Electrical Motors For Electric Vehicle An Overview

International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 2535-2541 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252
Electrical Motors for Electric Vehicle: An Overview

R.Vidyesh1 and Praful Ghadge2
1
Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and
Technology, Nagpur, India
2
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engineering and
Technology, Nagpur, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Submitted: 05-07-2021 Revised: 17-07-2021 Accepted: 20-07-2021
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT: An Electric Vehicle is a vehicle paper we will be specifically talking about the
controlled by an electric motor which runs utilizing electric cars and the electric motor functions will be
the power in the batteries. Electric Vehicle was intended to drive the power train of the electric car.
fabricated soon after the first DC power motor was Electric motors are intended for their particular use
introduced and consequently has longer history. in electric vehicles. Electric vehicles may ignite
Pertaining to the growing innovation in Electric AC/DC motors according to configuration or
Vehicle system, it has turned out to be critical to relying upon the expected utilization of electric
get a far reaching comprehension of the criteria vehicle. There has been an immense research in the
connected in determination of electric motors. It is field of electric motors and various kinds of DC
observed that the use of electric motor has been and AC motors have been created throughout the
varied from manufacture to manufacture. An years.
expanding biological mindfulness and the lack of This provides electric vehicle
non-renewable energy source assets are solid manufacturers an extensive variety of different
motivations to grow progressively effective electric motors to browse according to their
vehicles, with lower fuel utilization however necessity. Determination of a specific sort of an
without lessening driving solace indicate references electric vehicle motor must be done prudently as
by Thanh Anh Huynh et Al, 2018. Hence, various motor qualities influence the general execution of a
types of electric motors are currently utilized vehicle. Indicate references by T.Porselvi et Al.,
depending upon the power requirement. In this 2017.
paper, authors provide a comparison of the most Numerous criteria, for example,
popular classes of electric motors being used over efficiency, cost, reliability, innovation and
the period of time in context with the efficiency, controllability must be contemplated. From the
power density, reliability, and size. industrial application perspective, the most widely
Keywords: Electric Vehicle, Power density, recognized motors utilized in the electric vehicles
Efficiency, Reliability, Economy are: DC motors (shunt and series), permanent
magnet synchronous motors, brushless DC motors
I. INTRODUCTION and Squirrel Cage Induction Motors. A study of
Electric power strength is the principle qualities of motors utilized in the EVs is displayed.
supply of electricity for impetus of an automobile As to extent of research, the rest of motor types
in the electric vehicle technology. In electric including the induction, brushless DC and
powered cars, electrical strength is changed over permanent magnet synchronous motors are
into mechanical (rotational) strength. This extraordinarily prevailing. Indicate references by
rotational strength is carried out to a vehicle wheel Dr. Sab Safi, 2015.
through the best possible transmitting device which
thus reasons drive. An electric vehicle motor gives II. LITERATURE REVIEW
the vital power to the vehicle drive, thereby making The paper presented by Thanh Anh
it the core of electric vehicles. Choice of the Huynh, 2018 assesses the electromagnetic and
electric motor for an electric vehicle (EV) thermal execution of a few traction motors for EVs.
framework is a significant advance. Two differing driving cycles are used for the
examination of the motors, one for urban and the
There are various electric vehicles other for freeway driving. The electromagnetic
available in market. These vehicles incorporate execution to be assessed incorporates most
different motors for different functionalities. In this prominent motor torque output for vehicle
DOI: 10.35629/5252-030725352541 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 2535
accelerating speed and the flux weakening capacity Three distinctive electric traction motor
with respect to wide operating extent under current drives are thought about by Gianmario Pellegrino,
and voltage limits. 2009 as far as yield power and proficiency at same
Diverse sorts of electric motors are drift measurements and inverter estimate. Induction
thought about by Swaraj Jape, Archana Thosar, motor, surface mounted permanent magnet (SPM)
2017 based on specific parameters which ought to and internal permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous
be thought about for choosing specific motor motor drives are examined, in context with typical
compose for EV application. Examination has been vehicle determination.
classified on a few parameters. Nasser Hashernnia and Behzad Asaei,
Gagandeep Luthra, 2017 has given 2008 have proposed that distinctive electric motors
accentuation towards electric motor drives that are are considered to analyze their advantages and the
indispensable parts of the electric vehicle. Here an most reasonable benefit is utilized in the electric
exertion is arranged to look at changed kinds and vehicle (EV) applications. It is presumed that in
the attributes of electric motor drives utilized in the spite of the fact that the induction motors
electric vehicle. innovation is of course more developed, the
Ahmed A. AbdElhafez et. Al., 2017 thinks brushless DC and permanent magnet motors are
about various machine techniques: traditional more reasonable than others for the EV
techniques as induction machine, permanent applications.
magnet and SR and DC machine techniques for Ali Emadi et. Al., 2008 in this paper, has
High Speed Traction application. The correlation done a concise auditing the existing patterns and
tends to various plan criteria for HST zone as cost, futuristic vehicle systems; also capacity of power
quality, proficiency, fault- torque, adaptation to electronic subsystems are depicted. The necessities
non-critical failure capacity and power density. of power electronic parts and electric motor drives
