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Modelling and performance analysis of electric vehicle

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 International Journal of Ambient Energy

ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/taen20

Modelling and performance analysis of electric

vehicle

B. Sharmila, K. Srinivasan, D. Devasena, M. Suresh, Hitesh Panchal, R.

Ashokkumar, R. Meenakumari, Kishor Kumar sadasivuni & Ronakkumar
Rajnikant Shah

To cite this article: B. Sharmila, K. Srinivasan, D. Devasena, M. Suresh, Hitesh Panchal, R.

Ashokkumar, R. Meenakumari, Kishor Kumar sadasivuni & Ronakkumar Rajnikant Shah (2021):
Modelling and performance analysis of electric vehicle, International Journal of Ambient Energy,
DOI: 10.1080/01430750.2021.1932587

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY
https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2021.1932587

Modelling and performance analysis of electric vehicle

B. Sharmilaa , K. Srinivasana , D. Devasenaa , M. Sureshb , Hitesh Panchal c , R. Ashokkumard , R. Meenakumarib , Kishor
Kumar sadasivunie and Ronakkumar Rajnikant Shahf
a Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College (Autonomous), Coimbatore, India; b Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kongu Engineering College (Autonomous), Perundurai, Erode, India; c Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Government Engineering College, Patan, India; d Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bannari Amman Institute of
Technology (Autonomous), Sathyamangalam, Erode, India; e Centre for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Qatar; f Mechanical Engineering
Department, A D patel Institute of Technology, Anand, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Conventional vehicles utilise petroleum-derived fuels for providing good performance and long-range Received 1 February 2021
speed. Due to the utilisation of petrol or diesel, there are few disadvantages such low fuel economy and Accepted 13 May 2021
exhaust gas emissions, which cause environmental pollution. To overcome such problems, this paper KEYWORDS
addresses the designing of an electric vehicle model, to enhance energy efficiency, reduce emissions, high- Electric vehicle; modelling;
performance and low-maintenance. A simple and low run-time electric vehicle is modelled using simscape Simscape; performance
components using MATLAB. The dynamic model was used with the drive cycle source, battery, driver con- analysis
troller, power converter, motor, and vehicle subsystem. The power converter is designed using H-bridge
with regenerative braking. The vehicle’s kinetic energy is recovered by braking the electric motor in the
generator mode. Performance parameters, such as vehicle speed, current, State of Charge (SoC), motor
RPM and distance, are verified with various drive cycles. The distance travelled, speed and torque by the
electric vehicle are obtained using the simulation model and results are analysed.

1. Introduction
In recent days, there is a huge demand for fuel as its consump-
tion increased a lot. In vehicles, a huge amount of CO2 gas is
dissipated because of fuel usage (Eckert et al. 2017; Jing et al.
2016). Moreover, environment is highly affected by this carbon
dioxide gases. So, the major challenge is to reduce the CO2 and
it is defended using Eco-friendly vehicle or car, which is other-
wise also termed as Electric vehicle (EV). The demand for EVs
is expected to increase drastically and to be the most depen-
dent source of transport in the near future (Subasri et al. 2020).
With the advancements in technology, the control of motors
is also now simple and efficient operation of Electric Vehicle is
highly required. Battery electric vehicles (BEV) and Hybrid elec-
tric vehicles (HEV) are the two major categories in the current
era. BEVs use batteries as a source of energy and they are also
called ‘green vehicles, or clean vehicles, or eco-friendly vehicles’
because they have zero emissions. A HEV is classified as a car
that uses two or more different technologies to achieve its move-
ment. These technologies usually include the classic internal
combustion engine and an environment-friendly technology,
usually an electric motor (Ashokkumar et al. 2021). Various basic
HEVs are Micro Hybrid Start-Stop, Mild Hybrid, Full Hybrid, Series
Hybrid EVs, Parallel Hybrid EVs, Series-Parallel Hybrid EVs, Fuel
Cell Hybrid EVs and Plug-in Hybrid EVs (Sheela et al. 2020). How-
ever, the electric motor is used as a supplementary power source
in cases where the HEV requires more power (Skouras et al. 2020)
An electric engine impels the electric vehicle (EV) and instead
of a gasoline motor, rechargeable battery packs are used for
fuelling it. The external appearances are the same. In various
cases, gasoline-powered car is changed to make an electric car
(Patel et al. 2021). MATLAB is used by many authors in the
research of electric vehicles. Jadhav 2017; Kiyakli and Solmaz
2018 and Bhatt 2016 used MATLAB for modelling, designing,
implementing and analysing the drive cycle in the Electric Vehi-
cle, respectively. Ashokkumar et al. 2021 used Arduino for elec-
tric vehicle emulator.
Major parts of electric cars are electric motor, controller and
rechargeable battery. A controller is used for controlling elec-
tric engine and a rechargeable battery will give control over
the controller. A current/electric rule forms the base for elec-
tric vehicle. Controls are supplied to the electric engine by using
battery pack called batteries. At this point, power from bat-
teries is used for turning a transmission by the engine and
wheels are turned using this transmission. Renewable energy
has also shown impressive performance with the electrical vehi-
cles (Suresh et al. 2020).
Powers required for operating electric cars are derived at
charge point in a network. Those powers are stored in recharge-
able batteries. Electric engines are controlled by these bat-
teries and these turn the wheels. Electric cars are faster than
vehicles with conventional fuel and they are very light for
driving.

