Chapter 5 Solutions

C H A P T E R 5
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities ............................................................397
Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities ....................................................404
Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations ......................................................410
Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas ...........................................................425
Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas ................................441
Review Exercises ........................................................................................................453
Problem Solving .........................................................................................................464
Practice Test .............................................................................................................471
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
C H A P T E R 5
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities
1. tan u 3
9. sin θ = − , cos θ > 0  θ is in Quadrant IV.
4
2. csc u
2
 3 9 7
cos θ = 1 − −  = 1− =
3. cot u  4 16 4
3
4. csc u −
sin θ 4 = − 3 = −3 7
tan θ = =
cos θ 7 7 7
5. 1
4
6. − sin u 1 1 4 4 7
sec θ = = = =
cos θ 7 7 7
5 4
7. sec x = − , tan x < 0  x is in Quadrant II.
2 1 1 7
cot θ = = = −
tan θ 3 3
1 1 2 −
cos x = = = − 7
sec x 5 5
− 1 1 4
2 csc θ = = = −
sin θ 3 3
2 −
 2 4 21 4
sin x = 1 − −  = 1− =
 5 25 5
2
21 10. cos θ = , sin θ < 0  θ is in Quadrant IV.
3
sin x 5 21
tan x = = = − 2
cos x 2 2  2 4 5
− sin θ = − 1 −   = − 1− = −
5  3 9 3
1 5 5 21 5
csc x = = = −
sin x 21 21 sin θ 2 = − 5
tan θ = =
cos θ 2 2
1 2 2 21
cot x = = − = − 3
tan x 21 21 1 1 3
sec θ = = =
cos θ 2 2
7 3
8. csc x = − , tan x > 0  x is in Quadrant III.
6 1 1 2 2 5
cot θ = = = − = −
1 1 6 tan θ 5 5 5
sin x = = = − −
csc x 7 7 2
−
6 1 1 3 3 5
csc θ = = = − = −
 6
2
36 13 sin θ 5 5 5
cos x = − 1 −  −  = − 1− = − −
 7 49 7 3
6
−
sin x 7 = 6 6 13
tan x = = =
cos x 13 13 13
−
7
1 1 7 7 13
sec x = = = − = −
cos x 13 13 13
−
7
1 1 13
cot x = = =
tan x 6 6
13
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 397
398 Chapter 5 Analytic Trigonometry
11. tan x =
2
, cos x > 0  x is in Quadrant I. ( )
15. cos x 1 + tan 2 x = cos x sec2 x ( )
3  1 
1 1 3 = cos x 2 
cot x = = =  cos x 
tan x 2 2 1
3 =
cos x
2
 2 4 13 = sec x
sec x = 1+  = 1+ =
 3 9 3 Matches (f).
2
 3 9 13 cos x 1 1
csc x = 1+  = 1+ = 16. cot x sec x = ⋅ = = csc x
 2 4 2 sin x cos x sin x
1 1 2 2 13 Matches (a).
sin x = = = =
csc x 13 13 13
2 sec2 x − 1 tan 2 x sin 2 x 1
17. = = ⋅ = sec2 x
1 1 3 3 13 sin 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x
cos x = = = =
sec x 13 13 13 Matches (e).
3
1 1 3 cos 2 (π 2) − x sin 2 x sin x
cot x = = = 18. = = sin x = tan x sin x
tan x 2 2 cos x cos x cos x
3 Matches (d).
7
12. cot x = , sin x < 0  x is in Quadrant III.  1 
4 tan θ  
19.
tan θ cot θ
=  tan θ 
1 1 4 1
tan x = = = sec θ
cot x 7 7 cos θ
4 1
2 =
 4 16 65 1
sec x = − 1 +   = − 1 + = −
7 49 7 cos θ
2 = cos θ
7 49 65
csc x = − 1 +   = − 1 + = −
 4 16 4 π 
1 1 4 4 65 20. cos − x  sec x = sin x sec x
sin x = = = − = − 2 
csc x 65 65 65  1 
− = sin x 
4  cos x 
1 1 7 7 65 = tan x
cos x = = = − = −
sec x 65 65 65
−
7 21. tan 2 x − tan 2 x sin 2 x = tan 2 x(1 − sin 2 x)
= tan 2 x cos 2 x
 1 
13. sec x cos x =   cos x sin 2 x
 cos x  = ⋅ cos 2 x
cos 2 x
=1
= sin 2 x
Matches (c).
14. cot 2 x − csc 2 x = (csc 2 x − 1) − csc2 x

(
22. sin 2 x sec 2 x − sin 2 x = sin 2 x sec 2 x − 1 )
= sin 2 x tan 2 x
= −1
Matches (b).
23.
sec 2 x − 1
=
(sec x + 1)(sec x − 1)
sec x − 1 sec x − 1
= sec x + 1
cos x − 2 cos x − 2
24. =
cos 2 x − 4 (cos x + 2)(cos x − 2)
1
=
cos x + 2
Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities 399
25. 1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 4 x = (1 − cos 2 x) 26. sec 4 x − tan 4 x = (sec 2 x + tan 2 x)(sec 2 x − tan 2 x)
2
= (sin 2 x)
2 = (sec 2 x + tan 2 x)(1)
= sin 4 x = sec 2 x + tan 2 x
27. cot 3 x + cot 2 x + cot x + 1 = cot 2 x(cot x + 1) + (cot x + 1)

= (cot x + 1)(cot 2 x + 1)
= (cot x + 1)csc 2 x
28. sec3 x − sec 2 x − sec x + 1 = sec2 x(sec x − 1) − (sec x − 1)

= (sec 2 x − 1)(sec x − 1)
= tan 2 x(sec x − 1)
29. 3 sin 2 x − 5 sin x − 2 = (3 sin x + 1)(sin x − 2) cos u sin u

38. cot u sin u + tan u cos u = (sin u ) + (cos u)
sin u cos u
30. 6 cos 2 x + 5 cos x − 6 = (3 cos x − 2)( 2 cos x + 3) = cos u + sin u
31. cot 2 x + csc x − 1 = (csc 2 x − 1) + csc x − 1 1 − sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x

39.
csc 2 x − 1
=
cot 2 x
= cos 2
x tan 2
x = ( cos 2
x ) cos 2 x
= csc2 x + csc x − 2
= sin 2 x
= (csc x − 1)(csc x + 2)
cos 2 y 1 − sin 2 y
32. sin x + 3 cos x + 3 = (1 − cos x) + 3 cos x + 3
2 2 40.
1 − sin y
=
1 − sin y
= − cos 2 x + 3 cos x + 4
=
(1 + sin y )(1 − sin y ) = 1 + sin y
= − (cos 2 x − 3 cos x − 4) 1 − sin y
= − (cos x + 1)(cos x − 4)
41. (sin x + cos x) = sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x
2
33. tan θ csc θ =

sin θ
⋅
1
=
1
= sec θ = (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) + 2 sin x cos x
cos θ sin θ cos θ = 1 + 2 sin x cos x
34. tan ( − x ) cos x = − tan x cos x 42. ( 2 csc x + 2)( 2 csc x − 2) = 4 csc 2 x − 4
sin x
= − ⋅ cos x = 4(csc 2 x − 1)
cos x
= −sin x = 4 cot 2 x
1 1 1 1 − cos x + 1 + cos x
35. sin φ (csc φ − sin φ ) = (sin φ ) − sin 2 φ 43. + =
sin φ 1 + cos x 1 − cos x (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x)
= 1 − sin 2 φ = cos 2 φ 2
=
1 − cos 2 x
 1  2
36. cos x(sec x − cos x ) = cos x − cos x  =
 cos x  sin 2 x
= 1 − cos 2 x = 2 csc 2 x
= sin 2 x
1 1 sec x − 1 − (sec x + 1)
44. − =
37. sin β tan β + cos β = (sin β )
sin β
+ cos β
sec x + 1 sec x − 1 (sec x + 1)(sec x − 1)
cos β sec x − 1 − sec x − 1
=
sin 2 β cos 2 β sec 2 x − 1
= +
cos β cos β −2
=
sin 2 β + cos 2 β tan 2 x
=
cos β  1 
= −2 2 
1  tan x 
=
cos β = −2 cot 2 x
= sec β
cos x cos x cos x(1 − sin x) − cos x(1 + sin x)

45. − =
1 + sin x 1 − sin x (1 + sin x)(1 − sin x)
cos x − sin x cos x − cos x − sin x cos x
=
(1 + sin x)(1 − sin x)
− 2 sin x cos x
=
1 − sin 2 x
− 2 sin x cos x
=
cos 2 x
− 2 sin x
=
cos x
= − 2 tan x
sin x sin x sin x(1 − cos x) + sin x(1 + cos x)

46. + =
1 + cos x 1 − cos x (1 + cos x)(1 − cos x)
sin x − sin x cos x + sin x + sin x cos x
=
(1 + cos x)(1 − cos x)
2 sin x
=
1 − cos 2 x
2 sin x
=
sin 2 x
2
=
sin x
= 2 csc x
sec 2 x tan 2 x − sec 2 x 5 tan x − sec x 5( tan x − sec x )

47. tan x − = 50. ⋅ =
tan x tan x tan x + sec x tan x − sec x tan 2 x − sec 2 x
−1 5( tan x − sec x )
= = −cot x =
tan x −1
= 5(sec x − tan x )
cos 2 x + (1 + sin x)
2
cos x 1 + sin x
48. + =
1 + sin x cos x cos x(1 + sin x) 51. y1 =
tan x + 1
2 2 sec x + csc x
cos x + 1 + 2 sin x + sin x
= sin x
cos x(1 + sin x ) +1
cos x
2 + 2 sin x =
= 1 1
cos x(1 + sin x) +
cos x sin x
2(1 + sin x) sin x + cos x
=
cos x(1 + sin x) cos x
=
2 sin x + cos x
= sin x cos x
cos x
= 2 sec x  sin x + cos x  sin x cos x 
=   
 cos x  sin x + cos x 
sin 2 y 1 − cos 2 y = sin x
49. =
1 − cos y 1 − cos y 2
=
(1 + cos y)(1 − cos y) = 1 + cos y
1 − cos y − 2π 2π
−2
1  1 
52. y1 =  − cos x  = tan x
sin x  cos x  5
1  1  1 cos x
 − cos x  = − − 2π 2π
sin x  cos x  sin x cos x sin x
1 − cos 2 x sin 2 x sin x
= = = = tan x −5
sin x cos x sin x cos x cos x
53. Let x = 3 cos θ . 55. Let x = 2 sec θ .
9 − (3 cos θ ) ( 2 sec θ )
2 2
9 − x2 = x2 − 4 = − 4
9 − 9 cos θ 4(sec 2 θ − 1)
2
= =
= 9(1 − cos 2 θ ) = 4 tan 2 θ
= 9 sin 2 θ = 3 sin θ = 2 tan θ
54. Let x = 7 sin θ . 56. Let 3x = 5 tan θ .
(3 x )
2
49 − x 2 = 49 − (7 sin θ )
2 9 x 2 + 25 = + 25
(5 tan θ )
2
= 49 − 49 sin 2 θ = + 25
= 49(1 − sin 2 θ ) = 25 tan 2 θ + 25
= 49 cos 2 θ = 25( tan 2 θ + 1)

= 7 cos θ = 25 sec 2 θ
= 5 sec θ
57. Let x = 2 sin θ .
4 − x2 = 2
4 − ( 2 sin θ ) =
2
2
4 − 4 sin 2 θ = 2
4(1 − sin 2 θ ) = 2
4 cos 2 θ = 2
2 cos θ = 2
2
cos θ =
2
2
 2 2
sin θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 −   = ±
 2  2
58. x = 10 cos θ  tan t 

63. ln tan t − ln (1 − cos 2 t ) = ln  2 
5 3 = 100 − x 2 1 − cos t
5 3 = 100 − (10 cos θ )

2 tan t
= ln
sin 2 t
5 3 = 100(1 − cos 2 θ )
sin t 1
= ln ⋅
5 3 = 100 sin 2 θ cos t sin 2 t
5 3 = 10 sin θ 1
= ln
5 3 3 cos t sin t
sin θ = =
10 2 = ln sec t csc t
2
 3 1
cos θ = 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 −   = ( ) ( ) (
64. ln cos 2 t + ln 1 + tan 2 t = ln cos 2 t 1 + tan 2 t  )
 2  2
= ln cos 2 t sec 2 t 
59. sin θ = 1 − cos θ 2
 1 
= ln  cos 2 t ⋅ 2 
Let y1 = sin x and y2 = 1 − cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
2  cos t
= ln (1) = 0
y1 = y2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
So, sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π . 65. μ W cos θ = W sin θ

2 W sin θ
μ = = tan θ
y2 W cos θ
0 2π
1 sin x
y1 66. sec x tan x − sin x = ⋅ − sin x
cos x cos x
−2
sin x
= − sin x
cos 2 x
60. sec θ = 1 + tan 2 θ
sin x − sin x cos 2 x
=
1 cos 2 x
Let y1 = and y2 = 1 + tan 2 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π .
cos x sin x(1 − cos 2 x)
π 3π =
y1 = y2 for 0 ≤ x < and < x ≤ 2π . cos 2 x
2 2 sin x sin 2 x
π =
So, sec θ = 1 + tan 2 θ for 0 ≤ θ < and cos 2 x
2
= sin x tan 2 x
3π
< θ < 2π . 4
2 67. True.
y2
0 2π sin u
tan u =
y1 cos u
−4 cos u
cot u =
sin u
61. ln sin x + ln cot x = ln sin x cot x 1
sec u =
cos x cos u
= ln sin x ⋅
sin x 1
csc u =
= ln cos x sin u
cos x 68. False. A cofunction identity can be used to transform a

62. ln cos x − ln sin x = ln = ln cot x tangent function so that it can be represented by a
sin x
cotangent function.
π−
69. As x → , tan x → ∞ and cot x → 0.
2
1 72. Let u = a tan θ , then

70. As x → π + , sin x → 0 and csc x = → −∞.
sin x
a 2 + ( a tan θ )
2
a2 + u 2 =
71. cos( −θ ) ≠ − cos θ
= a 2 + a 2 tan 2 θ
cos( − θ ) = cos θ
sin θ sin θ
= (
a 2 1 + tan 2 θ )
The correct identity is =
cos( −θ ) cos θ = a 2 sec 2 θ
= tan θ = a sec θ .
73. Because sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1, then cos2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ .

cos θ = ± 1 − sin θ
sin θ sin θ
tan θ = =
cos θ ± 1 − sin 2 θ
cot θ = =
sin θ sin θ
1 1
sec θ = =
1
csc θ =
sin θ
a b
74. To derive sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1, let sin θ = and cos θ =
2 2
a +b a + b2 .
2
2 2
 a   b  a2 b2
So, sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ =   +  = 2 2
+ 2
 a +b 
2 2
 a +b 
2 2 a +b a + b2
a2 + b2
=
a2 + b2
= 1.
a a 2 + b2
To derive 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ , let tan θ = and sec θ = .
b b
2
a a2 b2 + a 2
So, 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 +   = 1 + 2 =
b b b2
2 2
 a 2 + b2   a 2 + b2 
=   =  
 b 2   b 
   
= sec 2 θ .
b a 2 + b2
To derive 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ , let cot θ = and csc θ = .
a a
2
b b2
So, 1 + cot 2 θ = 1 +   = 1 + 2
a a
2
a 2 + b2  a2 + b2 
= =  
a 2  a2 
 
2
 a2 + b2 
=   = csc 2 θ .
 a 
 
Answers will vary.
 1  sin θ 
sec θ (1 + tan θ )  1 + 
 cos θ  cos θ 
75. =
sec θ + csc θ 1 1
+
cos θ sin θ
cos θ + sin θ
= cos 2 θ
sin θ + cos θ
sin θ cos θ
 sin θ + cos θ  sin θ cos θ 
=   
 cos 2 θ  sin θ + cos θ 
sin θ
=
cos θ
Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities

1. identity cos (π 2) − x sin x
16. = = tan x
2. conditional equation sin (π 2) − x cos x
3. tan u
π   1 
17. sin t csc − t  = sin t sec t = sin t  
4. cot u 2   cos t 
sin t
5. sin u = = tan t
cos t
6. cot 2 u
π 
18. sec 2 y − cot 2  − y  = sec2 y − tan 2 y = 1
7. − csc u  2 
8. sec u 1 1 cot x + tan x

19. + =
tan x cot x tan x cot x
sin t cos t
9. tan t cot t = ⋅ =1 cot x + tan x
cos t sin t =
1
tan x cot x 1 = tan x + cot x
10. = = sec x
cos x cos x
1 1 csc x − sin x
20. − =
11. (1 + sin α )(1 − sin α ) = 1 − sin α = cos α 2 2 sin x csc x sin x csc x
csc x − sin x
=
(
12. cos 2 β − sin 2 β = cos 2 β − 1 − cos 2 β ) 1
= 2 cos 2 β − 1 = csc x − sin x
(
13. cos 2 β − sin 2 β = 1 − sin 2 β − sin 2 β ) 21.
1 + sin θ
+
cos θ
=
(1 + sin θ ) + cos2 θ
2
= 1 − 2 sin 2 β cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ )

