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Piston compressor
INTRODUCTION:
This Instructions Manual contains a brief technical description and important instructions
on commissioning, maintenance and servicing of the compressor.
We recommend to read this manual carefully in order to be able, in case of trouble, to
detect the cause quickly and care for remedy and, in case of repairs, to make provisions for
proper mounting acc. to the instructions.
This manual assumes a general technical knowledge of piston compressors and does not
claim to be complete. If repairs become necessary, only original HATLAPA spare parts
must be used in order to maintain the operational reliability and efficiency of the machine.
For identification and supply of spare parts, an order must contain the following
information:
In order to receive spare parts with the least possible delay, get in touch direct with
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Page:
1 Description ..................................................................................................................4
1.1 Design .......................................................................................................................4
1.2 Specifications ............................................................................................................5
1.3 Working method ........................................................................................................5
1.4 Cooling ......................................................................................................................5
1.5 Lubrication of Working Parts .....................................................................................6
1.6 Condensate Separation .............................................................................................6
1.7 Starting without Back-Pressure .................................................................................6
3 Commissioning...........................................................................................................8
3.1 Safety References .....................................................................................................8
3.2 Before Starting...........................................................................................................9
3.3 After Starting..............................................................................................................9
3.4 During Operation .......................................................................................................9
3.5 After Stopping............................................................................................................9
6 Spare Parts................................................................................................................18
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1 Description
1.1 Design
The equalization of mass of the crank mechanism and the special arrangement of
the two cylinders together with the use of trunk pistons guarantee low vibrations
during operation. They enable a 3-point resilient mounting without any problems..
The use of trunk pistons at all stages guarantees low wear and an safe lubrication
with high service life expectancy for pistons and cylinders.
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1.2 Specifications
The compressor compresses the ambient air sucked in through the air-intake filter
with silencer in two stages to the selected final pressure. Combined concentric ring
plate valves with large flow cross-sections control automatically the gas exchange
in the compression chambers. After every stage the heated compressed air flows
through a large-dimension cooler. To monitor the correct functioning of the
compressor a pressure gauge is installed after each compression stage. Safety
valves, installed after every compression stage, prevent the pressure from rising
above the admissible limit.
1.4 Cooling
The heat generated in the machine by air compression and mechanical friction is
led off to the atmosphere. A radial-flow fan fixed directly on the shaft and a hood
guide to suit the air flow guide the cooling air at high speed over the strongly ribbed
cylinders, valves and cylinder heads and over the ribbed cooler of the first and
second stages installed on the circumference.
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Only compressor oils according to the enclosed oil specification chart may be used.
Crankshaft and conn. rod bearings are force-feed lubricated by means of a
gearwheel oil pump driven directly by the crankshaft. This pump sucks the oil from
the crankcase through a sieve and forces it to the two main bearings of the
crankshaft, as well as to the conn. rod bearings. The lub. oil pressure is limited by a
spring-loaded pressure limiting valve and is indicated by a pressure gauge. The lub.
oil pressure is monitored by a pressure switch, which switches off the compressor
in case of insufficient oil pressure.
Together with the moist ambient air which is sucked in, water enters the
compressor in form of vapour. By compression and subsequent cooling of the
compressed air, this water vapour condenses. The water separated from the
compressed air blends with the oil which is entrained in very small quantities from
the lubricated working surfaces of the cylinders. This water-oil mixture is extracted
from the compressed-air stream in special condensate collector chambers.
At regular intervals – after every 15 min. for about 10 sec. - as well as on starting
and stopping of the compressor, the collector chambers must be drained by
opening the manual valves or optionally by automatic devices. Such condensate
separation reduces wear and tear due to corrosion in the compressor components,
and in the connected pipelines and prevents the compressor from damage due to
water shocks. Disposal of the condensate has to be carried out according to the
locally valid prescriptions.
During starting-up, the driving motor must be unloaded by opening the drain valves.
In automatically controlled compressors, unloading is effected by time-lagged
closing of these valves.
