Drilling Method and

Process
By
Engr. Jam Muhammad Kashif
Cable Tool Drilling(CTD)

It accomplished by the pounding action of steel bit which

is alternately raised by a steel cable and allow to fall,
delivering sharp successive blows to the bottom of the
hole

It is also called as Percussion Drilling or Churn Drilling

Basic Component of CTD

• The Drill Sting

• Rig Lines

• Surface Equipment

• Prime Movers

• Bailers and Sand Pumps

• Derricks
The Drill Sting
Drill String is composed of The Drill Bit, Drill Stem, Jars and Tool
Joints or rope socket (enabling their attachment to the drilling line
or cabel)

Drill Bit
A heavy steel bar, generally 4 to 8 ft long, having the lower or drilling
end dressed by varying degrees of sharpness depending on the formation
to be drilled.
Drill Stem
A cylindrical steel bar generally 10 to 20 ft long, which is screwed directly
above the bit.
The Drill Sting

Jars

Heavy steel links which telescope within each other

much like to link in a chain.

Tool Joints

Connecters for the bit, drill stem, etc,.

Rig Lines
Standard rig lines has three lines or cables used for various
purposes.
i) The Drilling Line
ii) The Sand Line
iii) The calf or casing line

The Drilling Line

It is spooled on the bull wheel, passed over a sheave at the
top of the derrick and suspended from walking beam by the
temper screw where driller pays it out as drilling progress.
Rig Lines
The Sand Line

It is spooled on the sand reel, passed over a sheave at the top of the
derrick and is normally attached to a bailer which stand vertically one
side of the derrick while drilling is underway

Calf Lines

It is spooled on the calf wheel and is used to run casing into the well.
Consequently, it may be subjected to the greatest loads of any rig line
Surface Equipment
The bull and calf wheel and sand reel, which house or spool their respective
lines, have been mentioned

These wheels are merely reels, properly constructed to handle the load and
line length for which they are rated

The walking beam is supported by Sampson post and imparts reciprocating

It is connected to band wheel by crank and pitman

Belt drive by prim mover is provide motion to band wheel

Prime Movers

The first prime movers used in cable tool drilling were

steam engine; currently, internal combustion engines is
the most common.
Bailers and Sand Pumps

i) Periodically remove the cutting from the well bore is

necessary action

ii) To accomplish this, a pipe equipped with a bail at the top and
a valve at the bottom is run into the hole on the sand line

iii) The bottom valve, generally a disc or flapper type, is opened

and closed by a protruding stem which strike bottom of the hole
as the bailer is alternately raised and lowered.
Derricks

The Derrick is the structure which affords the vertical

clearance for conducting such drilling operation as
withdrawing the tools and running casing
CTD Advantages
• The lower initial equipment coast, hence lower
depreciation
• The lower daily operating expenses: low fuel and
maintenance costs, fewer personnel, low personnel
equipment
• lower transportation cost
• Lower rig up time and expense
• Drilling rates are comparable to those rotary in hard,
shallow areas
CTD Disadvantages

i) Lack of automatic control over high pressures which

may be encountered and consequent greater danger of
blowouts with accompanying hazards to personnel and
equipment

ii) Lack of control over unconsolidated and caving

formation; multiple casing strings may be required
Application of CTD
• Drilling operation: Drilling the desired footage of the pay section
only. This is particularly useful in mud sensitive-zone, thin sections
with bottom water, low pressure and lost circulation zones
• Remedial and cleanout work: Post-completion work on wells which
can be economically performed with cable tool equipment. Low
payday cost often given cable tools the advantage in this work
• Preparatory work for rotary drilling: in some areas it has proved
economical to set the short string of surface pipe to allow rotary
drilling without delay
• Water well drilling: Shallow water wells used to supply rotary rigs
are generally drilled with cable tool.
Rotary Drilling

In the rotary method, the hole is drilled by a rotating bit

to which a downward force is applied.

The bit is fastened to, and rotated by, a drill string,

composed of high quality drill pipe and drill collars, with
new sections or joints being added as drilling progresses.
Basic Rig Equipment
• Derrick, mast and substructures
• Drawworks
• Mud pumps
• Prime Movers
• The Drill String
• Bits
• Drilling Lines
• Miscellaneous and auxiliary equipment
Derrick, Mast and Substructures

The function of a derrick is to provide the vertical

clearance necessary to the rising and lowering of the drill
string into and out of the hole during drilling operations
Drawworks (Hoists)

i) It is the control center from which the driller operate the

rig. It contain the clutches, sprockets, engine throttles, and
other controls which enable the rig power to be delivered to
the particular operation at hand

ii) It houses the drum which spools the drilling line during
hoisting operations and allows feed-off during drilling
Mud pumps

• Its function is circulate the drilling fluid at the desired

pressure and volume

• Pumps normally used for this purpose are reciprocating

piston, double acting, duplex type
Prime Movers

Circulation of the drilling fluid and Hoisting is powered by

prime movers.

