Petroleum Drilling Eng Lecture 1 3

Petroleum Drilling Engineering-I
Introduction of Drilling Engineering

What is Drilling Engineering?
Drilling engineering is a branch of knowledge where

the design, analysis, and implement procedure are
completed to drill a well as sustainably as possible.
Drilling engineering, in a word, it is the technology

used to utilize crude oil and natural gas reserves.
Why Drilling Engineering is important?
The present modern civilization is based on energy and hydrocarbon resources. In

other words, the petroleum industry drives the energy sector, which in turn drives the
Importance
modern civilization.
To keep serving the whole civilization, drilling engineering has a significant role in this
issue. Moreover, the world’s energy sector is dependent on the drilling engineering.
To the best of our knowledge, right now, there is no alternative technology available
to extract hydrocarbon without drilling a hole.
Therefore, for the survival of our existence, we need to know and keep updating our
know ledge, especially on the technology, of drilling engineering.
Role of drilling and drilling engineer during field development
Managing rig side people

(i.e., management job)
Drilling rig organizational chart
Drilling methods
Drilling methods
Cable Tool Rotary

Drilling Drilling
Cable Drilling method

The cable tool (also called churn or percussion)

drilling method was used for drilling the first oil
well in USA to depth of 65 ft in 1859.
This was the historic Drake well located near

Titusville, Pennsylvania. It is credited with having
started the American Petroleum Industry.
However, it is believed that this drilling method has

been employed first by the early Chinese in the
drilling of brine wells.
Chinese drilling (Matthias Reich lectures „orignally from Arnold Werner“ [Flachbohrtechnik])
„Colonal“ Drake, oil field in Titusville (Matthias Reich lectures)

 In this method, drilling is accomplished by the pounding action of a steel bit which is
alternately raised by a steel cable and allowed to fall, delivering sharp, successive blows
to the bottom of the hole. This principle is the same as that employed in drilling
through concrete (air hammer), or (driving a nail through a board).
A conventional cable tool rig

Cable Drilling method: Some equipments and
basic techniques
 The drill string
 Rig lines
 Surface equipment
 Portable cable tool rigs

basic techniques
The drill string
The drill bit:
A heavy steel bar, generally four to eight feet
long, having the lower or drilling end dressed to
varying degrees of sharpness depending on the
formation to be drilled.
The drill stem:

A cylindrical steel bar generally 10 to 20 feet
long is screwed directly above the bit. Its
diameter depends on the hole size and the
amount of weight desired. The purpose of this
member is to furnish additional weight for the
Typical cable tool bits. Courtesy Span and
downward drilling blow.
Company (A) Straight regular pattern, (B)
Twisted Mother Hubbard pattern.
basic techniques
The drill string
Jars:
Heavy steel links which telescope within each
other much like two links in a chain. Their
function is to produce a sharp upward blow on
the tools, causing them to be jerked loose from
soft, sticky formations, and allowing a clean,
sharp drilling blow.
Tool joints:
Connectors for the bit, drill stem, etc. These
consist of tapered, coarse threaded connectors
machined on the ends of the tools. The thread
design allows easy makeup, and the necessary Typical cable tool bits. Courtesy Span and
tightness is obtained from the metal to metal fit Company (A) Straight regular pattern, (B)
at the flat shoulders of the joint. Twisted Mother Hubbard pattern.
basic techniques
Rig lines: 3 lines or cables for various purposes
Drilling lines:
Sand lines:
Calf lines:
Illustration of right and left, regular and

lang lay. Courtesy API.
basic techniques
Drilling lines:
The cable tool drilling line is spooled on the bull
wheel, passed over a sheave at the top of the
derrick, and suspended from the walking beam
by the screw where the driller pays it out as
drilling progresses.
This line is subjected to extremely severe