for the fruitful advancement of these vehicles are
The paper presented by Xiangdong Liu, et. likewise displayed.
Al., 2015 plays out a plan and relative investigation The traction motor and the drive are
of IPMSMs with various rotor topologies. The utilized for the whole torque/speed operational
exploration results demonstrate that V-shape PMs range. In perspective of this reality, the paper
with the IPMSM is more satisfying with complete presented by Sheldon S. Williamson et. Al, 2007
thought. Besides, the V-shape PMs with IPMSM is goes for displaying the inverter and motor
explored thoroughly. efficiencies and losses for city and expressway
Adrian Bălţăţanu and Leonard Marin driving schedules. An induction motor is utilized
Florea, 2013 have exhibited a near examination of for a medium-sized power vehicle that is displayed
electric motors that are right now utilized in vehicle in the Advanced Vehicle Simulate or
drive frameworks. Programming.
Juan de Santiago et. Al., 2012 presents a The paper presented by Z.Q.Zhu, 2007
basic survey of the drivelines in every Electric surveys the relative benefits of inductance, SRM,
Vehicle (EVs). The motor methodologies with best and permanent magnet (PM) brushless machines
contender to be utilized in EVs are displayed. The and drives for application in electric and fuel cell
focal points and inconveniences of every electric vehicles, giving specific emphasis on PM brushless
motor compose are discussed through a framework machines. Essential operational attributes and plan
point of view. A study of the electric motor utilized necessities, i.e. a high power/torque density, good
in business EVs is introduced. The review appears productivity up wide working reach, and an
that auto makers are exceptionally moderate with extreme acceleration capacity, and in addition the
regards to presenting new advances. most recent advancements, are depicted.
In this paper David G. Dorrell et. Al., Mounir Zeraoulia et. Al., 2005 depicts a
2010 depicts an exam concerning various motor similar report permitting the choice of a proper
outlines for a utility directed by way of the electric drive framework for a parallel Hybrid
execution of a modern hybrid electric vehicle force. Electric Vehicle (HEV). The investigation depends
An induction motor and SRM are taken. Torque on a thorough audit of the best in class
over a extensive pace run is needed (base velocity classification furthermore, on an incredible
of 1500 rpm and extreme velocity of 6000 rpm) relationship of the displays of the four principle
and the key point is that the aggregate torque in electric traction frameworks that are the dc motors,
keeping with extent is utilized. The productivity is the induction motors, the permanent magnet
taken into consideration and proficiency plots are synchronous motors, and the switched reluctance
proposed. motors.
Another five-phase, surface-infix the latter being chopper controlled to get a scope of
permanent magnet brushless DC motor drive is consistent power task by field debilitating up to
presented by Jinyun Gan, et. Al. 2000. The motor around 4000 rpm most extreme speed. Inter-poles
drive points of interests of both the PM brushless are for the most part utilized more than 10 kW
dc drive and the dc series motor drive. The yield.
machine design and operation ethic are odd to a Electric Motors Used In Electric Vehicles:
point that the magnetic field circulation and stable An Overview
execution are dissected by the Finite-Element Today, majority of the electric cars are
Method (FEM). utilizing DC motors (4 kW and less power).
The reason for the paper presented by Induction Motor is an exceptionally well known
Khwaja M. Rahman and Mehrdad Ehsani, 1996 is AC motor. A considerable lot of the advanced
to do an examination of a few most regularly power EV (more than 5kW), utilize Induction
utilized motors. In this investigation, inductance Motors. Typically a vector drive is utilized to give
motor is observed as most appropriate for vehicle torque and acceleration management. Directly,
application. Permanent magnet motors, attributable BLDC motor applications find in low power EV.
to their prohibitive speed run, are observed to be Battery is a primary energy depository device in
not as reasonable for vehicle applications. EV. As of late monstrous works are being
In the current EV improvement programs, accounted for in-battery improvement such as Li-
both Induction Motor drives and permanent magnet particle is being presently utilized by new age of
brushless dc motor drives have discovered their EV. Distinctive sort of motors show diverse
pertinence. SRM engines have been contemplated qualities, making it vital to assess motors on some
as an inherent drive for electric vehicles. With the fundamental guidelines to pick a specific type of
end goal to give a specialized help to creating and motor for an electric vehicle. Electric motors
choosing impetus frameworks for futuristic electric utilized in electric vehicle ought to possess
vehicles, a similar investigation of AC drives for imperative properties as in easy plan, high vitality,
EVs is completed by L. Chang, 1994. low upkeep cost, and great control. Motors
Different types of electric motors in generally utilized by electric vehicle producers are
regards to their number of poles are explained by DC motors, Induction motors, Synchronous
John G.W. West, 1994. DC motors can have two, motors, Switched Reluctance motors and
four or six poles contingent upon power yield and Permanent magnet brushless motors.
voltage and may have series or parallel field tracts,
Table 1. Recent electric vehicles manufactured by top producers and the electric motors used
Direct Current Motors Swaraj Ravindra Jape and Archana Thosar, 2017.
DC brushed motors can accomplish high Truly, a DC (Direct Current) drive has been
torque at low velocities, shaping them to be utilized conspicuously in the E.V's on account of
appropriate for traction framework. However, poor the fact that they give speed control and perfect
power density is a downside of brushed DC motor torque- speed necessities. Excursion motors for
for accounting in electric vehicles. DC brushless electric vehicles are aligned in two sections,
motors in the contrary provide better efficiency and switching motors and motors without commutation.
have less maintenance. Indicate references by
Switching motors are essentially conventional DC Permanent Magnet Brushless DC and AC

