The 9th International Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry in the Africa-Asia Region

Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 November 2016

Geochemical Study Of Jatibarang Formation Source Rock And Oil In

Onshore Area, North West Java Basin
Andi Mardianza*, Anggita Oktafiana Dewi**, Basuki Rahmad**, Sapto Kis Daryono**

*PT Pertamina EP
Email: andi.mardianza@pertamina.com
**Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta

EXTENDED ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in onshore area of Northwest Java Basin. Although
Talangakar Formation has been known as a source rock in this area, some recent
studies explain that Jatibarang Formation also can serve as source rock. Therefore
this study was intended to determine geochemical potency of Jatibarang Formation
as source rock in the study area.
Forty eight rock samples of Jatibarang Formation taken from five wells in
study area were analyzed using some methods comprised of screening, kerogen
typing, and vitrinite reflectance to discover the organic richness, type of organic
material, and thermal maturity of rock samples of Jatibarang Formation. Three rock
extract samples and five oil samples for correlation between source rock and oil has
been done using biomarker analysis that comprised of Gas Chromatography (GC)
and Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
The basic geochemical analysis shows the various organic matter quantity,
but dominantly poor. The results of pyrolysis and kerogen typing analysis indicate
that organic material of Jatibarang Formation rock samples are kerogen type III,
which derived from higher plant organic source. From vitrinite reflectance analysis
result, it indicates that organic material in rock samples is already mature and some
of it is postmature. The result of biomarker analysis indicates that Jatibarang
Formation basically can be interpreted as two organic sources; terrestrial and mixed
organic source that were deposited in bay/ estuarine environment. Oil samples in
Cipunegara area are derived from higher plant in oxic condition that were deposited
in terrestrial- estuarine/ bay environment.

Keywords: geochemistry, biomarker, source rock, oil

Introduction

Cipunegara area (Fig. 1) is a Location in North West Java Basin, one of the
productive basin in Indonesia with Talang Akar Formation as the major source rock.
But several recent studies explain that Jatibarang Formation, which stratigraphically
laid down below Talang Akar Formation and have a lithology that can reserve organic
matter, can act as source rock. Source rock analysis in several wells and surrounding
indicates that the Jatibarang Volcanic can act as source rock which consist of
mixture kerogen, sapropel and humic liptinite (Wahab & Martono, 1985). In addition,
Noble (1997) also has same explanation that Jatibarang is organic rich formation. In
2005, Bishop also explained that in one of petroleum systems in North West Java
 The 9th International Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry in the Africa-Asia Region
Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 November 2016

basin, the source is also from lacustrine shales interbedded with volcanics of the
Eocene to lower Oligocene Jatibarang Formation beside Talang Akar Formation.
This study emphasizes on shale of Jatibarang Formation in Cipunegara, North West
Java Basin to identify as a source rock.

Source Rock Evaluation

For this study, forty eight samples (cuttings) of Jatibarang Formation were
taken from five wells dispersed in study area. Samples were analyzed using some
methods that comprised of total organic carbon (TOC) using Leco carbon analyzer,
pyrolysis using rock eval, kerogen typing and vitrinite reflectance using optical
observe. All of these analyses is purposed to discover the organic richness, type of
organic material, and thermal maturity of rock samples of Jatibarang Formation
based on Peters and Cassa (1994) classifications.
For organic richness, refers to the total organic carbon mesurement using
Leco Carbon Analyzer, (Fig. 2) the result shows that the variation of carbon organic
content in samples samples of Jatibarang Formation is poor- excellent (0,3- 5,79
wt%) with nineteen have TOC value under 0,3- 0,48 wt% categorized as poor
qualification, fifteen samples have TOC 0,51- 0,98 wt% with fair qualification, three
samples have 1,35- 1,69 wt% TOC with good qualification, eight samples have 2,2-
3,62 wt% TOC with very good qualification and three sampels shows excellent
carbon organic with 4,09- 5,79 wt% TOC.
Type of kerogen was determined by pyrolysis analysis. The result using Rock
Eval shows various HI range from 13,51- 346, 21 mgHC/TOC with thirty four samples
have hidrogen index value 60- 185,4 mgHC/TOC which are gas prone kerogen (Fig.
3). This result indicates that the source rock tends to generate gaseous hydrocarbon,
but several samples show that Source rock potential to generate mix hydrocarbon
and oil (246,87- 346,21 mgHC/TOC) and ten samples are dead carbon and do not
have potency to produce anything.
Maturity of samples is only determined using vitrinite reflectance analysis with
optical identification. Some samples can not be analysed because of the lack of
sample, barren, and the absence of vitrinite (Tab. 1). According to this analysis, it
can be determined that samples have reached mature stage with twenty one
samples are peak mature (0,68- 0,9%), six samples are late mature (0,91- 0,99%),
and other twelve samples are postmature (1,72- 2,39%).