service. It must not only support the tools plus
its own weight, but is also subjected to the
jarring, fluctuating loads of drilling as well as Illustration of right and left, regular and
severe abrasion against the casing and hole wall.
basic techniques
Sand lines:
The spooled on the sand reel, passed over a
sheave at the top of the derrick, and is normally
attached to a bailer which stands vertically to
one side of the derrick floor while drilling is
underway.
Periodically, the drill string must be removed

from the hole and the bailer run to remove
accumulated fluid and cuttings.
The loads and service requirements on the sand Illustration of right and left, regular and
line are very light compared to the drilling line.
basic techniques
Calf lines:
The calf line is spooled on the calf wheel and is
used to run a casing into the well.
It may be subjected to the greatest loads of any

rig line.
However, this loading is not as severe as the

drilling service and may be more accurately
predicted. Illustration of right and left, regular and
Cable Drilling method: Relative merits of cable
tool drilling
Some advantages Some disadvantages
 The lower initial equipment cost, hence  The limitations on drilling rate and depth.
lower depreciation
 Other disadvantages stemming largely
 The lower daily operating expense (lower from the absence of a drilling fluid are:
fuel and maintenance costs, fewer
personnel, lower water requirement). - Lack of automatic control over high
pressures which may be
 Lower transportation costs. encountered, consequently blow
out, hazards to personnel and
 Lower rig-up time and expense. equipment.
 Drilling rates comparable to those of - Lack of control over unconsolidated

rotary in hard, shallow areas. and caving formations.
Cable Drilling method: Relative merits of cable
tool drilling
Some advantages Some disadvantages
 The lower initial equipment cost, hence  The limitations on drilling rate and depth.
lower depreciation
 Other disadvantages stemming largely
 The lower daily operating expense (lower from the absence of a drilling fluid are:
Itfuel
should be pointed
and maintenance costs,out that
many of the advantages
fewer
personnel, lower water requirement).- Lack of automatic control over high
and disadvantages of this method are due
pressures whichto either
may be
the absence
Lower orcosts.
transportation presence of a drilling fluid. consequently blow
encountered,
out, hazards to personnel and
 Lower rig-up time and expense. equipment.
 Drilling rates comparable to those of - Lack of control over unconsolidated

rotary in hard, shallow areas. and caving formations.
Rotary drilling
Rotary drilling
First practiced by a French civil engineer, in 1863.

Rotary drilling
U.S. patents on rotary equipment were issued as early as 1866.
The early application was for water well drilling.
A discovery well was drilled using rotary tools in Texas, 1901. This spectacular
discovery is credited with initiating the widespread use of the rotary method.
Rotary drilling
Rotary drilling
A conventional rotary drilling rig (left) an onshore rotary rig, (right) an offshore rotary rig.
Rotary drilling
The basic components
of a rotary drilling rig
Rotary drilling: Class activity
Derricks
The basic components
, masts,
of a rotary drilling rig
and
substru
ctures
Drawworks Mud pumps
Auxiliary Drilling line

equipment
Prime The drill

movers string
Bits
Rotary drilling: The basic components
1-Derricks, masts, and
The function of a derrick is to provide the

vertical clearance necessary to raising and
lowering of the drill string into and out of
substructures
the hole during the drilling operations. It

must be of sufficient height and strength
to perform these duties in a safe and
expedient manner.
Choice of Derrick:
The size of derrick for a specific application will normally
depend on:
1- Maximum compressive load anticipated (normally the

casing load).
Type and size
2- Maximum wind velocities expected in area of use.
3- Derrick height will normally be governed by trip

frequency and the relative saving from pulling fourbles
versus triples versus doubles, etc.
2-Drawworks (Hoists)
The functions of the drawworks are:
1- Control center for operating the rig.
2- Houses the drum which spools the drilling line during

hoisting operations and allows feed-off during drilling.
(reciprocating piston)
The functions of the mud or slush pumps are:
3-Mud pumps
1- Circulate the drilling fluid at the desired pressure and

volume.
The term „double-acting“ denotes that each side of the

piston does work.
Duplex pump Triplex pump

(2 pistons) (3 pistons)
(reciprocating piston)
Proper pump selection and utilization is extremely important to
the over-all efficiency of a drilling operation. The circulation
requirements in the area of use should be carefully analyzed
3-Mud pumps
before the final selection is made.