CONTACT B. Sharmila sharmi.rajesh@gmail.com; Hitesh Panchal engineerhitesh2000@gmail.com

© 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

2 B. SHARMILA ET AL.
Figure 1. Block diagram of electric vehicle modelling.
2. Description
The proposed method consists of a battery, motor, controller,
power converter, and a vehicle body. The motor is connected to
the vehicle body’s shaft. Through a power converter, the motor
is connected with batteries for controlling. The power converter
changes the voltage applied to the motor that changes the
speed of the vehicle.
Thus, the vehicle body, battery, motor, controller, and power
converter are the fundamental components of electrical vehi-
cles, as shown in Figure 1. The concept of electrical engine
revolves around magnetism. The engine draws power from the
battery making a magnetic attraction propelling the automobile
forward that produces high torsion from the start. To simulate
the model, a throttle angle and a brake pedal input are given
through the drive cycle. The driver controller is needed to track
the particular speed of the vehicle to match the drive cycle
input.
3. Modelling flow
The flow chart of the electric vehicle modelling is shown in
Figure 2. The drive cycle (Jadhav 2017) source consists of throttle
and brake pedal input. The longitudinal driver controller receives
the input from the drive cycle source. The driver controller has
three input , namely, reference speed, velocity feedback, and
grade and three output ports, namely info, acceleration, deceler-
ation. The output from the driver controller is given to H-bridge
via Simulink to physical signal converter and controlled PWM
voltage. The pulse width given for activation is five volts. The
H-Bridge is powered internally.
The battery is used to switch the DC motor. The battery
(Salehen and Kamaruzzaman 2017) is connected to the motor
through a power converter to provide control action. The power
converter changes the voltage applied to the motor. DC motor
is connected to the axle of the vehicle. The vehicle body consists
of velocity, hub, wind, beta, NR, and NF. Rear wheels of the vehi-
cle are connected to the normal rear force of the vehicle body.
The front wheels of the vehicle are connected to the normal front
force of the vehicle body. Hub of the wheels is connected to that
of the vehicle body.
Thus, the driver controller is required to track the actual speed
of the vehicle for matching drive cycle input. It compares the
reference speed with actual speed and calculates the error. The
controller used is a Proportional Integral controller.
• If the error is positive, then there will be acceleration.
• If the error is negative, deceleration action will be taken in the
vehicle.
4. Software description
The software used is MATLAB-Simscape.
4.1. Simscape
Quick creations of physical framework models are enabled
using Simscape within simulink atmosphere. With this, physi-
cal part models support associations that directly integrate with
block diagrams, and other model paradigms are built. Frame-
works, such as electrical engines, bridge rectifiers, pressure-
driven actuators, and refrigeration frameworks, amass cru-
cial elements into a schematic. Simscape add-on things pro-
vide additional advanced elements and analysis capabilities.
Simscape creates control frameworks and tests system-level
execution.
4.2. Drive cycle source
Drive cycle source consists of a throttle angle and a brake pedal.
It is provided as the reference input signal to the longitudinal
driver controller.
4.3. Driver controller
This unit compares the reference and feedback signal (velocities)
and generates normalised acceleration and braking commands.
It acts as an error detector.
4.4. Power converter
This block has two simulation modes: PWM mode and Averaged
mode. A controlled voltage according to input signal at PWM
port is produced at its output.
4.5. Battery
This block provides electricity to power the vehicle accessories
in an electric drive vehicle.
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY 3

Figure 2. Flow chart of electric vehicle modelling.

4.6. Motor 4.8. Ideal rotational motion sensor

This block drives the vehicle’s wheel by using the power from Rotational Motion Sensor is a form of mechanical rotational
the battery source. The DC motor’s high starting torque ability movement sensor. Between two mechanical rotational hubs, the
makes it suitable for traction application. These motors can with- measured variable is converted as a control signal as per the
stand a sudden increase in load with ease of control. angular velocity or angle.

