorado pp. 147. Yayli
M.O. (2018). Buckling analysis of Euler columns embedded in an elastic medium
with general elastic boundary conditions. Mechanics Based Design of Structures
and Machines
2. L. Euler, ”Die altitude colomnarum sub proprio pondere corruentium,” Acta
Academia Scientiarum imperialis petropolitanae, 1778, in Latin
3. J. H. B Sampaio and J.R. Hundhausen, “A mathematical model and analytical
solution for buckling of inclined beam-columns, “Applied Mathematical
Modelling, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 405–421, 1998. J.B. Keller, “The shape of the
strongest column, “Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis, vol. 5, no. 1,
pp. 275–285, 1960.
4. L. Tadjbakhsh and J.B. Keller, “Strongest columns and isoperimetric inequalities
for eigenvalues, “Journalss of Applied Mechanics ASME, vol. 29, pp. 159–164,
1962.
5. M. T. Atay, “determination of buckling loads of titled buckled column with
varying flexural rigidity using variational iteration method” international journal
of Non-linear sciences and numerical simulation, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 97-103,
6. M.T. Atay and S.B. Cos¸kun, “Elastic stability of Euler columns with a
continuous elastic restraint using variational iteration method, ”Computers and
Mathematics with Applications, vol. 58, no. 11-12, pp. 2528–2534, 2009.
7. S.B. Cos¸ kun and M.T. Atay, “Determination of critical buckling load for elastic
columns of constant and variable cross-sections using variational iteration
method,” Computers and Mathematics with Applications, vol.58, no. 11-12, pp.
2260–2266, 2009
PROPOSED CREEP TESTING MACHINE DRAWING
1. Weight 2.Final support 3.Bar 4.Backing wall with
grid pattern 5.Fixed support
Mount for weight.