Biomarker Analysis
Total of three rock extracts and five oil samples was analyzed using GC and
GC-MS to determine the organic source. From GC analysis, based on the ratio of
Pristane/Phytane and Pristane/nC17, it can be interpreted that the organic matter of
Jatibarang Formation rock extracts is derived from two organic sources. These
sources are from higher plant and dominantly alga/ bacterial mixed organic source
in anoxic to suboxic environment. From these parameters, it can be known that the
organic matter of oil samples are derived from higher plant and were deposited in
more oxic environment (Fig. 4). Total Hopane/ Sterane from GCMS and Pristane/
Phytane ratio from GC crossplot diagram (Fig. 5) also indicates the similar result that
the organic material in oil samples shows the high oxidising environment and organic
material in rock extract shows the anoxic to suboxic environment.
Depositional environment of rock extract and oil samples organic matter are
determined using C27, C28, and C29 sterane distribution from GC-MS. The result
 The 9th International Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry in the Africa-Asia Region
Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 November 2016

shows the high presence of C27 and C29 sterane, and from sterane triangle plot
diagram of Huang and Meinschein (1979) in Figure 6, it is denoted that organic
matter of rock extract and oil samples were deposited in estuarine/ bay and terrestrial
environment, consistant with mixed organic source.

Conclusion
The rock samples of Jatibarang Formation are typically containing various
organic matter quantity, but they are dominantly poor. Dominantly type III kerogen
which derived from high plant, tend to produce gaseous hydrocarbon, and entirely
have reached mature stage.
The rock samples of Jatibarang Formation have two typical sources, they are
dominated by higher plant and dominantly alga/bacterial mixed organic with anoxic-
suboxic condition, whereas the oil samples are dominated by higher plant with oxic
condition. The organic matter of the source rock was deposited in estuarine/ bay and
the organic of the oils was deposited in terrestrial- estuarine/bay environment.

Study Area

Figure 1. Research Area (Bishop, 2000)

ORGANIC RICHNESS
JATIBARANG FORMATION
Good
Very
Potential Yield (mg HC/ g rock)

10
Good

5
Fair

2
Poor

0 0,5 1 2 4
Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent
TOC (wt%)

Figure 2. TOC versus potential yield crossplot shows

poor to excellent rock potential in Jatibarang Formation
The 9th International Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry in the Africa-Asia Region
Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 November 2016

ORGANIC MATTER TYPE

JATIBARANG FORMATION
1000

TYPE I
900

800 TYPE II

700

Hydrogen Index (mgHC/ TOC)

600

500

400

300

200

100

TYPE III
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Oxygen Index (mgCO2/g TOC)