1 + 2 sin θ + sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
14. sin 2 α − sin 4 α = sin 2 α (1 − sin 2 α ) =
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
= (1 − cos 2 α )(cos 2 α ) 2 + 2 sin θ
=
= cos α − cos α
2 4 cos θ (1 + sin θ )
2(1 + sin θ )
π  =
15. tan  − θ  tan θ = cot θ tan θ cos θ (1 + sin θ )
2 
2
 1  =
=   tan θ cos θ
 tan θ  = 2 sec θ
=1
Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 405
cos θ cot θ cos θ cot θ − (1 − sin θ )  1 

22. −1 = 25. sec y cos y =   cos y = 1
1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ  cos y
 cos θ 
cos θ   − 1 + sin θ
 sin θ  sin θ ( )
26. cot 2 y sec2 y − 1 = cot 2 y tan 2 y = 1
= ⋅
1 − sin θ sin θ
cos 2 θ − sin θ + sin 2 θ
tan 2 θ
=
(sin θ cos θ ) tan θ = sin θ tan θ
27.
= sec θ 1 cos θ
sin θ (1 − sin θ )
1 − sin θ cot 3 t cot t cot 2 t
= 28. =
sin θ (1 − sin θ ) csc t csc t
1
= cot t (csc 2 t − 1)
sin θ =
csc t
= csc θ
cos t
sin t
(csc2 t − 1)
1 1 cos x − 1 + cos x + 1 =
23. + = 1
cos x + 1 cos x − 1 (cos x + 1)(cos x − 1)
sin t
2 cos x
= cos t sin t
cos 2 x − 1 =
sin t
(csc2 t − 1)
2 cos x
=
−sin 2 x = cos t (csc 2 t − 1)
1 cos x
= −2 ⋅ ⋅ 1 1 + tan 2 β
sin x sin x 29. + tan β =
tan β tan β
= −2 csc x cot x
sec 2 β
=
cos x cos x(1 − tan x) − cos x tan β
24. cos x − =
1 − tan x 1 − tan x
−cos x tan x
=
1 − tan x
−cos x(sin x cos x) cos x
= ⋅
1 − (sin x cos x) cos x
−sin x cos x
=
cos x − sin x
sin x cos x
=
sin x − cos x
sec θ − 1 sec θ − 1 sec θ sec θ (sec θ − 1)

30. = ⋅ = = sec θ
1 − cos θ 1 − (1 sec θ ) sec θ sec θ − 1
cot 2 t cos 2 t sin 2 t cos2 t 1 − sin 2 t 1

31. = = = 33. sec x − cos x = − cos x
csc t 1 sin t sin t sin t cos x
1 − cos 2 x
=
 sin x  cos x
32. cos x + sin x tan x = cos x + sin x 
 cos x  sin 2 x
2 2 =
cos x + sin x cos x
=
cos x sin x
= sin x ⋅
1 cos x
=
cos x = sin x tan x
= sec x
cos x sin x
34. cot x − tan x = −
sin x cos x
cos 2 x − sin 2 x
=
sin x cos x
1 − sin 2 x − sin 2 x
=
sin x cos x
1 − 2 sin 2 x
=
sin x cos x
1  1 − 2 sin 2 x 
=  
cos x  sin x 
1  1 2 sin 2 x 
=  − 
cos x  sin x sin x 
= sec x(csc x − 2 sin x )
cot x cos x sin x cos2 x 1 − sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x

35. = = = = − = csc x − sin x
sec x 1 cos x sin x sin x sin x sin x
csc( − x ) 1 sin ( − x )
36. =
sec( − x ) 1 cos( − x)
cos( − x )
=
sin ( − x)
cos x
=
−sin x
= −cot x
( )
37. sin1 2 x cos x − sin 5 2 x cos x = sin1 2 x cos x 1 − sin 2 x = sin1 2 x cos x ⋅ cos 2 x = cos3 x sin x
( )
38. sec6 x(sec x tan x) − sec 4 x(sec x tan x) = sec 4 x(sec x tan x) sec 2 x − 1 = sec 4 x(sec x tan x) tan 2 x = sec5 x tan 3 x
39. (1 + sin y ) 1 + sin ( − y ) = (1 + sin y )(1 − sin y ) 1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ
41. = ⋅
= 1 − sin 2 y 1 − sin θ 1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
(1 + sin θ )
2
= cos 2 y
=
1 − sin 2 θ
1 1
+
tan x + tan y cot x cot y cot x cot y (1 + sin θ )
2
40. = ⋅ =
1 − tan x tan y 1 1 cot x cot y
1− ⋅ cos θ
2
cot x cot y
cot y + cot x 1 + sin θ
= =
cot x cot y − 1 cos θ
42.
cos x − cos y
+
sin x − sin y
=
(cos x − cos y )(cos x + cos y ) + (sin x − sin y )(sin x + sin y )
sin x + sin y cos x + cos y (sin x + sin y )(cos x + cos y )
cos 2 x − cos 2 y + sin 2 x − sin 2 y
=
(sin x + sin y )(cos x + cos y )
=
(cos2 x + sin 2 x) − (cos2 y + sin 2 y)
(sin x + sin y )(cos x + cos y )
= 0
43. cot ( − x ) ≠ cot x 44. The first line claims that sec( −θ ) = −sec θ and
The correct substitution is cot ( − x ) = − cot x. sin ( −θ ) = sin θ . The correct substitutions are
1 sec( −θ ) = sec θ and sin ( −θ ) = −sin θ .
+ cot ( − x ) = cot x − cot x = 0
tan x
Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities 407
45. (a) 3
(b)
−2π 2π
−1 Identity
Identity
1
(c) (1 + cot 2 x)(cos 2 x ) = csc 2 x cos 2 x = ⋅ cos 2 x = cot 2 x
sin 2 x
3
46. (a) (b)
− 2π 2π
−1
Identity
Identity
sin x − cos x cos x
(c) csc x(csc x − sin x) + + cot x = csc2 x − csc x sin x + 1 − + cot x
sin x sin x
= csc2 x − 1 + 1 − cot x + cot x
= csc2 x
5
47. (a) (b)
y2
y1
−2π 2π
−1
Not an identity
Not an identity
( )( ) ( )
(c) 2 + cos 2 x − 3 cos 4 x = 1 − cos 2 x 2 + 3 cos 2 x = sin 2 x 2 + 3 cos 2 x ≠ sin 2 x 3 + 2 cos 2 x ( )
48. (a) 5
(b)
y1 y2
−π π
−5 Not an identity
Not an identity
sin 4 x sin 2 x
(c) tan 4 x + tan 2 x − 3 = + −3
cos 4 x cos 2 x
 sin 4 x
1 
=  + sin 2 x  − 3
cos 2
x  cos 2 x 
1  sin 4 x + sin 2 x cos 2 x 
=  −3
cos 2 x  cos 2 x 
 sin 2
1 x
(sin x + cos x) − 3
2 2
= 
cos 2
x  cos 2 x
1  sin 2 x 
=  ⋅ 1 − 3
cos 2 x  cos 2x 
= sec 2 x tan 2 x − 3
≠ sec 2 x( 4 tan 2 x − 3)
49. (a) 3 50. (a) 3

y1
−2 2
− 2π 2π
y2
−3 −5
Identity Not an identity

(b) (b)
Identity Not an identity
(c)
1 + cos x
=
(1 + cos x)(1 − cos x) (c)
cot α
is the reciprocal of
csc α + 1
.
sin x sin x(1 − cos x) csc α + 1 cot α
1 − cos 2 x They will only be equivalent at isolated points in
=
sin x(1 − cos x) their respective domains. So, not an identity.
sin 2 x
= 51. tan 3 x sec 2 x − tan 3 x = tan 3 x(sec 2 x − 1)
sin x(1 − cos x)
= tan 3 x tan 2 x
sin x
=
1 − cos x = tan 5 x
 sin 2 x sin 4 x  1
52. ( tan 2 x + tan 4 x) sec2 x =  2
+ 
 cos x cos 4 x  cos 2 x
1  2 sin 4 x 
=  sin x + 
cos 4 x cos 2 x 
1  sin 2 x cos 2 x + sin 4 x 
=  
cos 4 x cos 2 x 
1  sin 2 x(cos 2 x + sin 2 x) 
=  
cos 4 x cos 2 x 
 
1  sin 2 x 
=  ⋅ 1 = sec 4 x ⋅ tan 2 x
cos 4 x  cos 2 x 
53. (sin 2 x − sin 4 x ) cos x = sin 2 x(1 − sin 2 x) cos x 54. sin 4 x + cos 4 x = sin 2 x sin 2 x + cos 4 x
= sin 2 x cos 2 x cos x = (1 − cos 2 x)(1 − cos 2 x) + cos 4 x
= sin 2 x cos3 x = 1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 4 x + cos 4 x
= 1 − 2 cos 2 x + 2 cos 4 x
55. sin 2 25° + sin 2 65° = sin 2 25° + cos 2 (90° − 65°)
= sin 2 25° + cos 2 25°
=1
56. tan 2 63° + cot 2 16° − sec 2 74° − csc 2 27° = tan 2 63° + cot 2 16° − csc2 (90° − 74°) − sec2 (90° − 27°)
= tan 2 63° + cot 2 16° − csc 2 16° − sec2 63°
= ( tan 2 63° − sec 2 63°) + (cot 2 16° − csc 2 16°)
= −1 + ( −1)
= −2
Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Equations 409
x x +1 x +1
57. Let θ = sin −1 x  sin θ = x = . 60. Let θ = cos −1  cos θ = .
1 2 2
1 2
x
4 − (x + 1) 2
θ θ
1 − x2 x+1
From the diagram, From the diagram,

x
tan (sin −1 x) = tan θ = 4 − ( x + 1)
2
.  x + 1
1− x 2 tan  cos −1  = tan θ = .
 2  x +1
x
58. Let θ = sin −1 x  sin θ = x = . 1 cos x
1 61. cos x − csc x cot x = cos x −
sin x sin x
 1 
= cos x1 − 
 sin 2 x 
1
x
= cos x(1 − csc 2 x)
θ = −cos x(csc 2 x − 1)
1 − x2 = −cos x cot 2 x
From the diagram,
h sin (90° − θ ) h cos θ
1 − x2 62. (a) = = h cot θ
cos(sin −1
x) = cos θ = = 1− x . 2 sin θ sin θ
1
(b)
θ 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90°
−1 x −1 x −1
59. Let θ = sin  sin θ = . s 18.66 8.66 5 2.89 1.34 0
4 4
(c) Maximum: 15°

Minimum: 90°
4
x−1
(d) Noon
θ 63. False. tan x 2 = tan ( x ⋅ x) and

16 − (x − 1) 2 tan 2 x = ( tan x)( tan x), tan x 2 ≠ tan 2 x.
From the diagram,
64. True. Cosine is an even function,
 x − 1 x −1
tan  sin −1  = tan θ = .  π  π 
 4  16 − ( x − 1)
2
cosθ −  = cos −  − θ 
 2  2 
π 
= cos − θ 
2 
= sin θ .
65. False. For the equation to be an identity, it must be true

for all values of θ in the domain.
a c 68. tan θ = sec2 θ − 1

66. If sin θ = , sec θ = , and
c b
a 2 + b 2 = c 2  a 2 = c 2 − b 2 , then True identity: tan θ = ± sec 2 θ − 1
2
c tan θ = sec2 θ − 1 is not true for π 2 < θ < π
sec θ − 1
2   −1
=   2
b or 3π 2 < θ < 2π . So, the equation is not true for
sec θ
2
c θ = 3π 4.
 
b
c2 69. 1 − cos θ = sin θ
2
−1
= b 2 (1 − cos θ ) = (sin θ )
2 2
c
b2 1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ
c2 − b2 1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
= b2 2 cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ = 0
c2
2 cos θ (cos θ − 1) = 0
b2
c2 − b2 b2 The equation is not an identity because it is only true
= ⋅ 2 when cos θ = 0 or cos θ = 1. So, one angle for which
b2 c
c2 − b2 π
= the equation is not true is − .
c2 2
a2 70. 1 + tan θ = sec θ
=
c2 (1 + tan θ ) = (sec θ )
2 2
2
a 1 + 2 tan θ + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ
=  
c
1 + 2 tan θ + tan 2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ
= sin 2 θ .
2 tan θ = 0
67. Because sin θ = 1 − cos θ , then
2 2 tan θ = 0
sin θ = ± 1 − cos 2 θ ; sin θ ≠ 1 − cos 2 θ if θ This equation is not an identity because it is only true
when tan θ = 0. So, one angle for which the equation
lies in Quadrant III or IV.
7π π
One such angle is θ = . is not true is .
4 6
Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations

1. isolate 6. sec x − 2 = 0
π
2. general (a) x =
3
3. quadratic π 1
sec −2 = −2
3 cos(π 3)
4. extraneous
1
= −2 = 2−2 = 0
5. tan x − 3 = 0 12
π 5π
(a) x = (b) x =
3 3
π 5π 1
tan − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0 sec − 2 = − 2
3 3 cos(5π 3)
4π 1
(b) x = = − 2 = 2− 2 = 0
3 12
4π
tan − 3 = 3 − 3 = 0
3
Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations 411
7. 3 tan 2 2 x − 1 = 0 10. csc 4 x − 4 csc 2 x = 0

π π
(a) x = (a) x =
12 6
2
  π  π π π 1 4
3 tan 2  − 1 = 3 tan 2 −1 csc 4 − 4 csc 2 = −
  12  6 6 6 sin 4 (π 6) sin 2 (π 6)
2
 1  1 4
= 3  −1 = −
(1 2) (1 2)
4 2
 3
= 0 = 16 − 16 = 0
5π 5π
(b) x = (b) x =
12 6
2
  5π  5π 5π 5π 1 4
3 tan 2  − 1 = 3 tan 2 −1 csc 4 − 4 csc = −
  12  6 6 6 sin 4 (5π 6) sin 2 (5π 6)
2
 1  1 4
= 3 −  −1 = −
(1 2) (1 2)
4 2
 3
= 0 = 16 − 16 = 0
2
8. 2 cos 4 x − 1 = 0
11. 3 csc x − 2 = 0
π
(a) x = 3 csc x = 2
16
2
  π  π csc x =
2 cos 2 4  − 1 = 2 cos 2 −1 3
  16  4
π
 2
2
x = + 2nπ
= 2  − 1 3
 2  2π
or x = + 2nπ
1 3
= 2  − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0
 2
12. tan x + 3 = 0
3π
(b) x = tan x = − 3
16
  3π  3π 2π
2 cos 2 4  − 1 = 2 cos 2 −1 x = + nπ
3
  16  4
2
 2 13. cos x + 1 = − cos x
= 2 −  − 1
 2  2 cos x + 1 = 0
 
1 1
= 2  − 1 = 0 cos x = −
 2 2
2π 4π
x = + 2nπ or x = + 2nπ
9. 2 sin 2 x − sin x − 1 = 0 3 3
π 14. 3 sin x + 1 = sin x
(a) x =
2 2 sin x + 1 = 0
π π 1
− 1 = 2(1) − 1 − 1
2 2
2 sin − sin sin x = −
2 2 2
= 0 7π
x = + 2nπ or
7π 6
(b) x =
6 11π
x = + 2nπ
7π 7π
2 6
 1  1
2 sin 2 − sin − 1 = 2 −  −  −  − 1
6 6  2  2
1 1
= + −1
2 2
= 0
15. 3 sec 2 x − 4 = 0 ( )(
20. 2 sin 2 x − 1 tan 2 x − 3 = 0 )
4
sec 2 x = 2 sin 2 x − 1 = 0 or tan 2 x = 3
3
2 1
sin 2 x = tan x = ± 3
sec x = ± 2
3
1 π
π sin x = ± x = + nπ
x = + nπ 2 3
6
5π 2 2π
or x = + nπ sin x = ± x = + nπ
6 2 3
π
x = + 2nπ
2
16. 3 cot x − 1 = 0 4
1 3π
cot 2 x = x = + 2nπ
3 4
1 5π
cot x = ± x = + 2nπ
4
3
7π
π x = + 2nπ
x = + nπ 4
3
2π 21. cos3 x − cos x = 0
or x = + nπ
3
cos x(cos 2 x − 1) = 0
17. 4 cos 2 x − 1 = 0
cos x = 0 or cos 2 x − 1 = 0
1
cos 2 x = π cos x = ± 1
4 x = + nπ
2 x = nπ
1
cos x = ± nπ
2 Both of these answers can be represented as x = .
π 2π 2
x = + nπ or x = + nπ
3 3
22. sec 2 x − 1 = 0
18. 2 − 4 sin 2 x = 0 sec 2 x = 1
1 sec x = ±1
sin 2 x =
2 x = nπ
1 2
sin x = ± = ± 23. 3 tan 3 x = tan x
2 2
π 3 tan 3 x − tan x = 0
x = + 2nπ
4 (
tan x 3 tan 2 x − 1 = 0 )
3π
x = + 2nπ
4 tan x = 0 or 3 tan 2 x − 1 = 0
5π x = nπ 3
x = + 2nπ tan x = ±
4 3
7π π 5π
x = + 2nπ x = + nπ , + nπ
4 6 6
nπ π
These answers can be represented as x = + . 24. sec x csc x = 2 csc x
4 2
sec x csc x − 2 csc x = 0
19. sin x(sin x + 1) = 0 csc x(sec x − 2) = 0
sin x = 0 or sin x = −1 csc x = 0 or sec x − 2 = 0
3π No solution sec x = 2
x = nπ x = + 2nπ
2 π 5π
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ
3 3
25. 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0