Drilling services that must be performed, the bulk of rig power is
consumed mainly by two operations:
4- Prime Movers
Circulation of
drilling fluid + Hoisting
rotary table
Power consumption is It is not the case with

essentially constant over hoisting
reasonable time
The drill string is:
5- The drill string
An expensive rig component

Most drill string failures are due to material fatigue which
has been aggravated by corrosion and improper care and
handling
Must be replaced periodically; consequently
Every care should be exercised to insure its long life
Schematic diagram of drill

string components and bit.
kelly Joint:
5- The drill string
(kelly Joint)
The topmost joint in the drill string
Commonly square, may be hexagonal
Primary function: Transmitting rotary table‘s rotation to

the entire drill string
5- The drill string (Drill
pipe and tool joints)
Drill pipe and tool joints:
Are hollow, seamless tubes manufactured from high grade

steel
Function: furnishes the necessary length for the drill

string
Function: serves as a conduit for the drilling fluid

Drill collars:
5- The drill string
(Drill collars)
Are heavy walled, large O.D. steel tubes
Function: furnishes the compressive load on the bit
Function: allowing the lighter drill pipe to remain in

tension
Drill bits: Numerous individual rotary bit designs are
available. All are designed to give optimum performance in
various formation types. However, there is no universal
agreement on this subject. The bits are classified here into 3
6- Rotary bits
types:
1- Drag type
2- Rolling cutter (roller bits)
3- Diamond
Drag bits: have no moving parts and drill by the shovelling

action of their blades on the encountered formation.
6- Rotary bits
(Drag bits)
The water courses are placed such that the drilling fluid is
directed on blades, keeping them clean.
They were once widely used for drilling soft, sticky

formation.
But, later they have been replaced largely by rolling cutter

bits.
Rotary drilling bits. Courtesy Christensen Diamond Products, Hughes

tool company, and reed roller bit company (A) Drag bit (Reed)
(Rolling cutter (bits)) Rolling cutter (roller bits): This bit allowed the rotary method to
compete with cable tools in hard formations which are undrillable
with drag bits.
6- Rotary bits
Tooth length, spacing, and pattern are balanced to obtain

the fastest penetration rate with a minimum of balling
between teeth.
For instance, for soft formation, three cone bits have

relatively long, and widely spaced teeth.
For harder formation, bits have shorter, and more closely

spaced teeth.
(Rolling cutter (bits)) Rolling cutter (roller bits): Jet bits are rolling cutter bits which
have been equipped with fluid nozzles.
6- Rotary bits
Each nozzle directs a high velocity fluid jet directly on the

hole bottom which rapidly removes the cuttings.
So, this allows each bit tooth to strike new formation

rather than expend some of its energy in regrinding
previously loosened chips.
However, the pressure losses through these nozzles are

considerable and require extra pump capacity.
Typical jet bit. Courtesy security Engineering
divission, dresser industries.
Diamond bits: drill by a scraping, drag-bit action of the stones
which protrude from a steel matrix.
(Diamond bits)
6- Rotary bits
Their use is justified in many areas where their long life

and the consequent reduction in trip time affords
sufficient advantage to offset the higher bit cost.
They are normally used in hard formations.
Diamond bit (Christensen)

Drilling line: The rotary drilling line affords a means of handling
the loads suspended from the hook during all drilling operations.
7- Drilling line
The maximum load occurs when running casing.
Although, fishing operations frequently require line pulls

in excess of the drill string weight.
Typical strand constructions for oil field wire ropes.