Figure 3. TOC versus potential yield crossplot shows

poor to excellent rock potential in Jatibarang Formation

Table 1. Vitrinite reflectance analysis result

Depth Depth
Well MeanRo Well MeanRo
from to from to
Well A 3084 3086 0.94 Well C 2888 2390 0.90
Well A 3088 3090 0.86 Well C 2906 2908 0.86
Well A 3090 3092 0.9 Well C 2910 2112 0.82
Well A 3092 3094 0.84 Well C 2928 2930 0.94
Well A 3104 3106 0.87 Well C 2932 2934 0.92
Well A 3138 3140 0.85 Well C 3132 3134 0.69
Well A 3190 3192 0.86 Well D 3078 3080 0.86
Well A 3240 3242 0.87 Well D 3088 3090 0.70
Well A 3244 3246 0.86 Well D 3106 3108 0.87
Well A 3246 3248 0.88 Well D 3092 A 3094 0.74
Well A 3324 3326 0.91 Well D 3092 B 3094 0.76
Well A 3334 3336 0.87 Well D 3146 3148 0.91
Well B 3189.5 1.72 Well E 3370 3372 0.88
Well B 3193.0 1.88 Well E 3384 3386 0.9
Well B 3194.2 2.05 Well E 3398 3400 0.99
Well B 3202.2 2.04 Well E 3478 3480 1.78
Well B 3205.7 2.08 Well E 3486 3488 2.05
Well B 3212 3214 2.16 Well E 3492 3494 2.23
Well B 3222.5 2.16 Well E 3498 3500 2.39
Well B 3226 3228 2.17
The 9th International Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry in the Africa-Asia Region
Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 November 2016

Pristana/nC17 dan Pristana/ Fitana

10

oil
Pr/nC17

1
Jatibarang
Formation

HIGHLY ANOXIC TO SUBOXIC:

OXIC : TERRESTRIAL
ANOXIC LACUSTRINE OR MARINE
0.1
1 Pr/Ph 10
Davis, 1998

Figure 4. Pr/Ph – Pr/nC17crossplot diagram, source rocks and oils in the

study area

Hopana/Sterana vs. Pristana/Fitana

ANOXIC TO SUBOXIC: HIGHLY OXIDISING:

LACUSTRINE OR MIXED FLUVIODELTAIC

10

oil
Total Hopanes/Steranes

1
Jatibarang
Formation

ANOXIC ANOXIC TO SUBOXIC:

CARBONATE/
EVAPORITE ALGAL MARINE

0.1
Pr/Ph Sletten, 2003
1 10

Figure 5. Total Hopane/Sterane and Pristane/ Phytane shows

an anoxic to suboxic and high oxidizing environment with algal
and terrestrial influence
 The 9th International Conference on Petroleum Geochemistry in the Africa-Asia Region
Bandung, Indonesia, 15-17 November 2016

Distribusi Sterana C27- C29 dan Interpretasi

Lingkungan pengendapan

100% C28

Oil
Huang and
Meinschein, 1979

Formasi
Lacustrine Jatibarang

Estuarine or Terrestrial
Bay

Open Marine
Planktonic

Higher Plant

100% C27 100% C29

Figure 6. Sterane distributions of rock extract and oil samples

References

Bishop, M. G. (2000) Petroleum Systems of the Northwest Java Province, Java and
Offshore Southeast Sumatra, Indonesia. Colorado, U. S. Geological Survey.
Huang, J.M. and Meinschein, W.G. (1979) Sterols as Ecological Indicators,
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, p. 739-745
Noble, R. A., Pratomo, K. H. Nugrahanto, K., Ibrahim, A. M. T., Prasetya, I.,
Mujahidin, N., Wu, C. H., Howes, J. V. C. (1997) Petroleum System of Northwest
Java, Indonesia. IPA, 2006- Proceedings of an International Conference on
Petroleum System of SE Asia and Australasia, 1997: p. 585- 600.

Peters, K. E., Walter, C. C., Moldowan, J. M. (2005) The Biomarker Guide Volume 2.
New York; Cambridge University Press.

Peters, K. E dan M. R. Cassa (1994) Applied Source Rock Geochemistry. AAPG

Memoir 60: The Petroleum System from Source to Trap. Oklahoma; AAPG: hal.
93- 120.
Wahab, A. dan Martono, D. (1985) Application of Oil Geochemistry for Hydrocarbon
Exploration in Northwest Java. IPA, 2006- 14th Annual Convention Proceedings,
1985: p. 657- 682.
Waples, D. W. (1985) Geochemistry in Petroleum Exploration. Boston; International
Human Resources Development Corporation.