(2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0
1 cos x = −1
cos x =
2 x = π + 2nπ
π 5π
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ
3 3
26. 2 sin 2 x + 3 sin x + 1 = 0

(2 sin x + 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
2 sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x + 1 = 0
1 sin x = −1
sin x = −
2 3π
x = + 2nπ
7π 11π 2
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ
6 6
27. sec 2 x − sec x = 2

sec 2 x − sec x − 2 = 0
(sec x − 2)(sec x + 1) = 0
sec x − 2 = 0 or sec x + 1 = 0
sec x = 2 sec x = −1
π 5π x = π + 2nπ
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ
3 3
28. csc 2 x + csc x = 2

csc 2 x + csc x − 2 = 0
(csc x + 2)(csc x − 1) = 0
csc x + 2 = 0 or csc x − 1 = 0
csc x = − 2 csc x = 1
7π 11π π
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ x = + 2nπ
6 6 2
29. sin x − 2 = cos x − 2 30. cos x + sin x tan x = 2

sin x = cos x  sin x 
cos x + sin x  = 2
sin x  cos x 
=1
cos x cos 2 x + sin 2 x
= 2
tan x = 1 cos x
x = tan −1 1 1
= 2
π 5π cos x
x = ,
4 4 1
cos x =
2
π 5π
x = ,
3 3
31. 2 sin 2 x = 2 + cos x 36. 3 sec x − 4 cos x = 0

2 − 2 cos 2 x = 2 + cos x 3
− 4 cos x = 0
cos x
2 cos 2 x + cos x = 0
3 − 4 cos 2 x
cos x( 2 cos x + 1) = 0 = 0
cos x
cos x = 0 or 2 cos x + 1 = 0
3 − 4 cos 2 x = 0
π 3π 2 cos x = −1
x = , 3
2 2 1 cos 2 x =
cos x = − 4
2
3
2π 4π cos x = ±
x = , 2
3 3
π 5π 7π 11π
x = , , ,
32. tan 2 x = sec x − 1 6 6 6 6
sec 2 x − 1 = sec x − 1 37. csc x + cot x = 1

sec 2 x − sec x = 0
(csc x + cot x) = 12
2
sec x(sec x − 1) = 0
csc 2 x + 2 csc x cot x + cot 2 x = 1
sec x = 0 or sec x − 1 = 0
cot x + 1 + 2 csc x cot x + cot 2 x = 1
2
No Solutions sec x = 1 2 cot 2 x + 2 csc x cot x = 0

x = 0 2 cot x(cot x + csc x) = 0
2 cot x = 0 or cot x + csc x = 0
33. sin 2 x = 3 cos 2 x
π 3π cos x 1
sin 2 x − 3 cos 2 x = 0 x = , = −
2 2 sin x sin x
sin 2 x − 3(1 − sin 2 x) = 0  3π  cos x = −1
 is extraneous.
2
4 sin x = 3  2  x = π
3 (π is extraneous.)
sin x = ±
2 x = π 2 is the only solution.
π 2π 4π 5π
x = , , ,
3 3 3 3 38. sec x + tan x = 1
1 sin x
34. 2 sec 2 x + tan 2 x − 3 = 0 + =1
cos x cos x
2( tan 2 x + 1) + tan 2 x − 3 = 0
1 + sin x = cos x
3 tan 2 x − 1 = 0
(1 + sin x) = cos 2 x
2
3 1 + 2 sin x + sin 2 x = cos 2 x

tan x = ±
3
1 + 2 sin x + sin 2 x = 1 − sin 2 x
π 5π 7π 11π
x = , , ,
6 6 6 6 2 sin 2 x + 2 sin x = 0
2 sin x(sin x + 1) = 0
35. 2 sin x + csc x = 0
1 sin x = 0 or sin x + 1 = 0
2 sin x + = 0
sin x x = 0, π sin x = −1
2 sin 2 x + 1 = 0 (π is extraneous.) x =
3π
2
1
sin 2 x = −  No solution  3π 
2  is extraneous.
 2 
x = 0 is the only solution.
39. 2 cos 2 x − 1 = 0 x
45. 3 tan − 3 = 0
1 2
cos 2 x =
2 x 3
tan =
π 5π 2 3
2x = + 2nπ or 2 x = + 2nπ x π π
3 3 = + nπ  x = + 2nπ
π 5π 2 6 3
x = + nπ x = + nπ
6 6
x
46. tan + 3 = 0
2
40. 2 sin 2 x + 3 = 0
x
3 tan = − 3
sin 2 x = − 2
2 x 2π 4π
= + nπ  x = + 2nπ
4π 5π 2 3 3
2x = + 2nπ or 2 x = + 2nπ
3 3
2π 5π πx
x = + nπ x = + nπ 47. y = sin +1
3 6 2
π x 
41. tan 3 x − 1 = 0 sin   + 1 = 0
 2 
tan 3 x = 1
π x 
π sin   = −1
3x = + nπ  2 
4
πx 3π
π nπ = + 2nπ
x = + 2 2
12 3
x = 3 + 4n
42. sec 4 x − 2 = 0 For −2 < x < 4, the intercepts are −1 and 3.
sec 4 x = 2
48. y = sin π x + cos π x
1
cos 4 x = sin π x + cos π x = 0
2
sin π x = −cos π x
π 5π
4x = + 2nπ or 4 x = + 2nπ π
3 3 πx = − + nπ
π nπ 5π nπ 4
x = + x = + 1
12 2 12 2 x = − + n
4
x 1 3 7 11
43. 2 cos = 2 = 0 For −1 < x < 3, the intercepts are − , , , .
2 4 4 4 4
x 2
cos = 49. 5 sin x + 2 = 0
2 2
8
x π x 7π
= + 2nπ or = + 2nπ
2 4 2 4
π 7π 0 2π
x = + 4nπ x = + 4nπ
2 2
−5
x
44. 2 sin = 3 = 0 x ≈ 3.553 and x ≈ 5.872
2
x 3 50. 2 tan x + 7 = 0
sin = −
2 2 15
x 4π x 5π
= + 2nπ or = + 2nπ
2 3 2 3
8π 10π 0 2π
x = + 4nπ x = + 4nπ
3 3 −5
x ≈ 1.849 and x ≈ 4.991
51. sin x − 3 cos x = 0 55. sec 2 x − 3 = 0

5 5
0 2π
0 2π
−5 −4
x ≈ 1.249 and x ≈ 4.391 x ≈ 0.955, x ≈ 2.186, x ≈ 4.097 and x ≈ 5.328
52. sin x + 4 cos x = 0

56. csc 2 x − 5 = 0
5
5
0 2π
0 2π
−5
−5
x ≈ 1.816 and x ≈ 4.957
x ≈ 0.464, x ≈ 2.678, x = 3.605 and x ≈ 5.820
53. cos x = x
4
57. 2 tan 2 x = 15
6
0 2π
0 2π
−8
− 18
x ≈ 0.739
54. tan x = csc x x ≈ 1.221, x ≈ 1.921, x ≈ 4.362 and x ≈ 5.062

10
58. 6 sin 2 x = 5
6
0 2π
0 2π
− 10
x ≈ 0.905 and x ≈ 5.379

− 18
x ≈ 1.150, x ≈ 1.991, x ≈ 4.292 and x ≈ 5.133
59. tan 2 x + tan x − 12 = 0

( tan x + 4)( tan x − 3) = 0
tan x + 4 = 0 or tan x − 3 = 0
tan x = −4 tan x = 3
x = arctan ( −4) + nπ x = arctan 3 + nπ
60. tan 2 x − tan x − 2 = 0

( tan x + 1)( tan x − 2) = 0
tan x + 1 = 0 or tan x − 2 = 0
3π
x = + nπ x = arctan 2 + nπ
4
61. sec 2 x − 6 tan x = − 4

1 + tan 2 x − 6 tan x + 4 = 0
tan 2 x − 6 tan x + 5 = 0
( tan x − 1)( tan x − 5) = 0
tan x − 1 = 0 tan x − 5 = 0
tan x = 1 tan x = 5
π
x = + nπ x = arctan 5 + nπ
4
62. sec 2 x + tan x − 3 = 0

1 + tan 2 x + tan x − 3 = 0
tan 2 x + tan x − 2 = 0
( tan x + 2)( tan x − 1) = 0
tan x + 2 = 0 tan x − 1 = 0
x = arctan ( −2) + nπ x = arctan (1) + nπ
π
≈ −1.1071 + nπ = + nπ
4
63. 2 sin 2 x + 5 cos x = 4
2(1 − cos 2 x) + 5 cos x − 4 = 0
− 2 cos 2 x + 5 cos x − 2 = 0
− ( 2 cos x − 1)(cos x − 2) = 0
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x − 2 = 0
1
cos x = cos x = 2
2
π 5π
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ No solution
3 3
64. 2 cos 2 x + 7 sin x = 5

2(1 − sin 2 x) + 7 sin x − 5 = 0
− 2 sin 2 x + 7 sin x − 3 = 0
− ( 2 sin x − 1)(sin x − 3) = 0
2 sin x − 1 = 0 or sin x − 3 = 0
1
sin x = sin x = 3
2
π 5π
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ No solution
6 6
65. cot 2 x − 9 = 0
cot 2 x = 9
1
= tan 2 x
9
1
± = tan x
3
x = arctan 1
3 ( )
+ nπ , arctan − 13 + nπ
66. cot 2 x − 6 cot x + 5 = 0

(cot x − 5)(cot x − 1) = 0
cot x − 5 = 0 or cot x − 1 = 0
cot x = 5 cot x = 1
1
= tan x 1 = tan x
5
1 π
x = arctan + nπ x = + nπ
5 4
67. sec 2 x − 4 sec x = 0

sec x(sec x − 4) = 0
sec x = 0 sec x − 4 = 0
No solution sec x = 4
1
= cos x
4
1 1
x = arccos + 2nπ , − arccos + 2nπ
4 4
68. sec 2 x + 2 sec x − 8 = 0

(sec x + 4)(sec x − 2) = 0
sec x + 4 = 0 or sec x − 2 = 0
sec x = −4 sec x = 2
1 1
− = cos x = cos x
4 2
 1  1 π 5π
x = arccos −  + 2nπ , − arccos −  + 2nπ x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ
 4  4 3 3
69. csc 2 x + 3 csc x − 4 = 0

(csc x + 4)(csc x − 1) = 0
csc x + 4 = 0 or csc x − 1 = 0
csc x = −4 csc x = 1
1
− = sin x 1 = sin x
4
1  1 π
x = arcsin   + 2nπ , arcsin −  + 2nπ x = + 2nπ
 4  4 2
70. csc 2 x − 5 csc x = 0

csc x(csc x − 5) = 0
csc x = 0 or csc x − 5 = 0
No solution csc x = 5
1 = sin x
5
x = arcsin ( 15 ) + 2nπ , arcsin(− 15 ) + 2nπ
71. 12 sin 2 x − 13 sin x + 3 = 0 30
−( −13) ± (−13) − 4(12)(3)

2
13 ± 5
sin x = =
2(12) 24
0 2π
1 3
sin x = or sin x = − 10
3 4
x ≈ 0.3398, 2.8018 x ≈ 0.8481, 2.2935
The x-intercepts occur at x ≈ 0.3398,
x ≈ 0.8481, x ≈ 2.2935, and x ≈ 2.8018.
72. 3 tan 2 x + 4 tan x − 4 = 0

−4 ± 4 2 − 4(3)( −4) −4 ± 64 2
tan x = = = −2,
2(3) 6 3
2
tan x = −2 tan x =
3 50
 2
x = arctan ( −2) + nπ x = arctan   + nπ
 3
≈ −1.1071 + nπ ≈ 0.5880 + nπ 0 2␲
The values of x in [0, 2π ) are 0.5880, 3.7296, 2.0344, 5.1760. −10
73. tan 2 x + 3 tan x + 1 = 0

−3 ± 32 − 4(1)(1) −3 ± 5
tan x = = 10
2(1) 2
−3 − 5 −3 + 5
tan x = or tan x = 0 2π
2 2
x ≈ 1.9357, 5.0773 x ≈ 2.7767, 5.9183 −5
The x-intercepts occur at x ≈ 1.9357, x ≈ 2.7767,

x ≈ 5.0773, and x ≈ 5.9183.
74. 4 cos 2 x − 4 cos x − 1 = 0
4 ± (−4)2 − 4(4)( −1) 4± 32 1± 2

cos x = = =
2( 4) 8 2
1− 2 1+ 2
cos x = cos x = 7
2 2
1 − 2 
x = arccos  No solution
 2  0 2π
1 + 2  −3
≈ 1.7794  > 1
 2 
1 − 2  1 − 2 
Solutions in [0, 2π ) are arccos  and 2π − arccos  : 1.7794, 4.5038.
 2  2 
 
 π π  π π
75. 3 tan 2 x + 5 tan x − 4 = 0, − ,  77. 4 cos 2 x − 2 sin x + 1 = 0, − , 
 2 2  2 2
3 6
−π π
2 2
−p p
2 2
−7 −2
x ≈ −1.154, 0.534 x ≈ 1.110
76. cos 2 x − 2 cos x − 1 = 0, [0, π ]  π π

78. 2 sec 2 x + tan x − 6 = 0, − , 
3
 2 2
4
0 π
−π π
2 2
−3
−6
x ≈ 1.998 x ≈ −1.035, 0.870
79. (a) f ( x) = sin 2 x + cos x (b) 2 sin x cos x − sin x = 0

2
sin x( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
0 2π
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
x = 0, π 1
cos x =
−2 ≈ 0, 3.1416 2
Maximum: (1.0472, 1.25) π 5π
x = ,
3 3
Maximum: (5.2360, 1.25)
≈ 1.0472, 5.2360
Minimum: (0, 1)
Minimum: (3.1416, −1)
80. (a) f ( x) = cos 2 x − sin x (b) −2 sin x cos x − cos x = 0

2 −cos x( 2 sin x + 1) = 0
−cos x = 0 2 sin x + 1 = 0
0 2π
1
cos x = 0 sin x = −
2
−2
π 3π 7π 11π
Maximum: (3.6652, 1.25) x = , x = ,
2 2 6 6
Maximum: (5.7596, 1.25) ≈ 1.5708, 4.7124 ≈ 3.6652, 5.7596
Minimum: (1.5708, −1)
Minimum: ( 4.7124, 1)
81. (a) f ( x ) = sin x + cos x (b) cos x − sin x = 0

3 cos x = sin x
sin x
1=
0 2π cos x
tan x = 1
−3 π 5π
x = ,
Maximum: (0.7854, 1.4142) 4 4
≈ 0.7854, 3.9270
Minimum: (3.9270, −1.4142)
82. (a) f ( x ) = 2 sin x + cos 2 x (b) 2 cos x − 4 sin x cos x = 0

3 2 cos x(1 − 2 sin x ) = 0
2 cos x = 0 1 − 2 sin x = 0
0 2π
π 3π 1
x = , sin x =
2 2 2
−3 π 5π
≈ 1.5708, 4.7124 x = ,
Maximum: (0.5236, 1.5) 6 6
≈ 0.5236, 2.6180
Maximum: ( 2.6180, 1.5)
Minimum: (1.5708, 1.0)
Minimum: ( 4.7124, − 3.0)
83. (a) f ( x ) = sin x cos x 84. (a) f ( x ) = sec x + tan x − x

2 6
0 2π 0 2π
−2 −8
Maximum: (0.7854, 0.5) Maximum: (3.1416, − 4.1416)

Maximum: (3.9270, 0.5) Minimum: (0, 1)
Minimum: ( 2.3562, − 0.5) (b) sec x tan x + sec 2 x − 1 = 0
Minimum: (5.4978, − 0.5) 1 sin x 1
⋅ + −1 = 0
(b) −sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 0 cos x cos x cos 2 x
sin x + 1
−sin 2 x + 1 − sin 2 x = 0 −1 = 0
cos 2 x
−2 sin 2 x + 1 = 0 sin x + 1 cos 2 x
1 − = 0
sin 2 x = cos 2 x cos 2 x
2 sin x + 1 − cos 2 x
= 0
1 2 cos 2 x
sin x = ± = ±
2 2 sin x + sin 2 x
= 0
π 3π 5π 7π cos 2 x
x = , , ,
4 4 4 4 sin x + sin 2 x = 0
≈ 0.7854, 2.3562, 3.9270, 5.4978 sin x(1 + sin x ) = 0
sin x = 0 or 1 + sin x = 0
x = 0, π sin x = −1
3π
≈ 0, 3.1416 x =
2
3π
is undefined in original function. So, it is not
2
a solution.
85. The graphs of y1 = 2 sin x and y2 = 3 x + 1 appear to have one point of intersection. This implies there is one solution to the
equation 2 sin x = 3 x + 1.
1
86. The graphs of y1 = 2 sin x and y2 = 2
x + 1 appear to have three points of intersection. This implies there are three solutions
1x
to the equation 2 sin x = 2
+ 1.
sin x 90. y1 = 1.56e −0.22t cos 4.9t

