Language and Dialects

by Group 3
01 02 2

ADINDA PUSPA NUR FAIZ ADIK EMIL FRANSISKA

J1A018002 J1A018018

03 04
GALUH ZAR AL GEFARI SIFAUL LUTFIYANI
J1A018038 J1A018039
 3

Dialects can be divided into two types:

• Regional Dialects
• Social Dialects
Regional Variations 4

International
varieties

Vocabulary Grammatical
Accent differences
differences differences
dad sounds like dead  sole parents (A) • Did you eat yet? (US)
bad sounds like bed  single parents (E) • Have you eaten yet?
god sounds like guard  solo parents (NZ) (England)
• Get – got – gotten (US)
• Get – got – got
(England)
 5

Intra-national or Intra-continental variation

Pronunciation difference Vocabulary difference

acrosst dragonfly - darning
clifft needle, mosquito
a-fishin’ hawk, spindle, snake
a-comin’ feeder, etc
 6

Regional variation  Variation of word splinter

map by Harold  Isoglosses : boundary lines drawn
Orton’s Survey of between areas which vocabulary, or
English Dialects in grammatical usage, or pronunciation is
1950s. different
 7

Cross-continental
variation
o Dialect chains: varieties that exist
between one village/town to the next.
o Language in sociolinguistic can be
thought as collection of dialects which is
usually similar used by different social
groups who united as speakers of one
language.
o Ming in southern (Cantonese) and
Gong in north (Mandarin).
 Social Variations 8
RP (Received Pronunciation) : a social accent

 Accent associated with

the highest social group
and educated people
 Formal speech
 Former position as the
most admired accent of
English
 9

It is essentially a social accent not a

regional one. It conceals a speaker’s
regional origins which is nicely
illustrated in figure 6.2, the accent
triangle.
 Social dialect 10

It is a variety of languange associated with particular

social factors, such as social classes, educations,
occupations, etc.

1. Standar English *Vernacular or non standar

o Used by well-educated English speakers
o Used for news broadcasts and taught in schools
o Accepts limited grammatical variation, e.g:
- I’ve not sent the email.
- I haven’t sent the email.
o Spoken with many different accents
o Different features
o Learned at home
o Used in informal context
o Lack public or overt prestige
note: vernacular dialect is not linguistically
inferior than the standar one, they are simply
different in forms and features.
 2. Caste Dialect 11

Based on social and economic similarities

Easiest to see in places where social divisions are very clear-cut
For Example:
 In India => the speech of the Brahmins and non-Brahmin castes.

Languages words Brahmin dialect Non-Brahmin dialect

Kannada milk haalu aalu

Tamil sleep tuungu orangu

 12
 In Indonesia => Javanese six distinguishable
12

stylistic levels

Three social groups in Javanese and the associated

dialects
1.The dialect of the lowest status group => the peasants
and uneducated townspeople, consist of three stylistic
levels: 1, 1a and 2.
2. The dialect of urbanized people with some education
consists of five stylistic levels: 1, 1a,2, 3 and 3a.
3. The dialect of the highly educated highest status
group also consists of five levels, but they are different
from those of the second social group: 1, 1a, 1b, 3 and 3a.
 13
Term that is being used as a shorthand
term for differences between people
which are associated with differences in
social prestige, wealth and education.

Social
Class  Status
 Family background
Dialects  Area
Vocabulary 14

● The choice of vocabulary distinguishes people with their social classes.

● Vocabulary clues are so superficial and conceal the complexity and
relative fluidity.
● The barriers between groups are not insurmountable as in caste-based
societies.

E.g. England (1950s)

Upper-class England people = (‘U The rest = (‘non-U speakers’)

speakers’)
Sitting room Lounge
Lavatory Toilet
 Pronunciation
 The speaker’s different social backgrounds
15
were clearly signaled by the different
portion of this feature of their speech.
 The way different pronunciation falls into a
pattern that indicating the social class of
their speakers.
E.g.
 William Labov in as study of New York City
speech. He analyzed 120 people from different
social backgrounds based on their
pronunciations of a number of different
consonants and vowel.

-ing [ih] -in ’ [in]

sleeping and swimming

Higher social groups Lower social groups
 In New York City, Labov
conducted an interesting
demonstration of the way people
16
pronounce post-vocalic [r] varied
in the city according to social
group. He pretending to ask Similar patterns can be found in
people in department store and any speech community where
trying get the answer of ‘ there is social stratification.
fourth floor.’
Another interesting proved about
this case is also done by one
linguistics to English-speaking
speech communities on the way
they pronounce [r]. There are two In one city the higher your
possible variants of [r], either it is social class the more you
present and pronounced [r], or it is pronounce post-vocalic [r]. In the
absent. other, the higher your social
The results: Post-vocalic [r] class the fewer you pronounce.
illustrates very clearly the
arbitrariness of the particular
forms which are considered
standard and prestigious.
 Grammatical Pattern 17
 As with pronunciation, there is a clear pattern to
the relationship between the grammatical speech
forms and the social groups who use them.

 It was found that children from lower-class families

used more vernacular verb forms than children from
middle-class families. The higher social groups use more
of the standard grammatical form and fewer instances
of the vernacular or non-standard form.

 Sharp stratification
 Factors: The age or gender of the speaker
and linguistic environment.
 18
Comparison between Regional
Dialects and Social Dialects

Regional Dialects Social Dialects

 Difference in use of language due to
geographical discrepancies
 Geographical barriers
 Distant is an important factor
 The distinction is clear-cut
 Not easily influenced by external factors
 Difference in use of language due to social
class discrepancies
 Social barriers
 Distant is not an important factor
 The distinction is not clear-cut
 Can be easily influenced by external
factors
 19
Conclusion

The way we speak is usually a good indicator of

our social background.
Sociolinguists have noticed that almost any linguistic feature
in a community which shows variation will differ in
frequency from one social group to another in a patterned
and predictable way.
 20

Thank you;)
고맙습니다