Courtesy API
Rotary tables:
8- Miscellaneous rig
equipment
Function: Transmits the rotation to the drill string by

turning the Kelly joint.
Function: Suspends the pipe weight during connections

and trips.
Travelling Block, Hook, and Swivel:
8- Miscellaneous rig
equipment
The travelling block is merely the travelling pulley (sheave)

assembly which connects the drilling line to the hook and
swivel.
The swivel must suspend the drill string and allow rotation
at the same time. Further, it affords drilling fluid passage
from the mud hose into the drill string.
Rotary drilling
- In the rotary method, the hole is drilled by a rotating bit to which a
downward force is applied. The bit is fastened to, and rotated by, a
drill string, composed of high quality drill pipe and drill collars, with
new sections or joints being added as drilling progresses.
- The cutting are lifted from the hole by the drilling fluid which is
continuously circulated down inside the drill string through water
courses or nozzles in the bit, and upward in the annular space
between the drill pipe and the bore hole.
- At the surface, the returning fluid (mud) is diverted through a series

of tanks or pits which afford a sufficient period to allow cutting
separation and any necessary treating. In the last of these pits the
mud is picked up by the pump suction and repeats the cycle.
Rotary drilling
The process of adding a new joint of pipe to the drillstring
(Making a connection)
Rotary drilling
Periodically the pipe must be removed from the hole in order
to replace the bit. The pipe is pulled in stands of four, three,
two joints each for example depending on the derricks or
masts.

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Petroleum Drilling Engineering-I

Introduction of Drilling Engineering

Drilling engineering is a branch of knowledge where

Drilling engineering, in a word, it is the technology

The present modern civilization is based on energy and hydrocarbon resources. In

Managing rig side people

Cable Tool Rotary

Cable Drilling method

The cable tool (also called churn or percussion)

This was the historic Drake well located near

However, it is believed that this drilling method has

„Colonal“ Drake, oil field in Titusville (Matthias Reich lectures)

A conventional cable tool rig

 Portable cable tool rigs

The drill stem:

Illustration of right and left, regular and

This line is subjected to extremely severe

Periodically, the drill string must be removed

It may be subjected to the greatest loads of any

However, this loading is not as severe as the

 Drilling rates comparable to those of - Lack of control over unconsolidated

 Drilling rates comparable to those of - Lack of control over unconsolidated

First practiced by a French civil engineer, in 1863.

U.S. patents on rotary equipment were issued as early as 1866.

The early application was for water well drilling.

Auxiliary Drilling line

Prime The drill

The function of a derrick is to provide the

the hole during the drilling operations. It

1- Maximum compressive load anticipated (normally the

2- Maximum wind velocities expected in area of use.

3- Derrick height will normally be governed by trip

1- Control center for operating the rig.

2- Houses the drum which spools the drilling line during

1- Circulate the drilling fluid at the desired pressure and

The term „double-acting“ denotes that each side of the

Duplex pump Triplex pump

before the final selection is made.

Power consumption is It is not the case with

An expensive rig component

Every care should be exercised to insure its long life

Schematic diagram of drill

The topmost joint in the drill string

Commonly square, may be hexagonal

Primary function: Transmitting rotary table‘s rotation to

Are hollow, seamless tubes manufactured from high grade

Function: furnishes the necessary length for the drill

Function: serves as a conduit for the drilling fluid

Are heavy walled, large O.D. steel tubes

Function: furnishes the compressive load on the bit

Function: allowing the lighter drill pipe to remain in

2- Rolling cutter (roller bits)

Drag bits: have no moving parts and drill by the shovelling

They were once widely used for drilling soft, sticky

But, later they have been replaced largely by rolling cutter

Rotary drilling bits. Courtesy Christensen Diamond Products, Hughes

Tooth length, spacing, and pattern are balanced to obtain

For instance, for soft formation, three cone bits have

For harder formation, bits have shorter, and more closely

Each nozzle directs a high velocity fluid jet directly on the

So, this allows each bit tooth to strike new formation

However, the pressure losses through these nozzles are

Their use is justified in many areas where their long life

They are normally used in hard formations.