87. f ( x ) =
x
Right-most point of intersection: (1.96, −1)
(a) Domain: all real numbers except x = 0.
The displacement does not exceed one foot from
(b) The graph has y-axis symmetry and a horizontal
equilibrium after t = 1.96 seconds.
asymptote at y = 0.
4
(c) As x → 0, f ( x ) → 1.
sin x
= 0 has four solutions in the interval [−8, 8].
0 10
(d)
x
1 −4
sin x  = 0
 x πt 
sin x = 0 91. Graph y1 = 58.3 + 32 cos 
6
x = −2π , − π , π , 2π y2 = 75.
1 Left point of intersection: (1.95, 75)

88. f ( x) = cos
x Right point of intersection: (10.05, 75)
(a) Domain: all real numbers x except x = 0.
So, sales exceed 7500 in January, November,
(b) The graph has y-axis symmetry and a horizontal and December.
asymptote at y = 1. S
(c) As x → 0, f ( x ) oscillates between −1 and 1.
(in thousands of dollars)

100
(d) There are infinitely many solutions in the interval Monthly sales 75
2
[−1, 1]. They occur at x = where n is
50
(2n + 1)π 25
any integer. x
2 4 6 8 10 12
(e) The greatest solution appears to occur at Month (1 ↔ January)
x ≈ 0.6366.
1 92. Range = 300 feet

89. y = (cos 8t − 3 sin 8t )
12 v0 = 100 feet per second
1 r = 1v 2 sin 2θ
(cos 8t − 3 sin 8t ) = 0 32 0
12
(100)
1 2
cos 8t = 3 sin 8t 32
sin 2θ = 300
1 sin 2θ = 0.96
= tan 8t
3 2θ = arcsin (0.96) ≈ 73.74°
8t ≈ 0.32175 + nπ
θ ≈ 36.9°
nπ
t ≈ 0.04 + or
8
2θ = 180° − arcsin(0.96) ≈ 106.26°
In the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, t ≈ 0.04, 0.43, and 0.83.
θ ≈ 53.1°
93. (a) and (c) π π

100
94. h(t ) = 53 + 50 sin  t − 
 16 2
π π
(a) h(t ) = 53 when 50 sin  t −  = 0.
 16 2
1 12 π π π π
0 t − = 0 or t − = π
16 2 16 2
The model fits the data well.
π π π 3π
(b) C = a cos(bt − c) + d t = t =
16 2 16 2
1 1 t = 8 t = 24
a = [high − low] = [84.1 − 31.0] = 26.55
2 2 A person on the Ferris wheel will be 53 feet
p = 2[high time − low time] = 2[7 − 1] = 12 above ground at 8 seconds and at 24 seconds
2π 2π π (b) The person will be at the top of the Ferris wheel
b = = =
p 12 6 when
The maximum occurs at 7, so the left end point is π π
sin  t −  = 1
c π  7π  16 2
= 7  c = 7  = π π π
b  
6 6 t − =
1 1 16 2 2
d = [high + low] = [93.6 + 62.3] = 57.55 π
2 2 t = π
16
π 7π 
C = 26.55 cos t −  + 57.55 t = 16.
6 6 
The first time this occurs is after 16 seconds.
(d) The constant term, d, gives the average maximum 2π
temperature. The period of this function is = 32.
π 16
The average maximum temperature in Chicago is During 160 seconds, 5 cycles will take place and
57.55°F. the person will be at the top of the ride 5 times,
(e) The average maximum temperature is above 72°F spaced 32 seconds apart. The times are: 16 seconds,
from June through September. The average 48 seconds, 80 seconds, 112 seconds, and
maximum temperature is below 70°F from October 144 seconds.
through May.
π
95. A = 2 x cos x, 0 < x <
2
(a) 2
0 π
2
−2
The maximum area of A ≈ 1.12 occurs when x ≈ 0.86.

(b) A ≥ 1 for 0.6 < x < 1.1
96. f ( x ) = 3 sin (0.6 x − 2)
(a) Zero: sin (0.6 x − 2) = 0 (b) g ( x) = −0.45 x 2 + 5.52 x − 13.70

0.6 x − 2 = 0 4
0.6 x = 2
2 10 0 6
x = = f
0.6 3 g
−4
For 3.5 ≤ x ≤ 6 the approximation appears to be good.
(c) −0.45 x 2 + 5.52 x − 13.70 = 0
(5.52) − 4( −0.45)(−13.70)
2
−5.52 ±
x =
2( −0.45)
x ≈ 3.46, 8.81
10
The zero of g on [0, 6] is 3.46. The zero is close to the zero ≈ 3.33 of f.
3
πx 100. False.
97. f ( x) = tan
4 sin x = 3.4 has no solution because 3.4 is outside the
Because tan π 4 = 1, x = 1 is the smallest nonnegative range of sine.
fixed point.
101. cot x cos 2 x = 2 cot x
98. Graph y = cos x and y = x on the same set of axes. cos 2 x = 2
Their point of intersection gives the value of c such that
cos x = ± 2
f (c ) = c  cos c = c.
No solution
(0.739, 0.739)
2
Because you solved this problem by first dividing by
cot x, you do not get the same solution as Example 3.
−3 3
When solving equations, you do not want to divide each
side by a variable expression that will cancel out because
−2 you may accidentally remove one of the solutions.
c ≈ 0.739 102. The equation 2 cos x − 1 = 0 is equivalent to

cos x = 12 . So, the points of intersection of y = cos x
π
99. True. The period of 2 sin 4t − 1 is and the period of 1
2 and y = 2
represent the solutions of the equation
2 sin t − 1 is 2π . 2 cos x − 1 = 0. In the interval ( − 2π , 2π ) the solutions
In the interval [0, 2π ) the first equation has four cycles 5π π π 5π
of the equation are x = − , − , , and .
whereas the second equation has only one cycle, so the 3 3 3 3
first equation has four times the x-intercepts (solutions)
as the second equation.
103. (a) 3
0 2π
−2
π
The graphs intersect when x = and x = π .
2
(b) 3
0 2π
−2
π 
The x-intercepts are  , 0  and (π , 0).
2 
(c) Both methods produce the same x-values. Answers will vary on which method is preferred.
Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas 425
Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas

1. sin u cos v − cos u sin v π π π π π π
7. (a) cos +  = cos cos − sin sin
4 3 4 3 4 3
2. cos u cos v − sin u sin v
2 1 2 3
= ⋅ − ⋅
tan u + tan v 2 2 2 2
3.
1 − tan u tan v 2 − 6
=
4
4. sin u cos v + cos u sin v
π π 2 1 2 +1
(b) cos + cos = + =
4 3 2 2 2
5. cos u cos v + sin u sin v
 7π π 5π π 1
tan u − tan v 8. (a) sin  −  = sin = sin =
6.  6 3 6 6 2
1 + tan u tan v
7π π 1 3 −1 − 3
(b) sin − sin = − − =
6 3 2 2 2
9. (a) sin (135° − 30°) = sin 135° cos 30° − cos 135° sin 30°
 2  3   2  1  6 + 2
=  
  −  −   =
 2  2   2  2  4
2 3 2 − 3
(b) sin 135° − cos 30° = − =
2 2 2
10. (a) cos(120° + 45°) = cos 120° cos 45° − sin 120° sin 45°
 1  2   3  2  − 2 − 6
=  −   −   =
 2  2   2 
 2  4
1 2 −1 + 2
(b) cos 120° + cos 45° = − + =
2 2 2
11π  3π π 11π  3π π
11. sin = sin  +  tan = tan  + 
12  4 6 4  4 6
3π π 3π π 3π π
= sin cos + cos sin tan + tan
4 6 4 6 = 4 6
3π π
2 3  2 1 1 − tan tan
= ⋅ +  −  4 6
2 2  2 2
3
−1 +
2
=
4
( 3 −1 ) = 3
3
1 − ( −1)
11π  3π π 3
cos = cos + 
12  4 6 −3 + 3 3− 3
= ⋅
3π π 3π π 3+ 3 3− 3
= cos cos − sin sin
4 6 4 6 −12 + 6 3
= = −2 + 3
2 3 2 1 2 6
= −
2
⋅
2
−
2
⋅
2
= −
4
( 3 +1 )
7π π π 17π  9π 5π 
12. = + 13. sin = sin  − 
12 3 4 12  4 6 
7π π π 9π 5π 9π 5π
sin = sin  +  = sin cos − cos sin
12 3 4 4 6 4 6
π π π π 2 3   2  1 
= sin cos + sin cos = −  −  
3 4 4 3 2  2   2  2 
3 2 2 1 2
=
2
⋅
2
+
2
⋅
2 = −
4
( 3 +1 )
2
=
4
( 3 +1 ) cos
17π
= cos
 9π
−
5π 

12  4 6 
7π π π 9π 5π 9π 5π
cos = cos +  = cos cos + sin sin
12  3 4 4 6 4 6
π π π π 2 3 21
= cos cos − sin sin =
3 4 3 4  −  +  
2  2  2  2
1 2 3 2
= ⋅ − ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2 =
4
(
1− 3 )
2
=
4
1−( 3 ) tan
17π  9π
= tan  −
5π 

12  4 6 
7π π π
tan = tan  +  tan (9π 4) − tan (5π 6)
12 3 4 =
1 + tan (9π 4) tan (5π 6)
π π
tan + tan
= 3
π
4
π =
(
1− − 3 3 )
1 − tan tan 1 + (− 3 3)
3 4
3 +1 3+ 3 3+ 3
= = ⋅
1− 3 3− 3 3+ 3
= −2 − 3 12 + 6 3
= = 2+ 3
6
π π π
14. − = −
12 6 4
 π  π π  π  π π  π  π π
sin  −  = sin  −  cos −  = cos −  tan  −  = tan  − 
 12  6 4  12  6 4  12  6 4
π π π π π π π π π π
= sin cos − sin cos = cos cos + sin sin tan − tan
6 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 = 6 4
π π
1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 + tan tan
= ⋅ − ⋅ = ⋅ + ⋅ 6 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2 −1
=
4
1− ( 3 ) =
4
( 3 +1 ) = 3
3
1+
3
= −2 + 3
15. sin 105° = sin (60° + 45°) 17. sin ( −195°) = sin (30° − 225°)
= sin 60° cos 45° + cos 60° sin 45° = sin 30° cos 225° − cos 30° sin 225°
= sin 30°( − cos 45°) − cos 30°( − sin 45°)
3 2 1 2
= ⋅ + ⋅
2 2 2 2 1 2 3 2
=
− − − 
2 2  2  2  2 
=
4
( 3 +1) 2
= −
4
1− 3 ( )
cos 105° = cos(60° + 45°)
2
= cos 60° cos 45° − sin 60° sin 45° =
4
(
3 −1 )
1 2 3 2 cos( −195°) = cos(30° − 225°)
= ⋅ − ⋅
2 2 2 2
= cos 30° cos 225° + sin 30° sin 225°
2
=
4
(
1− 3 ) = cos 30°( − cos 45°) + sin 30°( − 45°)
tan 105° = tan (60° + 45°) 3 2  1 2

= −  + − 
2  2  2  2 
tan 60° + tan 45°
=
2
1 − tan 60° tan 45° = −
4
(
3 +1 )
3 +1 3 +1 1+ 3
= = ⋅ tan ( −195°) = tan (30° − 225°)
1− 3 1− 3 1+ 3
tan 30° − tan 225°
4 + 2 3 =
= = −2 − 3 1 + tan 30° tan 225°
−2
tan 30° − tan 45°
=
16. 165° = 135° + 30° 1 + tan 30° tan 45°
sin 165° = sin (135° + 30°)  3
 3  − 1 3 −3 3− 3
= sin 135° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 135° =   = ⋅
 3 3+ 3 3− 3
= sin 45° cos 30° − sin 30° cos 45° 1 +  
 3 
2 3 1 2
= ⋅ − ⋅ −12 + 6 3
2 2 2 2 = = −2 + 3
6
2
=
4
( 3 −1) 18. 225° = 300° − 45°
cos 165° = cos (135° + 30°) sin 255° = sin (300° − 45°)
= cos 135° cos 30° − sin 135° sin 30° = sin 300° cos 45° − sin 45° cos 300°
= −cos 45° cos 30° − sin 45° cos 30° = − sin 60° cos 45° − sin 45° cos 60°
3 2 2 1 2
= −
2
2
⋅
2
3
−
2
2 1
⋅
2
= −
2
⋅
2
−
2
⋅
2
= −
4
( 3 +1 )
2 cos 255° = cos(300° − 45°)
= −
4
( 3 +1 ) = cos 300° cos 45° + sin 300° sin 45°
tan 165° = tan (135° + 30°) = cos 60° cos 45° − sin 60° sin 45°
tan 135° + tan 30° 1 2 3 2 2
=
1 − tan 135° tan 30° 2
= ⋅
2
−
2
⋅
2
=
4
(
1− 3 )
− tan 45° + tan 30° tan 255° = tan (300° − 45°)
=
1 + tan 45° tan 30° tan 300° − tan 45°
=
3 1 + tan 300° tan 45°
−1 +
3 − tan 60° − tan 45°
= =
3 1 − tan 60° tan 45°
1+
3 − 3 −1
= = 2+ 3
= −2 + 3 1− 3
13π 3π π
19. = +
12 4 3
13π  3π π 13π  3π π
sin = sin  +  tan = tan  + 
12  4 3 12  4 3
3π π 3π π  3π  π 
= sin cos + cos sin tan   + tan  
4 3 4 3  4  3
=
2 1  2  3   3π  π 
= ⋅ +  −   1 − tan   tan  
2 2  2   2   4  3
2 −1 + 3
=
4
(1− 3 ) =
1 − ( −1)( 3)
13π  3π π 1− 3 1− 3
cos = cos +  = − ⋅
12  4 3 1+ 3 1− 3
3π π 3π π 4− 2 3
= cos cos − sin sin = −
4 3 4 3 −2
2 1 2 3 2
= −
2
⋅ −
2 2
⋅
2
= −
4
( 1+ 3 ) = 2− 3
19π π 5π
20. = +
12 3 4
19π π 5π 
sin = sin  + 
12  3 4 
π 5π 5π π
= sin cos + sin cos
3 4 4 3
3 2  2 1
= −  + − ⋅
2  2   2  2
2
= −
4
3 +1 ( )
19π π 5π 
cos = cos + 
12 3 4 
π 5π π 5π
= cos cos − sin sin
3 4 3 4
1 2 3 2
=  −  −  − 
2 2  2  2 
2
=
4
(
−1 + 3 )
19π π 5π 
tan = tan  + 
12 3 4 
π 5π
tan + tan
= 3 4
π 5π
1 − tan tan
3 4
π π
tan + tan
= 3 4
π π
1 − tan tan
3 4
3 +1 1+ 3
= ⋅
1− 3 1+ 3
4+ 2 3
= = −2 − 3
−2
5π π π
21. − = − −
12 4 6
 π π  π π  π π
sin  − −  = sin  −  cos − cos  −  sin
 4 6  4 6  4 6
 2  3   2  1  2
=  −
2

 2  −  2  2  = − 4 ( 3 +1 )
    
 π π  π π  π π
cos − −  = cos  −  cos + sin  −  sin
 4 6  4 6  4 6
 2  3   2  1  2
= 
2  2  +  − 2  2  =

4
( 3 −1 )
    
 π π
tan  −  − tan
 π π  4 6
tan  − −  =
 4 6  π π
1 + tan  −  tan
 4 6
3
−1 −
3 −3 − 3
= =
 3 3− 3
1 + ( −1) 
 3 
−3 − 3 3 + 3
= ⋅
3− 3 3+ 3
−12 − 6 3
= = −2 − 3
6
7π π π
22. − = − −
12 3 4
 7π   π π  π π   π  π 
sin  −  = sin  − −  = sin  −  cos  − cos −  sin  
 12   3 4  3 4  3 4
 3  2   1  2  2
=  − 
  −    = − ( 3 +1 )
 2  2   2  2  4
 7π   π π  π π   π  π 
cos −  = cos − −  = cos −  cos  + sin  −  sin  
 12   3 4  3 4  3 4
 1  2   3  2  2
=    +  −
 2  2   2 
  = (
1− 3 )
 2  4
 π π 
tan  −  − tan  
 7π   π π  3  4 = − 3 − 1 = 2 +
tan  −  = tan  − −  = 3
 12   3 4  π  π 
1 + tan  −  tan   1 + − 3 (1) ( )
 3  4
23. 285° = 225° + 60°

sin 285° = sin ( 225° + 60°) = sin 225° cos 60° + cos 225° sin 60°
21 2 3 2
= −   −
2  2
  = −
2  2  4
( 3 +1 )
cos 285° = cos( 225° + 60°) = cos 225° cos 60° − sin 225° sin 60°
21  2  3  2
= −   − − 
2  2   2 
 = ( 3 −1 )
 2  4
tan 225° + tan 60°

tan 285° = tan ( 225° + 60°) =
1 − tan 225° tan 60°
1+ 3 1+ 3 4+ 2 3
=
1−
⋅
3 1+ 3
=
−2
= −2 − 3 = −2+ ( 3 )
24. 15° = 45° − 30°
sin 15° = sin ( 45° − 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30°
 2  3   2  1  2 ( 3 −1 ) 2
=  
  −    = = ( )
3 −1
 2  2   2  2  4 4
cos 15° = cos( 45° − 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30°
 2  3   2  1  2 ( 3 +1 ) 2
=  
  +    = = ( 3 +1 )
 2  2   2  2  4 4
tan 45° − tan 30°

tan 15° = tan ( 45° − 30°) =
1 + tan 45° tan 30°
3 3− 3
1−
3 3 3− 3 3− 3 12 − 6 3
= = = ⋅ = = 2− 3
 3  3 + 3 3 + 3 3− 3 6
1 + (1) 
 3  3
25. −165° = −(120° + 45°)
 (120° + 45°) = − sin (120° + 45°) = −[sin 120° cos 45° + cos 120° sin 45°]
sin ( −165°) = sin −
 3 2 1 2 2
= −
2
⋅
2
− ⋅
2 2
 = −
4
( 3 −1 )
 
cos( −165°) = cos −

 (120° + 45°) = cos(120° + 45°) = cos 120° cos 45° − sin 120° sin 45°
1 2 3 2 2
= −
2
⋅
2
−
2
⋅
2
= −
4
1+ ( 3 )
tan 120° + tan 45°
tan ( −165°) = tan −
 (120° + 45°) = − tan (120° + tan 45°) = − 1 − tan 120° tan 45°
− 3 +1 1− 3 1− 3 4− 2 3
= − = − ⋅ = − = 2− 3
(
1 − − 3 (1)) 1+ 3 1− 3 −2
26. −105 = 30° − 135°

sin (30° − 135°) = sin 30° cos 135° − cos 30° sin 135° = sin 30°( −cos 45°) − cos 30° sin 45°
 1  2   3  2  2
=   −  − 
 2  2   2  2
 = −
4
1+ ( 3 )
 
cos(30° − 135°) = cos 30° cos 135° + sin 30° sin 135° = cos 30°( −cos 45°) + sin 30° sin 45°
 3  2   1  2  2
= 
2  − 2  +  2  2  =