• Steam Engine

• Electric Motors

• Internal Combustion Engine

The Drill String

Drill is an extremely expensive rig component and must be

replaced periodically; consequently, every should be
exercised to insure its long life.

Main Component
• Kelly Joint

• Drill Pipe and Tool Joint

• Drill Collar
The Drill String
Kelly Joint: Top most joint of drill string. Kelly passes through
snugly fitting, properly shaped bushing in the rotary table
allowing the rotary table’s rotation to be transmitted to the
entire drill string.
Drill Pipe: It provide the necessary length for the drill sting
and serve as conduit for drilling fluid.
Joints: separate components and are attached to the pipe
after its manufacture
Drill Collar: Heavey walled, large O.D steel tubes whose
function is to furnish the compressive load on the bit, allowing
the lighter drill pipe to remain in tension.
Rotary Bits

It is the main part of drilling which is used to cut the

formation to reach the require depth.

Types of Bits

Drag Bits

Rolling Cutter(roller bits)

Diamond Bit
Rotary Bits

Drag Bits: it has no moving parts and drill by shoveling action of

their blades on the encountered formation

Rolling Cutter: for drilling the hardest formation such as quartzite

or chert and has excellent success in many areas

Jet Bits: which is equipped with fluid nozzels

Diamond Bits: It is used in hard formation and for increasing the

trip time due to its long life. It also used to save the time
Drilling Lines

Afford a means of handling the load suspended from the

hook during all drilling operation
Miscellaneous Rig Equipment
Rotary Table: i) It transmits the rotation to drill string by
turning the Kelly joint ii)It suspends the pipe weight
during connection and tripping
Travelling Block: is merely the travelling pulley (sheaves)
assembly which connects the drilling line to Hook and
Swivel. It may be combined with Hook or as separate part
Swivel: suspend the drill string and allow the rotation
same time
Blowout Preventers: To prevent the pressure which
exceed from the hydrostatic pressure of drilling fluid
Rotary Drilling Process

• Power System

• Hoisting System

• Fluid Circulation System

• Well control system

• Well monitoring system

Rig Power System

It is consumed by the Hoisting and fluid circulating

systems

Steam Engine

Electric Motors

Internal Combustion Engine

Generators
Hoisting System
To provide a means of lowering or raising drillstrings, casing
strings and other substructure equipment into and out of the
hole
Two routine drilling operation performed with hoisting
system
 Making a connection
 Making a trip
Main Components
• The Derrick and Substruture
• Blocks and Tackle
• The Drawworks
Circulating System
To remove the rock cutting from the hole as drilling
progress
i) From Steel tank to the mud pump
ii) From pump through the high pressure surface
connections to drill string
iii) Through drillsting to the bit
iv) Through the nozzels of bit and up and annular space b/w
the drillsting and hole to the surface
v) Through the contaminant-removal equipment back to the
suction tank
Rotary System

It is used to achieve bit rotation

Main Parts
i. Swivel

ii. Kelly
iii. Rotary Drive
iv. Rotary Table
v. Drillpipe

vi. Drill Collar

Well control system
This system prevents the uncontrolled flow of formation fluid from
wellbore. When bit penetrates a permeable formation that has a fluid
pressure in excess of the hydrostatic pressure exerted by drilling
fluid, formation fluid begin displacing the drilling fluid from the well.

i)Detecting the kick ii) Closing the well at the surface iii) circulating
the well under high pressure to remove the formation fluid and
increase the mud density iv) moving the drillsting under the pressure
v) diverting flow away from the rig perssonel and equipment
Well Monitoring System
Safety and efficiency consideration require constant
monitoring of the well to detect drilling problems quickly
This system record following parameters

i) Depth ii) Penetration Rate iii) Hook Load iv) Rotary Speed v)
rotary torque vi) pump rate vii) pump pressure viii) mud
density ix) mud temperature x) mud salinity xi) gas content of
mud xii) hazardous gas content of air xiii) pit level xiv) mud
flow rate
Questions and Answers

END