motors, including, series and shunt excitation. Motors
DC motors have been the subject of One more sort of motors in options to
interest since long as a result of straightforward utilize is the permanent magnet brushless dc motor.
control and decoupling of motion and torque. These are accessed by for all intents and purposes
Obviously, DC motors are still great contender for transforming the stator and rotor of the permanent
low power applications. Indicate references by magnet dc motor. Despite the fact that their setup is
Adrian Bălţăţanu, 2013. The commutator really relative to the PMS motors, the BLDC motors are
goes about as a strong inverter; therefore, power fed by an AC supply that is rectangular in nature as
electronic gadgets can be simple and economic. opposed to a sinusoidal supply. Another benefit of
Indicate references by Nasser Hashernnia and PM BLDC motors is their capacity to deliver a
Behzad Asaei, 2008. greater torque when contrasted with other motors at
similar apex amount of current and voltage.
Induction Motors
Three phase induction motors are Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)
generally utilized in electric vehicles in view of SRMs utilize rotor position switches to
immense proficiency, great speed control and no invigorate the separate phase windings in sequence.
commutator. 3-phase AC supply is associated with A wide speed extend is conceivable. Rotor aims to
stator winding, thereby building up the rotating proceed to a place of slightest reluctance in this
magnetic field. A.C Induction Motor Drive is way inducing torque. SRMs possess qualities viz.,
ideally utilized in E.V. They are generally large beginning torque, & great innate adaptation to
acknowledged these days due to being the non-critical failure ability, thereby being reasonable
commutator less compose. This accounts for their for EV use. Activity in steady power is shaped
high reliability and a maintenance free task. Vector conceivable by the phase progressing of current in
Control, which is one of the strategies to enhance stator conduction edge down to the point that
the dynamic execution of the electric drive covering between the progressive phases happens.
framework, can be applied here too. Vector Control Indicate references by Khwaja M. Rahman and
gives an extensive variety of speed when compared Mehrdad Ehsani, 1996.
with the base speed. Indicate references by
Gagandeep Luthra, 2017. The device all in all is Comparative Analysis
low accelerated, which diminishes unwavering The motive of this paper is to establish a
quality and productivity. Indicate references by correlation among the different electric motors used
Ahmed A. AbdElhafez et. Al., 2010. in electric cars by manufacturers and the factors
that are considered to choose any of the motor to be
Permanent Magnet Synchronous (PMS) Motors best suited to them. The observation has been made
In synchronous motor, rotor pivots at on the specific parameters.
synchronous speed. The rotor is energized from a
DC supply, although the stator is associated with a Power Density
3-phase AC supply. PMS motors are also known as Power Density is capacity-to-weight
brushless AC motors. Regarding the vitality proportion of any electric motor and is normally
productivity, the most effective motor is the computed utilizing the motor apex power. Power
Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Motor Drive, density for any motor is acquired by subdividing
pursued by Induction Motor having relatively the apex power yield (in kW) by mass (in kg).
comparable effectiveness. As a matter of fact, Measurement unit of power density is kW/kg. PM
numerous vehicle makers, (for example, Nissan, motor appreciates most astounding power density
Honda and Toyota) have effectively utilized these and that is because of the nearness of high power
motors. These motors take in a few points of density permanent magnets. The PMS machine
interest vise higher power thickness, higher delivers the highest power thickness; allowing a
proficiency what's more, the more powerful powerful machine and little substance in the
dissemination of warmth into the condition by confined establishment field of a car’s motor cell
Nasser Hashernnia and Behzad Asaei, 2008. by Thomas Finken et. Al., 2008. At that point PM
brushless motors turn to be best pursued by IM and
SRM both. Again, dc motors possess the most
reduced power density. Indicate references by John