4.7. Vehicle body

4.9. Ideal translational motion sensor
A two-axle vehicle, having drag properties, geometry, adjustable
Between two mechanical translational hubs, the measured vari-
mass, longitudinal dynamics and motion, is provided by this
able is converted as a control flag as per the position speed using
block. Identical size of vehicle wheels is assumed. It also has a
Translational Motion Sensor.
gravity centre that’s at or underneath the travelling plane.
4 B. SHARMILA ET AL.

Figure 3. Simulation of electric vehicle modelling.

Figure 4. Vehicle subsystem.

5. Simulation result battery with the help of the controller and provides proportional
control signals. The control signals are produced with the help
The simulation of electric vehicle modelling is shown in Figure 3.
of a feedback from the vehicle. The drive cycle source is taken a
The functioning of the electric vehicle modelling is plugged into
reference driving pattern taken for the simulation.
a charge point for taking electricity from the grid and is stored in
Figure 4 shows the simulation of the drivetrain system of the
rechargeable batteries to power an electric motor which turns
vehicle. The component group delivering power for driving vehi-
the wheel. The design consists of both electrical and mechanical
cles corresponds to the vehicle’s drivetrain. It consists of a vehicle
systems.
frame and a drive wheel. The model is developed with a four-
The power converter is used to convert the energy from the
wheel-drive system. At the front and rear, two wheels are placed.
battery to an ideal level as required by the motor. The converter
A drive wheel is a vehicle’s wheel, which transmits force and
is a bidirectional which helps in taking regenerative energy back
transforms torque as tractive force from tires to road, causing
to battery, thereby providing charging during deceleration of
vehicle to move forward.
the vehicle. The vehicle body consists of the body of vehicle with
Figure 5 shows graphical representation of the speed of
wheels connected to the motor through a transmission system.
the electric vehicle model developed. The speed comparison
As per the load requirement, the motor takes the power from the

Figure 5. Vehicle speed output.
Figure 6. Motor RPM.
curve shows the actual speed of the vehicle almost follows the
reference curve in the simulation. The output speed changes
with respect to the input signal. Drive cycle source is given
as an input to the longitudinal driver controller. The propor-
tional–integral controller is used to track the signal from the
drive cycle source. The values of PI controller are Kp = 100;
Ki = 50; Kaw = 0.1; Kff = 0.05; Kg [1/deg] = 0.1. The output
speed increases if there is an increase in input and vice versa.
Figure 6 shows the motor RPM of the vehicle. The number
of times the DC motor’s shaft completes a full spin cycle (when
shaft turns a full 360°) per minute is the rated operating speed
of motor. Ideal Rotational Motion Sensor is used to sense the
rotations of the motor.
Figure 7 shows graphical data of the distance covered by the
electric vehicle and speed of the electric vehicle in kilometre per
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AMBIENT ENERGY 5
hour. The Ideal Translational Motion Sensor is utilised for mea-
suring the vehicle’s speed. According to this speed, the distance
is calculated and displayed. In this graph, the speed of the vehicle
gradually increases, so the distance covered also increases.
Distance Calculation : Distance
= Integral of Speed/3600 in km/hr
Figure 8 shows the graphical representation of State of
Charge (SoC) and current. Based on the current consumption,
charge in the battery decreases. In this graph, initially the current
consumption is zero. Hence, the charge of the battery does not
decrease. When the electric vehicle is operated, the current con-
sumption increases and there is a gradual decrease in the SoC.
6 B. SHARMILA ET AL.
Figure 7. Distance travelled and speed in Km/hr.
Figure 8. Vehicle speed output.
When the current value is below zero or negative, the battery is
charged.
Thus, the simulation result shows the effectiveness of using a
PI controller to develop a low run time Electric Vehicle.
6. Conclusion
This paper addresses the electric vehicle model which shall
reduce the toxic emissions in the environment. The simulation
result shows the effectiveness of PI controllers used in elec-
tric vehicles for controlling the speed to the desired level. This
model achieves a stable speed and a high torque. Performance
parameters, such as speed, State of Charge (SOC), current and
distance, are calculated with various drive cycles. Hence, the
model shall be used where system energy is not consumed
when the vehicle is stationary, whereas in internal combus-
tion engines, the fuel is consumed when the vehicle is in idle
condition.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Management and Principal of Sri Ramakrishna Engineering Col-
lege, Coimbatore, for providing the facilities and research support in carrying
out the project in our Department. We appreciate the students T. Arunkumar,

G. GeeethaSree and R. Suvetha of the Department of Electronics and Instru-
mentation Engineering for their support.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
ORCID
Hitesh Panchal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3787-9712
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