4
(
1− 3 )
    
tan 30° − tan 135° tan 30° − ( − tan 45°)
tan (30° − 135°) = =
1 + tan 30° tan 135° 1 + tan 30°( − tan 45°)
3
− ( −1)
= 3 = 2 + 3
 3
1 +  ( )
−1
 3 
27. sin 3 cos 1.2 − cos 3 sin 1.2 = sin (3 − 1.2) = sin 1.8 π 3π π 3π π 3π 
36. cos cos − sin sin = cos + 
16 16 16 16  16 16 
π π π ππ π π 2
28. cos cos − sin sin = cos +  = cos =
7 5 7 5 7 5 4 2
12π
= cos
35 37. cos 130° cos 10° + sin 130° sin 10° = cos(130° − 10°)
= cos 120°
29. sin 60° cos 15° + cos 60° sin 15° = sin (60° + 15°)
1
= sin 75° = −
2
30. cos 130° cos 40° − sin 130° sin 40° = cos(130° + 40°) 38. sin 100° cos 40° − cos 100° sin 40° = sin (100° − 40°)
= cos 170° = sin 60°
3
tan (π 15) + tan ( 2π 5) =
31. = tan (π 15 + 2π 5) 2
1 − tan (π 15) tan ( 2π 5)
= tan (7π 15) tan (9π 8) − tan (π 8)  9π π
39. = tan  − 
1 + tan (9π 8) tan (π 8)  8 8
tan 1.1 − tan 4.6 = tan π
32. = tan(1.1 − 4.6) = tan ( − 3.5)
1 + tan 1.1 tan 4.6 = 0
33. cos 3 x cos 2 y + sin 3 x sin 2 y = cos(3 x − 2 y ) tan 25° + tan 110°
40. = tan ( 25° + 110°)
1 − tan 25° tan 110°
34. sin x cos 2 x + cos x sin 2 x = sin ( x + 2 x) = sin (3 x) = tan 135°
= −1
π π π π π π
35. sin cos + cos sin = sin  + 
12 4 12 4  12 4
π
= sin
3
3
=
2
For Exercises 41 – 46, you have:

sin u = – 35 , u in Quadrant IV  cos u = 4 , tan
5
u = – 43
cos v = 15 , v in Quadrant I  sin v = 8 , tan v = 8
17 17 15
y y
(15, 8)
17
u
v
x x
(4, − 3)
Figures for Exercises 41–46

41. sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v 1 1
44. csc(u − v) = =
sin (u − v) sin u cos v − cos u sin v
 3  15   4  8 
=  −   +    1
 5  17   5  17  =
 3  15   4  8 
13  −   −   
= −  5  17   5  17 
85 1 85
= = −
77 77
42. cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v −
85
 4  15   3  8 
=    +  −   1 1
 5  17   5  17  45. sec(v − u ) = =
cos(v − u ) cos v cos u + sin v sin u
60 − 24 36
= + = 1 1
85 85 85 = =
 15  4   8  3   60   24 
   +   −    + − 
3 8  17  5   17  5   85   85 
− +  1 85
tan u + tan v 4  15  = =
43. tan (u + v) = = 36 36
1 − tan u tan v  3  8 
1 −  −   85
 4  15 
13  3  8 
− tan u + tan v −  +  
= 60 =  − 13  5  = − 13 46. tan (u + v) = =    
4 15
32    1 − tan u tan v  3  8 
1+  60  7  84
1 −  −  
60  4  15 
13
−
13
= 60 = −
7 84
5
1 1 84
cot (u + v) = = = −
tan (u + v ) −
13 13
84
For Exercises 47– 52, you have:
7 , u in Quadrant III  cos u = – 24 , tan u =
sin u = – 25 7
25 24
cos v = – 45 , v in Quadrant III  sin v = – 53 , tan v = 3
4
y y
u v
x x
25
(− 24, − 7) 5
(− 4, − 3)
47. cos(u + v) = cos u cos v − sin u sin v 1 1

51. csc(u − v) = =
sin (u − v) sin u cos v − cos u sin v
( )( ) ( )( )
= − 24
25
7
− 54 − − 25 − 53
1
= 3 =
5  7    24  3 
4
 −  −  −  −  − 
 25  5   25  5 
48. sin (u + v ) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v 1
=
7
= − 25( )( ) ( )( )
− 54 + − 24
25
− 53 −
44
125
28 72 100 4
= 125
+ 125
= 125
= 5 125
= −
44
tan u − tan v
49. tan (u − v) =
1 + tan u tan v 1
52. sec(v − u ) =
7 3 11 cos(v − u )
− −
24 4 44
= = 24 = − =
1
 7  3  39 117
1 +    cos v cos u + sin v sin u
 24  4  32
1
=
 4 24   3  7 
 3  7   −  −  +  −  − 
tan v − tan u   −   5  25   5  25 
=    
4 24
50. tan (v − u ) = 1
1 + tan v tan u  3  7  =
1 +    117
 4  24 
125
11
44 125
= 24 = =
39 117 117
32
1 1 117
cot (v − u ) = = =
tan (v − u ) 44 44
117
53. sin (arcsin x + arccos x) = sin (arcsin x) cos(arccos x) + sin (arccos x) cos(arcsin x)
= x⋅ x + 1 − x2 ⋅ 1 − x2
= x2 + 1 − x2
=1 1
x
1
1 − x2
θ θ
x
1 − x2
θ = arcsin x θ = arccos x
54. sin (arctan 2 x − arccos x) = sin (arctan 2 x − arccos x)

= sin (arctan 2 x) cos(arccos x) − cos(arctan 2 x) sin (arccos x)
=
2x
2
4x + 1
( x) −
1
4x2 + 1
( 1 − x2 )
2 x2 − 1 − x2
=
4 x2 + 1
4x 2 + 1 1
2x 1 − x2
θ θ
1 x
θ = arctan 2x θ = arccos x
55. cos(arccos x + arcsin x) = cos(arccos x) cos(arcsin x) − sin(arccos x) sin (arcsin x)
= x⋅ 1 − x2 − 1 − x2 ⋅ x
= 0
(Use the triangles in Exercise 53.)
56. cos(arccos x − arctan x) = cos(arccos x − arctan x)

= cos(arccos x) cos(arctan x) + sin (arccos x) sin (arctan x)
   
= ( x)

1
 +
1+ x  2
( 1 − x2 

) x

1+ x  2 1 + x2
1
1 − x2 x
x + x 1 − x2
=
1 + x2
θ θ
x
1
θ = arccos x
θ = arctan x
π  π π π  π π
57. sin  − x  = sin cos x − cos sin x 59. sin  + x  = sin cos x + cos sin x
2  2 2 6  6 6
= (1)(cos x) − (0)(sin x) 1
(
= cos x + 3 sin x
2
)
= cos x
 5π  5π 5π
π  π π 60. cos − x  = cos cos x + sin sin x
58. sin  + x  = sin cos x + sin x cos  4  4 4
2  2 2
2
= (1)(cos x) + (sin x)(0) = − (cos x + sin x)
2
= cos x
tan θ + tan π tan θ + 0 tan θ

61. tan (θ + π ) = = = = tan θ
1 − tan θ tan π 1 − ( tan θ )(0) 1
π
tan − tan θ
π  4 1 − tan θ
62. tan  − θ  = =
4  1 + tan π tan θ 1 + tan θ
4
π  π π
63. cos(π − θ ) + sin  + θ  = cos π cos θ + sin π sin θ + sin cos θ + cos sin θ
2  2 2
= ( −1)(cos θ ) + (0)(sin θ ) + (1)(cos θ ) + (sin θ )(0)
= −cos θ + cos θ
= 0
64. cos( x + y ) cos( x − y ) = (cos x cos y − sin x sin y )(cos x cos y + sin x sin y )
= cos 2 x cos 2 y − sin 2 x sin 2 y
= cos 2 x(1 − sin 2 y ) − sin 2 x sin 2 y
= cos 2 x − cos 2 x sin 2 y − sin 2 x sin 2 y
= cos 2 x − sin 2 y (cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
= cos 2 x − sin 2 y
 3π  3π 3π tan π + tan θ
65. cos − θ  = cos cos θ + sin sin θ 68. tan (π + θ ) =
 2  2 2 1 − tan π tan θ
= (0)(cos θ ) + ( −1)(sin θ ) =
0 + tan θ
= − sin θ 1 − (0) tan θ
2 = tan θ
1 1
cot (π + θ ) = = = cot θ
− 2π 2π tan(π + θ ) tan θ
5
−2
The graphs appear to coincide, so − 2π 2π
 3π 
cos − θ  = − sin θ .
 2  −5
The graphs appear to coincide, so cot (π + θ ) = cot θ

66. sin (π + θ ) = sin π cos θ + cos π sin θ
= (0) cos θ + ( −1) sin θ 69. sin ( x + π ) − sin x + 1 = 0
= − sin θ sin x cos π + cos x sin π − sin x + 1 = 0
2
(sin x)( −1) + (cos x)(0) − sin x + 1 = 0
−2 sin x + 1 = 0
− 2π 2π
1
sin x =
2
−2
π 5π
The graphs appear to coincide, so x = ,
6 6
sin (π + θ ) = − sin(θ ).
70. cos( x + π ) − cos x − 1 = 0
 3π  3π 3π
cos x cos π − sin x sin π − cos x − 1 = 0
67. sin  + θ  = sin cos θ + cos sin θ
 2  2 2
(cos x)( −1) − (sin x)(0) − cos x − 1 = 0
= ( −1)(cos θ ) + (0)(sin θ )
−2 cos x − 1 = 0
= − cos θ
1
cos x = −
 3π  1 1 2
csc + θ = = = − sec θ
 2   3π  − cos θ 2π 4π
sin  + θ x = ,
 2  3 3
5
− 2π 2π
−5
The graphs appear to coincide, so

 3π 
csc  + θ  = − sec θ .
 2 
 π  π
71. cos x +  − cos x −  = 1
 4  4
π π  π π
cos x cos − sin x sin −  cos x cos + sin x sin  = 1
4 4  4 4
 2
−2 sin x  = 1
 2 
− 2 sin x = 1
1
sin x = −
2
2
sin x = −
2
5π 7π
x = ,
4 4
 π  7π  3
72. sin  x +  − sin  x −  =
 6   6  2
π π  7π 7π  3
sin x cos + cos x sin −  sin x cos − cos x sin  =
6 6  6 6  2
 3 1  3  1 3
(sin x)  + (cos x)  − (sin x) −  + (cos x) −  =
 2   2   2   2 2
3
3 sin x =
2
1
sin x =
2
π 5π
x = ,
6 6
73. tan ( x + π ) + 2 sin ( x + π ) = 0

tan x + tan π
+ 2(sin x cos π + cos x sin π ) = 0
1 − tan x tan π
tan x + 0
+ 2 sin x( −1) + cos x(0) = 0
1 − tan x(0)
tan x
− 2 sin x = 0
1
sin x
= 2 sin x
cos x
sin x = 2 sin x cos x
sin x(1 − 2 cos x) = 0
1
sin x = 0 or cos x =
2
π 5π
x = 0, π x = ,
3 3
 π  π
74. sin  x +  − cos 2 x = 0 76. tan ( x + π ) − cos x +  = 0
 2  2
π π x = 0, π
sin x cos + cos x sin − cos 2 x = 0
2 2
4
(sin x)(0) + (cos x)(1) − cos2 x = 0
cos x − cos 2 x = 0 0 2π
cos x(1 − cos x) = 0
cos x = 0 or 1 − cos x = 0 −4
π 3π
x = , cos x = 1
2 2  π
77. sin  x +  + cos 2 x = 0
x = 0  2
3
 π  π
75. cos x +  + cos x −  = 1
 4  4
 π  π
Graph y1 = cos x +  + cos x −  and y2 = 1. 0 2π
 4  4
π 7π −1
x = ,
4 4
π 3π
2
x = , π,
2 2
0 2π
 π
78. cos x −  − sin 2 x = 0
 2
−2
1
0 2␲
−3
π
x = 0, ,π
2
1 1
79. y = sin 2t + cos 2t
3 4
1 1
(a) a = ,b = ,B = 2
3 4
b 3
C = arctan = arctan ≈ 0.6435
a 4
2 2
1 1 5
y ≈   +   sin ( 2t + 0.6435) = sin ( 2t + 0.6435)
 3  4 12
5
(b) Amplitude: feet
12
1 B 2 1
(c) Frequency: = = = cycle per second
period 2π 2π π
t x
80. y1 = A cos 2π  − 
T λ
t x
y2 = A cos 2π  + 
T λ
t x t x
y1 + y2 = A cos 2π  −  + A cos 2π  + 
T λ T λ
 t x t x  t x t x t x
y1 + y2 = Acos 2π cos 2π + sin 2π sin 2π  + Acos 2π cos 2π − sin 2π sin 2π  = 2 A cos 2π cos 2π
 T λ T λ   T λ T λ  T λ
81. True. 82. False.
sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v cos(u + v) = cos u cos v − sin u sin v
sin (u − v) = sin u cos v − cos u sin v cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v
So, sin (u ± v) = sin u cos v ± cos u sin v. So, cos(u ± v) = cos u cos v  sin u sin v.
83. sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + sin β cos α = 0

sin α cos β + sin β cos α = 0
sin α cos β = − sin β cos α
False. When α and β are supplementary, sin α cos β = − cos α sin β .
84. cos( A + B) = cos(180° − C )