G.W. West, 1994. PM is accepted to pick up the
unmistakable attributes for EV application, as this
machine has most elevated power density by DC motor more expensive as in reference by
AbdElhafez et. Al., 2017. Nasser Hashernnia 2008. The least expensive AC
motor may be of lower quality than available DC
Energy Efficiency motors with high power rating as indicated by Dr.
Electric motor efficiency provides us Sab Safi. PMDC motors contain permanent
connection among electrical and mechanical yield. magnets which are not economic. The amount of
Every single electric motor is generally intended to magnet required is approximately proportional to
work at maximal efficiency at measured output. It the power. Induction motors contain only copper
is observed that BLDC motor gives the best energy windings and iron pole pieces. Indicate references
efficiency (greater than 95%) followed by by David G. Dorrell, 2010.
Induction Motors (greater than 90 %) Indicate
references by Ahmed A. AbdElhafez, 2017. BLDC III. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Motors have the most elevated efficiency in light of An attempt has been made to analyze five diverse
the fact of the nonappearance of rotor losses by electric motors for electric vehicle application on
Behzad Asaei, 2017. BLDC endeavors the greatest various paradigms. Relative assessments shall
proficiency in a characterized velocity run as demonstrate the accompanying highlights
indicated in reference by Thomas Finken, 2008. As • DC motors are difficult to control, provide
far as efficiency is concerned, the most productive large torque at curtailed speeds yet possess
motors are the PMBLDC motors. The induction major support cost, expansive structure, and
being next, and then the SRMs possess nearly deficient efficacy.
indistinguishable efficacy. Among every one of the • BLDC motors have advanced power density,
motors utilized in the EVD framework, slightest high productivity and small size, yet up
effective are DC motors by Gaurav Nanda and keeping costs and controller expenses are
Narayan C. Kar, 2006. huge.
• 3-phase IM give productivity over 91%. They
Reliability : have extreme fidelity, low power density and
Presently comparing based on fidelity of substantial area, ease furthermore, and average
the Electric Motor that is breakdowns and support acceleration. BLDC motors and 3-phase IM
ought to be least, utmost reliable ones are IM and are the two most preferred engines by EV
SRM as indicated by Gagandeep Luthra, Gaurav makers.
Nanda and Narayan C. Kar, 2017. It is pursued by • Synchronous machines have greater
PM motors. Slightest dependable is the DC Motor. proficiency at lesser accelerations and enhance
DC motor brushes and switches enter current in the battery usage and propulsive extent.
armature, along these lines and hence are less Synchronous motor is favoured wherever
decisive and ill-equipped for maintenance free task. steady torque is needed.
Induction motors abide by the vital competitor due • SRMs give an extraordinary option with
to their fidelity by A. Pennycott, 2013. motor/controller cost being very less,
reliability, good efficiency, and adaptation to
Cost Factor : internal failure capacity.
One of the vital difficulties in front of
electric car producers is providing customer an EV Figure 1.1 Cumulative Correlations of IM, SRM
belonging to same class as fuel vehicle yet inside a and BLDC/BLAC Motors – Power Density
moderate cost. The ultimate to be utilized here are
the IM pursued by the DC and SRM Motors. The Figure 1.2 Cumulative Correlations of IM, SRM
induction engines are accepted by most and BLDC/BLAC Motors – Efficiency
manufacturers for the EV applications since they
are economical. For large capacity motor, the price Figure 1.3 Cumulative Correlations of IM, SRM
of DC motor is much higher than that of AC motor and BLDC/BLAC Motors – Reliability
of same capacity. If two motors are with the same
power capacity are compared, a higher speed, Fig. 1.3 Cumulative Correlations of IM, SRM and
lower torque motor will cost less than a lower BLD/BLAC Motors - Reliability
speed, higher torque motor. A motor with a higher
operating voltage and lower current requirement Figure 1.4 Cumulative Correlations of IM, SRM
will have a lower cost than that with lower and BLDC/BLAC Motors – Cost Factor
operating voltage and higher current. Rotor design
is probably the most important factor in making the
IV. CONCLUSION Technologies for Traction Drives of Hybrid