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In case of resilient mounting there must be sufficient room for movement. All
pipelines must then be connected to the consumer system by flexible hoses, strictly
adhering to the installation instructions.
All drain pipelines are to be laid with constant descent and must discharge into an
open funnel after the shortest possible distance. Each compression stage needs a
separate drain pipeline in order to guarantee perfect drainage of the individual
stages; stop valves are to be installed as closely as possible to the compressor.
For sufficient supply of cooling air, the minimum distance to the cooler must be
observed (see final drawing). The air inlets may not be influenced by the warm
exhaust of other machinery.
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3 Commissioning
• Only authorised and trained persons are allowed to operate and repair the
machine or to do maintenance work. Make sure that these persons have read
and understood the complete operating instructions and safety instructions.
• The compressor may only be used for compressing air.
• The compressor may not be operated without safety or protecting devices.
• Only sealed safety valves may be used, readjustment is not allowed. They
have to be replaced immediately when defective.
• Before starting any maintenance work it is necessary to stop the compressor
system and to prevent it from re-starting. The system has to be voltage–free,
all parts containing compressed air have to be depressurized.
• The compressor system may only be operated in perfect working condition.
It must be free of foreign parts.
• Rebuilding or any other changes to the compressor system that may
influence the safety are strictly prohibited.
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• The compressor must be filled to the upper oil level mark with prescribed
compressor oil (see list of recommended oils).
• Check that the crankshaft is moving easily by turning over the flywheel by
hand; but make sure that the compressor set cannot be started
unintentionally.
• Open the shut-off valve in the pipeline leading to the compressed-air
receiver.
• Open drain valves.
• Once the final pressure is attained, check the safety valves for proper
functioning: Slightly turn the knurled nut until the valve blows off. After
closure, check for leakage.
• After fitting of new working parts (repair), run in the compressor for about
one hour at low final pressure (5 to 10 bar).
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a) Check the oil level daily. Fill the crankcase with the prescribed compressor oil,
however, not exceeding the top oil level mark. Too much oil results in foaming
due to immersion of rotating parts, with the compressor at extremely inclined
position. Intense misting of the oil and uncontrolled cylinder lubrication would
result in increased oil consumption and coking of the working valves.
b) Drain off the lub. oil at the prescribed intervals - when the compressor is still hot
from running - and fill in fresh compressor oil after having cleaned the oil sieve.
c) Regularly and carefully check the oil pressure as well as the air pressure of all
stages. Varying operating pressure values indicate anomalies in the lubricating
system and valves, as well as leaks in the piping system.
d) At regular intervals dismantle and strip down the combined suction and
pressure valves and clean all parts. Packing rings between valve and cylinder
head must be replaced in sets only. For details, see „4.3 Overhaul of Valves„.
e) Check the safety valves on the compressor by slightly turning the knurled nut at
short intervals.
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After first commissioning, after a general overhaul, and after repairs to the crank
mechanism or cylinder, the following maintenance work should be done:
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1.) Clean the combined suction and pressure valves and check for wear.
2.) Check parts which come into direct contact with hot compressed air, such
as valves, cylinder heads and compressed-air pipelines for carbon residues
and, if necessary, clean them with solvents.
The admissible servicing intervals of the valves are determined above all by the
operating conditions and by the properties of the lubricant used. We
recommend to reduce the servicing intervals in case of severe operating
conditions.
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Cylinder head nuts and bolts for pipes should first be tightend by hand. Then nuts
should be initially tightened cross-wise using a torque wrench at approx. 10 Nm
(1 kpm) and then tightened securely in the same sequence to the necessary torque.
Pistons and cylinders can be removed for cleaning and checking of wear without
dismantling the connecting rod and crankshaft. All components must first be
marked so as to maintain pairings (assignment of pistons and cylinders) and the
positioning of the parts for reassembly.
To dismantle the pistons after pulling out the cylinders, firstly remove each of the
retainer rings of the wrist pins using a pair of circlip pliers, and then push the wrist
pin out of the piston with a set bolt or other suitable device.