= cos(180°) cos(C ) + sin(180°) sin (C )
= ( −1) cos(C ) + (0) sin (C )
= − cos(C )
True. cos( A + B ) = − cos C. When A, B and C form Δ ABC , A + B + C = 180°, so A + B = 180° − C.
85. The denominator should be 1 + tan x tan (π 4). 87. cos( nπ + θ ) = cos nπ cos θ − sin nπ sin θ
 π tan x − tan (π 4) = ( −1) (cos θ ) − (0)(sin θ )
n
tan  x −  =
 4 1 + tan x tan (π 4)
= ( −1) (cos θ ), where n is an integer.
n
tan x − 1
=
1 + tan x 88. sin ( nπ + θ ) = sin nπ cos θ + sin θ cos nπ
= (0)(cos θ ) + (sin θ )( −1)

n
86. (a) Using the graph, sin (u + v) ≈ 0 and
= ( −1) (sin θ ), where n is an integer.
n
sin u + sin v ≈ 0.7 + 0.7 = 1.4. Because
0 ≠ 1.4, sin (u + v) ≠ sin u + sin v.
(b) Using the graph, sin (u − v) ≈ −1 and

sin u − sin v ≈ 0.7 − 0.7 = 0. Because
−1 ≠ 0, sin (u − v) ≠ sin u − sin v.
b b a
89. C = arctan  sin C = , cos C =
a a 2 + b2 a2 + b2
 a b 
a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C ) = a 2 + b 2  sin Bθ ⋅ + ⋅ cos Bθ  = a sin Bθ + b cos Bθ
 a 2 + b2 a2 + b2 
a a b
90. C = arctan  sin C = , cos C =
b 2
a +b 2
a + b2
2
 b a 
a 2 + b 2 cos( Bθ − C ) = a 2 + b 2  cos Bθ ⋅ + sin Bθ ⋅ 
2 2 2 2
 a +b a +b 
= b cos Bθ + a sin Bθ = a sin Bθ + b cos Bθ
91. sin θ + cos θ 94. sin 2θ + cos 2θ

a = 1, b = 1, B = 1 a = 1, b = 1, B = 2
b π b π
(a) C = arctan = arctan 1 = (a) C = arctan = arctan (1) =
a 4 a 4
sin θ + cos θ = a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C )
sin 2θ + cos 2θ = a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C )
 π
= 2 sin θ +   π
 4 = 2 sin  2θ + 
 4
a π
(b) C = arctan = arctan 1 = a π
b 4 (b) C = arctan = arctan (1) =
b 4
sin θ + cos θ = a 2 + b 2 cos( Bθ − C )
 π sin 2θ + cos 2θ = a 2 + b 2 cos( Bθ − C )
= 2 cosθ − 
 4  π
= 2 cos 2θ − 
 4
92. 3 sin 2θ + 4 cos 2θ
a = 3, b = 4, B = 2 b π
95. C = arctan =  a = b, a > 0, b > 0
b 4 a 4
(a) C = arctan = arctan ≈ 0.9273
a 3 a 2 + b2 = 2  a = b = 2
3 sin 2θ + 4 cos 2θ = a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C ) B =1
≈ 5 sin ( 2θ + 0.9273)  π
2 sin θ +  = 2 sin θ + 2 cos θ
a 3  4
(b) C = arctan = arctan ≈ 0.6435
b 4
3 sin 2θ + 4 cos 2θ = a 2 + b 2 cos( Bθ − C )
b π
96. C = arctan =  a = b, a > 0, b > 0
a 4
≈ 5 cos( 2θ − 0.6435)
5 2
a 2 + b2 = 5  a = b =
93. 12 sin 3θ + 5 cos 3θ 2
a = 12, b = 5, B = 3 B =1
b 5  π 5 2 5 2
(a) C = arctan = arctan ≈ 0.3948 5 cosθ −  = sin θ + cos θ
a 12  4 2 2
12 sin 3θ + 5 cos 3θ = a 2 + b 2 sin ( Bθ + C ) y
97.
≈ 13 sin (3θ + 0.3948)
a 12 y1 = m1 x + b1
(b) C = arctan = arctan ≈ 1.1760 θ
b 5
δ
12 sin 3θ + 5 cos 3θ = a 2 + b 2 cos( Bθ − C ) β
α
≈ 13 cos(3θ − 1.1760) x
y2 = m2 x + b2
m1 = tan α and m2 = tan β

β + δ = 90°  δ = 90° − β
α + θ + δ = 90°  α + θ + (90° − β )
= 90°  θ = β − α
So, θ = arctan m2 − arctan m1. For y = x and
y = 3 x you have m1 = 1 and m2 = 3.
θ = arctan 3 − arctan 1 = 60° − 45° = 15°
98. For m2 > m1 > 0, the angle θ between the lines is: 99. y1 = cos( x + 2), y2 = cos x + cos 2
2
 m2 − m1 
θ = arctan   y2
 1 + m1m2 
0 2π
y1
m2 = 1
1
m1 = −2
3 No, y1 ≠ y2 because their graphs are different.
 1 
1 − 3  100. y1 = sin ( x + 4), y2 = sin x + sin 4
θ = arctan   = arctan 2 −
1 + 1 
( )
3 = 15°
2
 
 3 y1
0 2π
y2
−2
No, y1 ≠ y2 because their graphs are different.

y
101. (a) To prove the identity for sin (u + v) you first need to prove the identity for cos(u − v). u−v
1
C
Assume 0 < v < u < 2π and locate u, v, and u − v on the unit circle. B
The coordinates of the points on the circle are: D
A = (1, 0), B = (cos v, sin v), C = (cos(u − v), sin (u − v)), and D = (cos u , sin u ). u
v A
x
−1 O 1
Because ∠DOB = ∠COA, chords AC and BD are equal. By the Distance Formula:
2 2
cos(u − v) − 1 + sin (u − v) − 0 = (cos u − cos v) + (sin u − sin v)
2 2
−1
cos (u − v) − 2 cos(u − v) + 1 + sin 2 (u − v) = cos 2 u − 2 cos u cos v + cos 2 v + sin 2 u − 2 sin u sin v + sin 2 v
2
cos 2 (u − v) + sin 2 (u − v) + 1 − 2 cos(u − v) = (cos 2 u + sin 2 u ) + (cos 2 v + sin 2 v) − 2 cos u cos v − 2 sin u sin v
2 − 2 cos(u − v) = 2 − 2 cos u cos v − 2 sin u sin v
−2 cos(u − v) = −2(cos u cos v + sin u sin v)
cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v
Now, to prove the identity for sin (u + v), use cofunction identities.
π   π  
sin (u + v) = cos  − (u + v) = cos  − u  − v
2   2  
π  π 
= cos − u  cos v + sin  − u  sin v
2  2 
= sin u cos v + cos u sin v
(b) First, prove cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v using the figure containing points y
u−v
1 D
A(1, 0) C
B(cos(u − v), sin (u − v)) u B

v
C (cos v, sin v) A x
−1 u−v 1
D(cos u , sin u )
on the unit circle.
Because chords AB and CD are each subtended by angle u − v, their lengths are equal. Equating −1
d ( A, B ) = d (C , D ) you have (cos(u − v) − 1) + sin 2 (u − v) = (cos u − cos v) + (sin u − sin v) .
2 2 2 2 2
Simplifying and solving for cos(u − v), you have cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v.
π 
Using sin θ = cos − θ ,
2 
π   π   π  π 
sin (u − v) = cos  − (u − v) = cos  − u  − ( −v) = cos − u  cos( −v) + sin  − u  sin ( −v)
2   2   2  2 
= sin u cos v − cos u sin v
Section 5.5 Multiple Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas 441
102. (a) The domains of f and g are the same, all real numbers h, except h = 0.
2
(b) h 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 (c) (d) As h → 0*,
f → 0.5 and
f ( h) 0.267 0.410 0.456 0.478 0.491 0.496 −3 3
g → 0.5.
g ( h) 0.267 0.410 0.456 0.478 0.491 0.496
−2
Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas

1. 2 sin u cos u 8. sin 2 x sin x = cos x
2 sin x cos x sin x − cos x = 0
2. cos 2 u − sin 2 u = 2 cos 2 u − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 u
cos x( 2 sin 2 x − 1) = 0
1 cos x = 0 or 2 sin 2 x − 1 = 0
3. sin (u + v) + sin (u − v)
2 π 1
x = + 2nπ sin 2 x =
2 2
4. tan 2 u
2
sin x = ±
1 − cos u 2
5. ± π nπ
2 x = +
4 2
u + v u − v
6. −2 sin   sin   9. cos 2 x − cos x = 0
 2   2 
cos 2 x = cos x
7. sin 2 x − sin x = 0 cos x − sin 2 x = cos x
2
2 sin x cos x − sin x = 0 cos 2 x − (1 − cos 2 x) − cos x = 0

sin x( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
2 cos 2 x − cos x − 1 = 0
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
(2 cos x + 1)(cos x − 1) = 0
1
x = nπ cos x = 2 cos x + 1 = 0 or cos x − 1 = 0
2
π 5π 1
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ cos x = − cos x = 1
3 3 2
2nπ
x = x = 0
3
10. cos 2 x + sin x = 0
1 − 2 sin 2 x + sin x = 0
2 sin 2 x − sin x − 1 = 0
(2 sin x + 1)(sin x − 1) = 0
2 sin x + 1 = 0 or sin x − 1 = 0
1
sin x = − sin x = 1
2
7π 11π π
x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ x = + 2nπ
6 6 2
11. sin 4 x = −2 sin 2 x

sin 4 x + 2 sin 2 x = 0
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x + 2 sin 2 x = 0
2 sin 2 x(cos 2 x + 1) = 0
2 sin 2 x = 0 or cos 2 x + 1 = 0
sin 2 x = 0 cos 2 x = −1
2 x = nπ 2 x = π + 2nπ
n π
x = π x = + nπ
2 2
(sin 2 x + cos 2 x) = 1
2
12.
sin 2 2 x + 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x = 1
2 sin 2 x cos 2 x = 0
sin 4 x = 0
4 x = nπ
nπ
x =
4
13. tan 2 x − cot x = 0

2 tan x
= cot x
1 − tan 2 x
2 tan x = cot x(1 − tan 2 x)
2 tan x = cot x − cot x tan 2 x
2 tan x = cot x − tan x
3 tan x = cot x
3 tan x − cot x = 0
1
3 tan x − = 0
tan x
3 tan 2 x − 1
= 0
tan x
1
tan x
(3 tan 2 x − 1) = 0
cot x(3 tan 2 x − 1) = 0
cot x = 0 or 3 tan 2 x − 1 = 0
π 1
x = + nπ tan 2 x =
2 3
3
tan x = ±
3
π 5π
x = + nπ , + nπ
6 6
14. tan 2 x − 2 cos x = 0

2 tan x
= 2 cos x
1 − tan 2 x
2 tan x = 2 cos x(1 − tan 2 x)
2 tan x = 2 cos x − 2 cos x tan 2 x
sin 2 x
2 tan x = 2 cos x − 2 cos x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x
2 tan x = 2 cos x − 2
cos x
sin 2 x
tan x = cos x −
cos x
sin x sin 2 x
= cos x −
cos x cos x
sin x sin 2 x
+ − cos x = 0
cos x cos x
sin x + sin 2 x − cos 2 x
= 0
cos x
1 
sin x + sin 2 x − (1 − sin 2 x) = 0
cos x 
sec x 2 sin 2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
sec x( 2 sin x − 1)(sin x + 1) = 0
sec x = 0 or 2 sin x − 1 = 0 or sin x + 1 = 0
No solution 1 sin x = −1
sin x =
2 3π
x =
π 5π 2
x = ,
6 6
Also, values for which cos x = 0 need to be checked.
π 3π
, are solutions.
2 2
π π 5π
x = + 2nπ , + nπ , + 2nπ
6 2 6
15. 6 sin x cos x = 3( 2 sin x cos x) 19. 4 − 8 sin 2 x = 4(1 − 2 sin 2 x)

= 3 sin 2 x = 4 cos 2 x
16. sin x cos x = 1

2 ( 2 sin x cos x) 20. 10 sin 2 x − 5 = 5( 2 sin 2 x − 1)
= −5(1 − 2 sin 2 x)
1
= 2
sin 2 x
= −5 cos 2 x
17. 6 cos 2 x − 3 = 3( 2 cos 2 x − 1)
= 3 cos 2 x
18. cos 2 x − 1
2
= 1 2
2 (cos 2
x − 1
2 )
= 1
2 (2 cos2 x − 1)
1
= 2
cos 2 x
3 3π 4 π
21. sin u = − , < u < 2π 22. cos u = − , < u < π
5 2 5 2
y y
5
3 u
u
4 x x
−4
−3
5
 3  4  24  3  4  24
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2 −   = − sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2  −  = −
  
5 5 25   
5 5 25
16 9 7 16 9 7
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u = − = cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u = − =
25 25 25 25 25 25
 3  3
2 −  2 − 
2 tan u 3  16  24 2 tan u 3  16  24
=   = −   = −
4
=   = −   = −
4
tan 2u = tan 2u =
1 − tan 2 u 9 2  7  7 1 − tan 2 u 9 2  7  7
1− 1−
16 16
3 π
23. tan u = ,0 < u <
5 2
y  3  5  15
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2   = 17
 34  34 
25 9 8
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u = − =
34 34 17
34  3
u
3 2 
2 tan u 6  25  15
=   =   =
x 5
5 tan 2u = 2
1 − tan u 9 5  16  8
1−
25
3π
24. sec u = − 2, π < u <
2
y  3  1  3
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2 −  −  =
 2  2  2
2 2
 1  3 1 3 1
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u =  −  −  −  = − = −
u
 2  2  4 4 2
−1
x  3
2 
− 3
2 tan 2u =
2 tan u
=  1  = 2 3 = − 3
2
1 − tan 2 u  3 −2
1 −  
 1 
25. cos 4x = cos( 2 x + 2 x) 26. tan 3x = tan ( 2 x + x)
= cos 2x cos 2 x − sin 2x sin 2x tan 2x + tan x
=
2
= cos 2x − sin 2x 2 1 − tan 2x tan x
2 tan x
= cos 2x − (1 − cos 2x)
2 2 + tan x
= 1 − tan 2 x
= 2 cos 2 2x − 1  2 tan x 
1− 2 ( tan x)
= 2(cos 2 x) − 1
2  1 − tan x 
2 tan x + tan x − tan 3 x
= 2( 2 cos 2 x − 1) − 1
2
= 1 − tan 2 x
= 2( 4 cos x − 4 cos x + 1) − 1
2
4 1 − tan x − 2 tan 2 x
1 − tan 2 x
= 8 cos 4 x − 8 cos x + 1
3 tan x − tan 3 x
=
1 − 3 tan 2 x
 1 + cos 2 x  1 + cos 2 x  1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x

27. cos 4 x = (cos 2 x)(cos 2 x) =    =
 2  2  4
1 + cos 4 x
1 + 2 cos 2 x +
= 2
4
2 + 4 cos 2 x + 1 + cos 4 x
=
8
3 + 4 cos 2 x + cos 4 x
=
8
1
= (3 + 4 cos 2 x + cos 4 x)
8
28. sin 8 x = (sin 4 x)(sin 4 x) = (sin 2 x) (sin 2 x)

2 2
2 2
 1 − cos 2 x   1 − cos 2 x 
=    
 2   2 
 1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x  1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x 
=   
 4  4 
1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x − 2 cos 2 x + 4 cos 2 2 x − 2 cos3 2 x + cos 2 2 x − 2 cos3 2 x + cos 4 2 x
=
16
1 − 4 cos 2 x + 6 cos 2 2 x − 4 cos3 2 x + cos 4 2 x
=
16
1 − 4 cos 2 x + 6 cos 2 2 x − 4 cos3 2 x + (cos 2 2 x)
2
=
16
2
 1 + cos 4 x  3  1 + cos 4 x 
1 − 4 cos 2 x + 6  − 4 cos 2 x +  
=  2   2 
16
 1 + 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x 
1 − 4 cos 2 x + 3 + 3 cos 4 x − 4 cos3 2 x +  
 4 
=
16
4 − 16 cos 2 x + 12 + 12 cos 4 x − 16 cos3 2 x + 1 + 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x
=
64
 1 + cos 8 x 
17 − 16 cos 2 x + 14 cos 4 x − 16 cos3 2 x +  
=  2 
64
34 − 32 cos 2 x + 28 cos 4 x − 32 cos3 2 x + 1 + cos 8 x
=
128
35 − 32 cos 2 x + 28 cos 4 x − 32 cos3 2 x + cos 8 x
=
128
35 − 32 cos 2 x + 28 cos 4 x − 32 cos 2 2 x cos 2 x + cos 8 x
=
128
 1 + cos 4 x 
35 − 32 cos 2 x + 28 cos 4 x − 32  cos 2 x + cos 8 x
=  2 
128
35 − 32 cos 2 x + 28 cos 4 x − 16 cos 2 x − 16 cos 4 x cos 2 x + cos 8 x
=
128
35 − 48 cos 2 x + 28 cos 4 x − 16 cos 4 x cos 2 x + cos 8 x
=
128
1
= (35 − 48 cos 2 x + 28 cos 4 x + cos 8 x − 16 cos 2 x cos 4 x)
128
29. sin 4 2 x = (sin 2 2 x) 31. tan 4 2 x = ( tan 2 2 x)

2 2
2 2
 1 − cos 4 x   1 − cos 4 x 
=   =  
 2   1 + cos 4 x 
1
= (1 − 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x) =
1 − 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x
4 1 + 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x
1 1 + cos 8 x 
= 1 − 2 cos 4 x +  1 + cos 8 x
4 2  1 − 2 cos 4 x +
= 2
1 1 1 1 1 + cos 8 x
= − cos 4 x + + cos 8 x 1 + 2 cos 4 x +
4 2 8 8 2
3 1 1 1
= − cos 4 x + cos 8 x (2 − 4 cos 4 x + 1 + cos 8 x)
8 2 8 = 2
1
1
= (3 − 4 cos 4 x + cos 8 x) (2 + 4 cos 4 x + 1 + cos 8 x)
2
8
3 − 4 cos 4 x + cos 8 x
=
30. cos 4 2 x = (cos 2 2 x)
2 3 + 4 cos 4 x + cos 8 x
2
 1 + cos 4 x   1 − cos 4 x 
(cos 2 x)
2
=   32. tan 2 2 x cos 4 2 x =  2
 2   1 + cos 4 x 
1
= (1 + 2 cos 4 x + cos 2 4 x)
2
 1 − cos 4 x  1 + cos 4 x 
4 =  
 1 + cos 4 x  2 
1 1 + cos 8 x 
= 1 + 2 cos 4 x +
4 2

 =
(1 − cos 4 x)(1 + cos 4 x)(1 + cos 4 x)
4(1 + cos 4 x)
1 1 1 1
= + cos 4 x + + cos 8 x
4 2 8 8 =
(1 − cos 4 x)(1 + cos 4 x)
3 1 1 4
= + cos 4 x + cos 8 x
1
8 2 8 = (1 − cos 4 x)
2
1 4
= (3 + 4 cos 4 x + cos 8 x)
8 1 1 + cos 8 x 
= 1 − 
4 2 
1 1 1
= − − cos 8 x
4 8 8
1 1
= − cos 8 x
8 8
1
= (1 − cos 8 x)
8
 1 − cos 4 x  1 + cos 4 x 
33. sin 2 2 x cos 2 2 x =   
 2  2 
1
= (1 − cos 2 4 x)
4
1 1 + cos 8 x 
= 1 − 
4 2 
1 1 1
= − − cos 8 x
4 8 8
1 1
= − cos 8 x
8 8
1
= (1 − cos 8 x)
8
34. sin 4 x cos 2 x = sin 2 x sin 2 x cos 2 x