From the above attributes of the different and Electric Vehicles”
motors utilized in electric vehicles, an endeavor has [8]. Y.Santha Kumari, Pomya, in “Electrical
been made to give the readers a superior point of Vehicle with Reduced Voltage Induction
view of various motors to be utilized in the EVD Motor Drive using MLI”, International
frameworks. Journal Of Electrical And Electronics
To Sum up : Research, Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (149-157),
• The most generally utilized motors are the Month: July - September 2014
induction motors and the PM brushless motors. [9]. Adrian Bălţăţanu, Leonard Marin Florea, in
• Induction motors are the savviest among the “Comparison of Electric Motors Used For
motors thought about. Electric Vehicles Propulsion”, International
• Taking efficiency into account, the utmost Conference of Scientific Paper, Afases,
effective are the PM BLDC motors. 2013.
• DC motors have a standout amongst the most [10]. Pennycott et. al., in “Enhancing the Energy
developed innovations as a great deal of Efficiency of Fully Electric Vehicles via the
research has been done on them throughout the Minimization of Motor Power Losses”,
years. IEEE International Conference on Systems,
Man, and Cybernetics, 2013.
REFERENCES [11]. Juan de Santiago, Hans Bernhoff, Boel
[1]. Thanh Anh Huynh, Min-Fu Hsieh, in Ekergård, et al, in “Electrical Motor
“Performance Analysis of Permanent Drivelines in Commercial All Electric
Magnet Motors for Electric Vehicles (EV) Vehicles: a Review”, IEEE Transactions on
Traction Considering Driving Cycles”, Vehicular Technology, 61(2): 475-484,
MDPI Energies 2018. 2012.
[2]. Swaraj Ravindra Jape, Archana Thosar, in
“Comparison of Electric Motors For Electric
Vehicle Application”, Volume: 06 Issue: 09,
IIJERT: International Journal Of Research
In Engineering And Technology, Sep-2017.
[3]. Gagandeep Luthra, in “Comparison Of
Characteristics Of Various Motor Drives
Currently Used In Electric Vehicle
Propulsion System”, Volume- 5, Issue-6,
Jun.-2017, International Journal of
Mechanical And Production Engineering,
ISSN: 2320-2092,, 2017 T.Porselvi,
Srihariharan M. K, Ashok J, Ajith Kumar
S. in “ Selection of Power Rating of an
Electric Motor for Electric Vehicles”
[4]. Volume 7, Issue No.4, International Journal
of Engineering Science and Computing
IJESC, 2017
[5]. Ahmed A. AbdElhafez, Majed A.
Aldalbehia, Naif F. Aldalbehia, et al, in “
Comparative Study for Machine Candidates
for High Speed Traction Applications”,
International Journal of Electrical
Engineering, Volume 10, Number 1- 2017.
[6]. Xiangdong Liu et. al., in “Research on the
Performances and Parameters of Interior
PMSM Used for Electric Vehicles”, IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2016.
[7]. Dr. Sab Safi, Consultant - SDT Drive
Technology, in “Alternative Motor

Electrical Motors For Electric Vehicle An Overview

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Electrical Motors For Electric Vehicle An Overview

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 2535-2541 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Electrical Motors for Electric Vehicle: An Overview

Switching motors are essentially conventional DC Permanent Magnet Brushless DC and AC

IV. CONCLUSION Technologies for Traction Drives of Hybrid

You might also like