Heating the piston to between approx. 60°C and 80°C facilitates insertion of the
wrist pin. Piston rings should be removed and inserted only using piston-ring
pliers.Observe that the piston rings are correctly positioned (see parts list) and
stagger the joints when fitting. On inclined cylinders, the oil scraper ring joint
should point upwards when fitting.
To measure clearance and wear, first of all, all parts must be cleaned and checked
for damage. The measurement of the cylinder diameter is carried out using a
precision internal gauge applied in the operational way of the piston rings.
The nominal diameter of the piston is stamped on top of the piston head. The actual
diameter should be checked at the bottom end of the piston stem, at right angles to
the wrist pin axis. For fitting clearances and wear limits refer to the attached list.
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To check the joint clearance, the piston rings should be inserted at a right angle
into the upper cylinder aperture and positioned at a location where the cylinder liner
shows no signs of wear. The joint clearance is measured using a feeler gauge.
Before fitting the pistons and cylinders, the seal-face on the crankcase and
underside of the cylinder must be carefully cleaned. Use new cylinder gaskets.
Apply oil to pistons and cylinders. Compress piston rings with a tensioning band
and slip the cylinders over the pistons by hand.
Take care that the cylinder head bolts do not touch the cooling ribs of the cylinders.
Parts, which have reached or exceeded their service life (see List of Wear Limits),
should be replaced.
Clean the oil ducts and blow through compressed air. Thoroughly oil the bearings
and journals as well as the associated components before assembly. Insert the
crankshaft in the crankcase first without shaft seals and then screw on the housing
cover with its gasket. Check whether the axial clearance of the crankshaft is within
the admissible clearance. Fit the shaft seals and tighten the housing cover screws
to the prescribed torque. When fastening the flywheel and the fan wheel, secure the
crankshaft against rotation by inserting a rod from outside through the opening of
the flywheel housing into the flywheel bore.
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The lubrication oil pump driven directly by the crankshaft is located on the fan side
in the bearing cover of the crankcase. The gearwheels are installed in a pump
cover. Due to the symmetrical design this can be used in both clockwise and
anticlockwise direction of the crankshaft.
With clockwise running - normal design of the compressor with electric drive - this
pump cover is to be installed in such a way that the internally toothed gear points in
the direction of the 2nd stage cylinder (TOP-marking).
The following instructions are to be observed for pump installation. Firstly insert
the bearing cover with slide bearing into the crankcase and screw tight. Oil both
gearwheels and insert into pump cover. The punched point markings on the wheels
remain visible and point in the direction of the flywheel! Insert the pump cover
together with the gearwheels into the bearing cover. Turn the crankshaft by hand
until the internally toothed gear slides over the guide onto the shaft. After removing
the cover screws check easymovement of the shaft. Replace damaged or hardened
O-rings. The spring-loaded oil pressure limit valve is inserted into the crankcase
from the bottom on the fan side. In the event of operational breakdowns this can be
loosened directly for checking.
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Compressors which will be put out of operation for several months must be
protected against corrosion.
Internal protection:
st nd
• Open drain valves of 1 and 2 stage under pressure.
• Run the compressor without pressure while the drain valves are open.
• Close the drain valves.
• Remove the air-intake filter-and pour about 250 cm³ of anti-corrosion oil into the
air-intake socket within approx. 2 minutes.
• Shut down the compressor and open the drain valves.
External protection:
• After cleaning, apply rust-preventive paint to all parts.
• Components made of light alloy, copper or brass need no treatment.
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5 Trouble Shooting
The following details are intended to provide a brief guide to determining the
cause of abnormal operation. We do not claim that this information is complete.
It only deals with the faults most frequently encountered, as known from
experience.
st
e) Safety valve 1 stage blowing off / Intermediate pressure too high
sea c)
f) Safety valve of final stage blowing off, final pressure too high :
Closed valve on compressed-air receiver.
Non-return valve does not open.
Defective pressure control switch (of the automatic system).
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6 Spare Parts
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In order to receive spare parts with the least possible delay, get in touch direct
with
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