 1 − cos 2 x  1 − cos 2 x  1 + cos 2 x 
=    
 2  2  2 
1
= (1 − cos 2 x)(1 − cos 2 2 x)
8
1
= (1 − cos 2 x − cos 2 2 x + cos3 2 x)
8
1  1 + cos 4 x   1 + cos 4 x 
= 1 − cos 2 x −   + cos 2 x 
8   2   2 
1
= [2 − 2 cos 2 x − 1 − cos 4 x + cos 2 x + cos 2 x cos 4 x]
16
1
= [1 − cos 2 x − cos 4 x + cos 2 x cos 4 x]
16
1 
35. sin 75° = sin  ⋅ 150°  =
1 − cos 150°
=
1+ ( 3 2 )
2  2 2
1
= 2+ 3
2
1 
cos 75° = cos ⋅ 150°  =
1 + cos 150°
=
1− 3 2 ( )
2  2 2
1
= 2− 3
2
1  sin 150° 12
tan 75° = tan  ⋅ 150°  = =
2  1 + cos 150° 1− 3 2 ( )
1 2+ 3 2+ 3
= ⋅ = = 2+ 3
2− 3 2+ 3 4−3
1 
36. sin 165° = sin  ⋅ 330°  =
1 − cos 330°
=
1− ( 3 2 )
 2  2 2
1
= 2− 3
2
1 
cos 165° = cos ⋅ 330°  = −
1 + cos 330°
= −
1+ ( 3 2 )
2  2 2
1
= − 2+ 3
2
1  sin 330° −1 2
tan 165° = tan  ⋅ 330°  = =
 2  1 + cos 330° 1+ 3 2 ( )
−1 2− 3 −2 + 3
= ⋅ = = −2 + 3
2+ 3 2− 3 4−3
1 
37. sin 112° 30′ = sin  ⋅ 225°  =
1 − cos 225°
=
1− − ( 2 2 ) =
1
2 + 2
2  2 2 2
1 
cos 112° 30′ = cos ⋅ 225°  = −
1 + cos 225°
= −
1+ − ( 2 2 ) =
1
− 2− 2
2  2 2 2
1  sin 225° − 2 2 − 2 2+ 2 −2 2 − 2
tan 112° 30′ = tan  ⋅ 225°  = = = ⋅ = = −1 − 2
 2  1 + cos 225 ° 1+ − 2 2 2 − 2 (
2 + ) 2 2
1 
38. sin 67° 30′ = sin  ⋅ 135°  =
1 − cos 135°
=
1+ ( 2 2 ) =
1
2+ 2
 2  2 2 2
1 
cos 67° 30′ = cos ⋅ 135°  =
1 + cos 135°
=
1− ( 2 2 ) =
1
2− 2
2  2 2 2
1  sin 135° 2 2
tan 67° 30′ = tan  ⋅ 135°  = = =1+ 2
2  1 + cos 135° 1− 2 2 ( )
π
1 − cos
π  1  π  4 = 1
39. sin = sin    = 2− 2
8  2  4  2 2
π
1 + cos
π  1  π  4 = 1
cos = cos    = 2+ 2
8  2  4  2 2
π 2
sin
π  1  π  4 2
tan = tan    = = = 2 −1
8  2  4  π 2
1 + cos 1+
4 2
7π 3
1 − cos 1+
7π  1  7π  6 = 2 = 1
40. sin = sin    = 2 + 3
12  2  6  2 2 2
7π 3
1 + cos 1−
7π  1  7π  6 = − 2 = −1
cos = cos    = − 2− 3
12  2  6  2 2 2
7π 1
sin −
7π  1  7π  6 2
tan = tan    = = = −2 − 3
12  2  6  7π 3
1 + cos 1−
6 2
7 π 5 π 12
41. cos u = ,0 < u < 42. sin u = , < u < π  cos u = −
25 2 13 2 13
u u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant I, is also in Quadrant I. (a) Because u is in Quadrant II, is in Quadrant I.
2 2
7 12
1− 1+
u 1 − cos u 25 = 9 3 u 1 − cos u 13 = 5 26
(b) sin = = = (b) sin   = =
2 2 2 25 5  2 2 2 26
7 12
1+ 1−
u 1 + cos u 25 = 16 4 u 1 + cos u 13 = 26
cos = = = cos  = =
2 2 2 25 5  2 2 2 26
7 5
1−
u 1 − cos u 25 = 3 u sin u 13
tan = = tan   = = = 5
2 sin u 24 4  2  1 + cos u 12
1−
25 13
5 3π
43. tan u = − , < u < 2π
12 2
u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant IV, is in Quadrant II.
2
12
1−
u 1 − cos u 13 = 1 26
(b) sin = = =
2 2 2 26 26
12
1+
u 1 + cos u 13 = − 25 5 26
cos = − = − = −
2 2 2 26 26
12
1−
u 1 − cos u 13 = − 1
tan = =
2 sin u  5 5
− 
 13 
3π
44. cot u = 3, π < u <
2
u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant III, is in Quadrant II.
2
3
1+
u 1 − cos u 10 = 10 + 3 10 1 10 + 3 10
(b) sin   = = =
 2 2 2 20 2 5
3
1−
u 1 + cos u 10 = − 10 − 3 10 1 10 − 3 10
cos  = − = − = −
 2 2 2 20 2 5
3
1+
 u  1 − cos u 10 = − 10 − 3
tan   = =
 2 sin u 1
−
10
x x
45. sin + cos x = 0 47. cos − sin x = 0
2 2
1 − cos x 1 + cos x
± = −cos x ± = sin x
2 2
1 − cos x 1 + cos x
= cos 2 x = sin 2 x
2 2
0 = 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 1 + cos x = 2 sin 2 x
= ( 2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) 1 + cos x = 2 − 2 cos 2 x
1 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
cos x = or cos x = −1
2
π 5π
(2 cos x − 1)(cos x + 1) = 0
x = , x = π
3 3 2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0
2
1
cos x = cos x = −1
2
0 2π π 5π
x = , x = π
3 3
−2 π 5π
x = , π,
3 3
By checking these values in the original equation,
x = π 3 and x = 5π 3 are extraneous, and x = π π 3, π , and 5π 3 are all solutions to the equation.
is the only solution. 2
x
46. h( x) = sin + cos x − 1 0 2π
2
x
sin + cos x − 1 = 0 −2
2
1 − cos x
± = 1 − cos x x
2 48. g ( x) = tan − sin x
2
1 − cos x x
= 1 − 2 cos x + cos 2 x tan − sin x = 0
2 2
1 − cos x = 2 − 4 cos x + 2 cos 2 x 1 − cos x
= sin x
2 cos 2 x − 3 cos x + 1 = 0 sin x
(2 cos x − 1)(cos x − 1) = 0 1 − cos x = sin 2 x
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x − 1 = 0 1 − cos x = 1 − cos 2 x
1 cos 2 x − cos x = 0
cos x = cos x = 1
2 cos x(cos x − 1) = 0
π 5π
x = , x = 0 cos x = 0 or cos x − 1 = 0
3 3
π 3π
π 5π x = , cos x = 1
0, , and are all solutions to the equation. 2 2
3 3
x = 0
1
π 3π
0, , and are all solutions to the equation.
0 2π 2 2
3
−2
0 2π
−3
49. sin 5θ sin 3θ = 1 cos

2
(5θ − 3θ ) − cos(5θ + 3θ ) = 1
2
(cos 2θ − cos 8θ )
50. 7 cos( −5β ) sin 3β = 7 ⋅ 12 sin ( −5β + 3β ) − sin ( −5β − 3β ) = 7

2 (sin(−2β ) − sin(−8β ))
51. cos 2θ cos 4θ = 1 cos
2
(2θ − 4θ ) + cos( 2θ + 4θ ) = 1 cos
2
(−2θ ) + cos 6θ 
52. sin ( x + y ) cos( x − y ) = 1

(sin 2 x + sin 2 y )  3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
2 54. sin 3θ + sin θ = 2 sin   cos 
 2   2 
 5θ + 3θ   5θ − 3θ  = 2 sin 2θ cos θ
53. sin 5θ − sin 3θ = 2 cos  sin  
 2   2 
= 2 cos 4θ sin θ  6x + 2x   6x − 2x 
55. cos 6 x + cos 2 x = 2 cos  cos 
 2   2 
= 2 cos 4 x cos 2 x
 x + 4x   x − 4x 
56. cos x + cos 4 x = 2 cos  cos 
 2   2 
 5x   − 3x 
= 2 cos  cos 
 2  2 
 75° + 15°   75° − 15°   2  3  6

57. sin 75° + sin 15° = 2 sin   cos  = 2 sin 45° cos 30° = 2 
  =
 2   2   2  2  2
 120° + 60°   120° − 60°   3

58. cos 120° + cos 60° = 2 cos  cos  = 2 cos 90° cos 30° = 2(0)  = 0
 2   2   2 
 3π π   3π π
3π π  4 + 4  4 − 4 π π
59. cos − cos = −2 sin   sin   = −2 sin sin
4 4 2 2 2 4
   
   
3π π 2 2
cos − cos = − − = − 2
4 4 2 2
 5π 3π   5π 3π 
5π 3π  4 + 4   4 − 4  π
60. sin − sin = 2 cos  sin   = 2 cos π sin
4 4 2 2 4
   
   
5π 3π 2 2
sin − sin = − − = − 2
4 4 2 2
61. sin 6 x + sin 2 x = 0

 6x + 2x   6x − 2x 
2 sin   cos  = 0
 2   2 
2(sin 4 x) cos 2 x = 0
sin 4 x = 0 or cos 2 x = 0 2
π
4 x = nπ 2x = + nπ
2 0 2π
nπ π nπ
x = x = +
4 4 2
−2
In the interval [0, 2π )
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x = 0, , , , π, , , .
4 2 4 4 2 4
62. h( x) = cos 2 x − cos 6 x

cos 2 x − cos 6 x = 0
−2 sin 4 x sin ( −2 x) = 0
2 sin 4 x sin 2 x = 0
2
sin 4 x = 0 or sin 2 x = 0
4 x = nπ 2 x = nπ
0 2π
nπ nπ
x = x =
4 2
π π 3π 5π 3π 7π π 3π −2
x = 0, , , , π, , , x = 0, , π,
4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2
cos 2 x 1
63. −1 = 0 65. csc 2θ =
sin 3 x − sin x sin 2θ
cos 2 x 1
=1 =
sin 3 x − sin x 2 sin θ cos θ
2
cos 2 x 1 1
=1 = ⋅
2 cos 2 x sin x sin θ 2 cos θ
0 2π
2 sin x = 1 csc θ
=
1 2 cos θ
sin x = −2
2
π 5π 66. cos 4 x − sin 4 x = (cos 2 x − sin 2 x)(cos 2 x + sin 2 x)
x = ,
6 6 = (cos 2 x)(1)
= cos 2 x
64. f ( x) = sin 2 3x − sin 2 x
sin 2 3 x − sin 2 x = 0 67. (sin x + cos x) = sin 2 x + 2 sin x cos x + cos 2 x
2
(sin 3x + sin x)(sin 3x − sin x) = 0

= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) + 2 sin x cos x
(2 sin 2 x cos x)(2 cos 2 x sin x) = 0
= 1 + sin 2 x
π 3π
sin 2 x = 0  x = 0, , π , or
2 2 u 1 − cos u
68. tan =
π 3π 2 sin u
cos x = 0  x = , or
2 2 1 cos u
= −
π 3π 5π 7π sin u sin u
cos 2 x = 0  x = , , , or
4 4 4 4 = csc u − cot u
sin x = 0  x = 0, π
1 x ± y  x  y
2 sin   cos 
sin x ± sin y  2   2 
69. =
0 2π cos x + cos y x + y x − y
2 cos  cos 
 2   2 
 x ± y
−1
= tan  
 2 
π π  π π 
 3 + x + 3 − x  + x −  − x 
π  π  3  3 
70. cos + x  + cos − x  = 2 cos  cos 
3  3   2   2 
   
 
π 
= 2 cos  cos( x)
3
1
= 2  cos x = cos x
 2
Review Exercises for Chapter 5 453
θ  1 − cos θ 1 (4.5) −
2
2
71. (a) sin   = ± = (c) When M = 4.5, cos θ =
2 2 M (4.5)
2
2 2
 1 − cos θ   1  cos θ ≈ 0.901235.
 ±  =  
 2  M  So, θ ≈ 0.4482 radian.
1 − cos θ 1 speed of object
= (d) When M = 2, = M
2 M2 speed of sound
M 2 (1 − cos θ ) = 2 speed of object
= 2
2 760 mph
1 − cos θ =
M2 speed of object = 1520 mph.
2
− cos θ = −1 speed of object
M2 When M = 4.5, = M
speed of sound
2
cos θ = 1 − speed of object
M2 = 4.5
M2 − 2 760 mph
cos θ = speed of object = 3420 mph.
M2
22 − 2 1 π
(b) When M = 2, cos θ = = . So, θ = .
22 2 3
1 75. True. Using the double angle formula and that sine is an
72. (75)2 sin 2θ = 130 odd function and cosine is an even function,
32
130(32) sin ( − 2 x) = sin 2( − x)
sin 2θ =
752 = 2 sin ( − x) cos( − x)
1  130(32) 
θ = sin −1  2  = 2( − sin x) cos x
2  75 
= − 2 sin x cos x.
θ ≈ 23.85°
76. False. If 90° < u < 180°,
x θ  1 − cos θ 
73. = 2r sin 2 = 2r   u
2 2  2  is in the first quadrant and
2
= r (1 − cos θ )
u 1 − cos u
So, x = 2r (1 − cos θ ). sin = .
2 2
74. (a) Using the graph, sin 2u ≈ 1 and 77. Because φ and θ are complementary angles,
2 sin u cos u ≈ 2(0.7)(0.7) ≈ 1. sin φ = cos θ and cos φ = sin θ .
Because 1 = 1, sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u.
(a) sin (φ − θ ) = sin φ cos θ − sin θ cos φ
(b) Using the graph, cos 2u ≈ 0 and
= (cos θ )(cos θ ) − (sin θ )(sin θ )
cos 2 u − sin 2 u ≈ (0.7) − (0.7) = 0.
2 2
= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
Because 0 = 0, cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u.
= cos 2θ
(b) cos(φ − θ ) = cos φ cos θ + sin φ sin θ
= (sin θ )(cos θ ) + (cos θ )(sin θ )
= 2 sin θ cos θ
= sin 2θ
Review Exercises for Chapter 5

1. cot x 3. cos x
2. sec x 4. cot 2 x + 1 = csc 2 x = csc x
2
5. cos θ = − , tan θ > 0, θ is in Quadrant III.
5
1 5
sec θ = = −
cos θ 2
4 21 21
sin θ = − 1 − cos 2 θ = − 1 − = − = −
25 25 5
1 5 5 21
csc θ = = − = −
sin θ 21 21
21
−
sin 5 = 21
tan θ = =
cos θ 2 2
−
5
1 2 2 21
cot θ = = =
tan θ 21 21
2
6. cot x = − , cos x < 0, x is in Quadrant II.
3
1 3
tan x = = −
cot x 2
4 13 13
csc x = 1 + cot 2 x = 1+ = =
9 9 3
1 3 3 13
sin x = = =
csc x 13 13
9 4 2 2 13
cos x = − 1 − sin 2 x = − 1 − = − = − = −
13 13 13 13
1 13
sec x = = −
cos x 2
7.
1
=
1
= sin 2 x 13. cos 2 x + cos 2 x cot 2 x = cos 2 x(1 + cot 2 x)
2
cot x + 1 csc2 x
= cos 2 x(csc 2 x)
sin θ  1 
tan θ cos θ 1 = cos 2 x 2 
8. = =  sin x 
1 − cos θ
2
sin θ
2
sin θ cos θ
cos 2 x
= csc θ sec θ =
sin 2 x
9. tan 2 x(csc 2 x − 1) = tan 2 x(cot 2 x) = cot 2 x
 1  14. ( tan x + 1) cos x = ( tan 2 x + 2 tan x + 1) cos x

2
= tan 2 x 2 
 tan x 
= (sec 2 x + 2 tan x) cos x
=1
 sin x 
cos 2 x = sec 2 x cos x + 2  cos x
10. cot x(sin x) =
2 2
sin 2 x = cos 2 x  cos x 
sin 2 x
= sec x + 2 sin x
π 
cot  − u
11. 2  = tan u = tan u sec u
cos u cos u
sec 2 ( −θ ) sec 2 θ 1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ

12. = = = = tan 2 θ
csc 2 θ csc 2 θ 1 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
15.
1
−
1
=
(csc θ − 1) − (csc θ + 1) 16.
tan 2 x
=
sec 2 x − 1
csc θ + 1 csc θ − 1 (csc θ + 1)(csc θ − 1) 1 + sec x 1 + sec x
=
−2
=
(sec x + 1)(sec x − 1)
csc 2 θ − 1 sec x + 1
−2 = sec x − 1
=
cot 2 θ
= −2 tan 2 θ
17. Let x = 5 sin θ , then
25 − (5 sin θ ) 25(1 − sin 2 θ ) =

2
25 − x 2 = = 25 − 25 sin 2 θ = 25 cos 2 θ = 5 cos θ .
18. Let x = 4 sec θ , then
(4 sec θ ) 16(sec 2 θ − 1) =
2
x 2 − 16 = − 16 = 16 sec 2 θ − 16 = 16 tan 2 θ = 4 tan θ .
19. cos x( tan 2 x + 1) = cos x sec 2 x 25. sin 5 x cos 2 x = sin 4 x cos 2 x sin x
= (1 − cos 2 x) cos 2 x sin x

2
1
= sec2 x
sec x
= (1 − 2 cos 2 x + cos 4 x) cos 2 x sin x
= sec x
= (cos 2 x − 2 cos 4 x + cos 6 x) sin x
20. sec x cot x − cot x = cot x(sec x − 1)
2 2
= cot x tan 2 x 26. cos3 x sin 2 x = cos x cos 2 x sin 2 x
 1  = cos x(1 − sin 2 x) sin 2 x

2
=   tan x = tan x
 tan x = cos x(sin 2 x − sin 4 x)
π  = (sin 2 x − sin 4 x) cos x

21. sin  − θ  tan θ = cos θ tan θ
2 
27. sin x = 3 − sin x
 sin θ 
= cos θ  
 cos θ  3
sin x =
= sin θ 2
π 2π
x = + 2π n, + 2π n
π  3 3
22. cot  − θ  csc θ = tan θ csc θ
2 
28. 4 cos θ = 1 + 2 cos θ
 sin θ  1 
=    2 cos θ = 1
 cos θ  sin θ  1
1 cos θ =
= 2
cos θ π 5π
θ = + 2nπ or + 2nπ
= sec θ 3 3
1 1 29. 3 3 tan u = 3
23. = = cos θ
tan θ csc θ sin θ 1 1
⋅ tan u =
cos θ sin θ
3
π
1 1 1 u = + nπ
24. = = 6
tan x csc x sin x  1  tan x
( tan x) (sin x)
 sin x 
= cot x
1 35. cos 2 x + sin x = 1

30. sec x − 1 = 0
2 1 − sin 2 x + sin x − 1 = 0
1
sec x = 1 −sin x(sin x − 1) = 0
2
sec x = 2 sin x = 0 sin x − 1 = 0
1 x = 0, π sin x = 1
cos x =
2 π
x =
π 5π 2
x = + 2nπ or + 2nπ
3 3
36. sin 2 x + 2 cos x = 2
31. 3 csc 2 x = 4 1 − cos 2 x + 2 cos x = 2
4 0 = cos 2 x − 2 cos x + 1
csc 2 x =
3
0 = (cos x − 1)
2
3
sin x = ± cos x − 1 = 0
2
cos x = 1
π 2π 4π 5π
x = + 2π n, + 2π n, + 2π n, + 2π n x = 0
3 3 3 3
These can be combined as: 37. 2 sin 2 x − 2 = 0
π 2π 2
x = + nπ or x = + nπ sin 2 x =
3 3 2
π 3π
32. 4 tan 2 u − 1 = tan 2 u 2x = + 2π n, + 2π n
4 4
3 tan 2 u − 1 = 0 π 3π
x = + π n,
+ πn
2 1 8 8
tan u =
3 π 3π 9π 11π
x = , , ,
1 3 8 8 8 8
tan u = ± = ±
3 3
x
π 5π 38. 2 cos +1= 0
u = + nπ or + nπ 2
6 6 x 1
cos = −
2 2
33. sin 3 x = sin x
x 2π
sin 3 x − sin x = 0 =
2 3
sin x(sin 2 x − 1) = 0 4π
x =
sin x = 0  x = 0, π 3
sin 2 x = 1
39. 3 tan 2  x  − 1 = 0
π 3π  3
sin x = ±1  x = ,
2 2  x 1
tan 2   =
 3 3
34. 2 cos 2 x + 3 cos x = 0
x 1
= ±
tan
cos x( 2 cos x + 3) = 0 3 3
cos x = 0 or 2 cos x + 3 = 0 x 3
tan = ±
3 3
π 3π
x = , 2 cos x = −3 x π 5π 7π
2 2 = , ,
3 6 6 6
3 π 5π 7π
cos x = − x = , ,
2 2 2 2
No solution 5π 7π
and are greater than 2π , so they are not
2 2
π
solutions. The solution is x = .
2
40. 3 tan 3 x = 0 43. tan 2 x − 2 tan x = 0

tan 3 x = 0 tan x( tan x − 2) = 0
3 x = 0, π , 2π , 3π , 4π , 5π tan x = 0 or tan x − 2 = 0
π 2π
4π 5π x = nπ tan x = 2
x = 0, , , π, ,
3 3 3 3
x = arctan 2 + nπ
41. cos 4 x(cos x − 1) = 0 44. 2 tan 2 x − 3 tan x = −1
cos 4 x = 0 cos x − 1 = 0 2 tan 2 x − 3 tan x + 1 = 0
4x =
π
3π
+ 2π n,
+ 2π n cos x = 1
(2 tan x − 1)( tan x − 1) = 0
2 2
2 tan x − 1 = 0 or tan x − 1 = 0
π π 3π π
x = + n, + n x = 0 2 tan x = 1 tan x = 1
8 2 8 2
1 π
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15π tan x = x = + nπ
x = 0, , , , , , , , 2 4
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
1
x = arctan   + nπ
42. 3 csc 2 5 x = −4 2
4
csc 2 5 x = −
3
4
csc 5 x = ± −
3
No real solution
45. tan 2 θ + tan θ − 6 = 0

( tan θ + 3)( tan θ − 2) = 0
tan θ + 3 = 0 or tan θ − 2 = 0
tan θ = −3 tan θ = 2
θ = arctan ( −3) + nπ θ = arctan 2 + nπ
46. sec 2 x + 6 tan x + 4 = 0 47. sin 75° = sin (120° − 45°)

2
1 + tan x + 6 tan x + 4 = 0 = sin 120° cos 45° − cos 120° sin 45°
tan 2 x + 6 tan x + 5 = 0  3  2   1  2 
=  
  −  −  
( tan x + 5)( tan x + 1) = 0  2  2   2  2 
2
tan x + 5 = 0 or tan x + 1 = 0 =
4
(
3 +1 )
tan x = −5 tan x = −1 cos 75° = cos (120° − 45°)
3π = cos 120° cos 45° + sin 120° sin 45°
x = arctan ( −5) + nπ x = + nπ
4
 1  2   3  2 
=  −  +   
 2  2  
 2  2 
2
=
4
(3 −1 )
tan 120° − tan 45°
tan 75° = tan (120° − 45°) =
1 + tan 120° tan 45°
− 3 −1 − 3 −1
= =
1+ − ( )
3 (1) 1− 3
− 3 −1 1+ 3
= ⋅
1− 3 1+ 3
−4 − 2 3
= = 2+ 3
−2
48. sin (375°) = sin (135° + 240°)

= sin 135° cos 240° + cos 135° sin 240°
 2  1   2  3
=   −  +  − 
 − 
 2  2   2  2 
2
=
4
( 3 −1 )
cos(375°) = cos(135° + 240°)
= cos 135° cos 240° − sin 135° sin 240°
 2  1   2  3
=  −  −  −  
 − 
 2  2   2  2 
2
=
4
1+( 3 )
tan (375°) = tan (135° + 240°)
tan 135° + tan 240°
=
1 − tan 135° tan 240°
−1 + 3
=
1 − ( −1) ( 3)
−1 + 3 1 − 3 −4 + 2 3
= ⋅ = = 2− 3
1+ 3 1− 3 1− 3
25π  11π π 11π π 11π π

49. sin = sin  +  = sin cos + cos sin
12  6 4  6 4 6 4
 1  2   3  2  2
=  −   + 
 2  2   2 
 = ( 3 −1 )
 2  4
25π  11π π 11π π 11π π
cos = cos +  = cos cos − sin sin
12  6 4 6 4 6 4
 3  2   1  2  2
= 
2  2  −  − 2  2  = 4
 3 +1 ( )
    
11π π
tan + tan
25π  11π π 6 4
tan = tan  +  =
12  6 4 11π π
1 − tan tan
6 4
 3
 −  +1
 3 
= = 2− 3
 3
1 −  − (1)
 3 
 19π   11π π  19π   11π π

50. sin   = sin  −  cos  = cos − 
 12   6 4  12   6 4
11π π 11π π 11π π 11π π
= sin cos − cos sin = cos cos + sin sin
6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4
1 2 3 2 3 2  1 2
= − ⋅ − ⋅ = ⋅ + − 
2 2 2 2 2 2  2 2
2 2
= −
4
1+ ( )
3 = −
4
( 3 +1 ) =
4
2
( 3 −1)
 19π   11π π
tan   = tan  − 
 12   6 4
11π π
tan − tan
= 6 4
11π π
1 + tan tan
6 4
3
− −1
3 − 3 −3 3+ 3
= = ⋅
 3 3− 3 3+ 3
1 +  − ( )
1
 3 
=
(
− 12 + 6 3 ) = −2 − 3
6
51. sin 60° cos 45° − cos 60° sin 45° = sin (60° − 45°) tan 68° − tan 115°
52. = tan (68° − 115°)
= sin 15° 1 + tan 68° tan 115°
= tan ( −47°)
y y
5 3
v
u −4
x x
4
−3
5
53. sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin v = 3

5 (− 54 ) + 54 (− 53 ) = − 2425
3 3 3
+
tan u + tan v 4 4 = 2 = 3  16  = 24
54. tan (u + v) = =  
1 − tan u tan v 3 3  7 2 7  7
1−  
4 4  16
55. cos(u − v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin v = 4

5 (− 54 ) + 53 (− 53 ) = −1
56. sin (u − v) = sin u cos v − cos u sin v = 3
5 (− 54 ) − 54 (− 53 ) = 0
 π π π
57. cos x +  = cos x cos − sin x sin = cos x(0) − sin x(1) = −sin x
 2 2 2
 π π   π  π
58. tan  x −  = − tan  − x  = −cot x 61. sin  x +  − sin  x −  = 1
 2 2   4  4
π
tan π − tan x 2 cos x sin =1
59. tan (π − x) = = − tan x 4
1 − tan π tan x
2
cos x =
60. sin ( x − π ) = sin x cos π − cos x sin π 2
= sin x( −1) − cos x(0)
π 7π
x = ,
4 4
= − sin x
 π  π
62. cos x +  − cos x −  = 1
 6  6
 π π  π π
 cos x cos − sin x sin  −  cos x cos + sin x sin  = 1
 6 6  6 6
π
−2 sin x sin =1
6
1
−2 sin x  = 1
 2
sin x = −1
3π
x =
2
4 3π 65. sin 4 x = 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

63. sin u = − , π < u <
5 2 = 2 2 sin x cos x(cos 2 x − sin 2 x)
−3
cos u = − 1 − sin 2 u = = 4 sin x cos x( 2 cos 2 x − 1)
5
sin u 4 = 8 cos3 x sin x − 4 cos x sin x
tan u = =
cos u 3 2
 4  3  24
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2 −  −  =
 5  5  25 − 2π 2π
2 2
 3  4 7
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u =  −  −  −  = −
 5  5 25 −2
 4
2 
2 tan u  3  = − 24 1 − cos 2 x 1 − (1 − 2 sin 2 x)
tan 2u = = 66. =
1 + ( 2 cos x 2 − 1)
2
1 − tan 2 u  4 7 1 + cos 2 x
1− 
 
3
2 sin 2 x
=
2 cos 2 x
2 π 1
64. cos u = − , < u < π  sin u = and
5 2 5 = tan 2 x
1 4
tan u = −
2
 1  2  4
sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u = 2  −  = −
 5  5 5 − 2π 2π
2 2
 2   1  3 −1
cos 2u = cos 2 u − sin 2 u =  −  −  =
 5  5 5 1 − cos 6 x
 1 2sin 2 3x 2 1 − cos 6 x
2 −  67. tan 3 x = = =
2 tan u  2 = −1 4 2
cos 3x 1 + cos 6 x 1 + cos 6 x
tan 2u = = = −
1 − tan 2 u  1
2 3 3 2
1 − −  4
 2
 1 − cos 2 x  1 + cos 2 x 
68. sin 2 x cos 2 x =   
 2  2 
1 − cos 2 2 x
=
4
 1 + cos 4 x 
1− 
=  2 
4
1 − cos 4 x
=
8
 3
1 −  − 
69. sin ( −75°) = −
1 − cos 150°
= −  2  = − 2+ 3
= −
1
2+ 3
2 2 2 2
 3
1 +  − 
cos( −75°) = −
1 + cos 150°
=  2  = 2− 3
=
1
2− 3
2 2 2 2
  3 
 1 −  −  
 1 − cos 150°   2  = − 2 +
tan ( −75°) = −
 sin 150°


= − 

1  ( )
3 = −2 − 3
 
 2 
 
 3
5π 1 −  −
1 − cos 2 
 5π  6 =   = 2+ 3 1
70. sin   = = 2+ 3
 12  2 2 2 2
 3
5π 1 +  − 
1 + cos 2
 5π  6 =   = 2− 3 1
cos  = = 2− 3
 12  2 2 2 2
 3
5π 1 −  −
1 − cos 2 
 5π  6 =   = 2+
tan   = 3
 12  5π 1
sin
6 2
 3
1 − − 
4 3π u 1 − cos u  5 = 4
71. tan u = , π < u < (b) sin = =
3 2 2 2 2 5
y
2 5
=
5
 3
1 + − 
u u 1 + cos u  5 = − 1
−3 cos = − = −
x 2 2 2 5
−4
5
5 = −
5
 3
1 − − 
u u 1 − cos u  5  = −2
(a) Because u is in Quadrant III, is in Quadrant II. tan = =
2 2 sin u  4
− 
 5
3 π
72. sin u = ,0 < u <
5 2
y
5 3
u
x
4
u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant I, is in Quadrant I.
2
4
1− 
u 1 − cos u 5 = 1 10
(b) sin = = =
2 2 2 10 10
 4
1+ 
u 1 + cos u 5 = 9 3 10
cos = = =
2 2 2 10 10
 4
1− 
u 1 − cos u 5 = 1
tan = =
2 sin u 3 3
5
2 π
73. cos u = − , < u < π
7 2
y
7
3 5
u
x
−2
u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant II, is in Quadrant I.
2
 2
1 − − 
u 1 − cos u  7 = 9
(b) sin = =
2 2 2 14
3 14
=
14
 2
1 + − 
u 1 + cos u  7 = 5
cos = =
2 2 2 14
70
=
14
 2
1 − − 
u 1 − cos u  7 = 3 5
tan = =
2 sin u 3 5 5
7
21 3π
74. tan u = − , < u < 2π
2 2
y
u
2
x
5 − 21
u
(a) Because u is in Quadrant IV, is in Quadrant II.
2
2
1− 
u 1 − cos u 5 = 3 30
(b) sin = = =
2 2 2 10 10
 2
1+ 
u 1 + cos u 5 = − 7 70
cos = − = − = −
2 2 2 10 10
 2
1− 
u 1 − cos u 5 = − 3 = 3 21 21
tan = = − = −
2 sin u  21  21 21 7
 − 
 5 
75. cos 4θ sin 6θ = 1 sin

2 ( 4θ + 6θ ) − sin ( 4θ − 6θ ) = 1 sin 10θ
2
− sin ( −2θ )
76. 2 sin 7θ cos 3θ = 2 ⋅ 12 sin (7θ + 3θ ) + sin (7θ − 3θ ) = sin 10θ + sin 4θ
 6θ + 5θ   6θ − 5θ  11θ θ
77. cos 6θ + cos 5θ = 2 cos  cos  = 2 cos cos
 2   2  2 2
 3x + x   3x − x  1 2
78. sin 3x − sin x = 2 cos  sin   79. r = v0 sin 2θ
 2   2  32
range = 100 feet
= 2 cos 2 x sin x
v0 = 80 feet per second
1
(80) sin 2θ = 100
2
r =
32
sin 2θ = 0.5
2θ = 30°
π
θ = 15° or
12
80. Volume V of the trough will be the area A of the isosceles triangle times the length l of the trough.
V = A⋅l
1
(a) A = bh
2
θ h θ 4m
cos =  h = 0.5 cos
2 0.5 2
b b
θ b θ
sin = 2 
h
= 0.5 sin 0.5 m θ
2 0.5 2 2 0.5 m
θ θ θ θ θ θ
= (0.5) sin
2
A = 0.5 sin 0.5 cos cos = 0.25 sin cos square meters
2 2 2 2 2 2 Not drawn to scale
θ θ θ θ
V = (0.25)( 4) sin cos cubic meters = sin cos cubic meters
2 2 2 2
θ θ 1 θ θ 1
(b) V = sin cos =  2 sin cos  = sin θ cubic meters
2 2 2 2 2 2
π
Volume is maximum when θ = .
2
π π θ π θ 84. True. It can be verified using a product-to-sum formula.

81. False. If < θ < π , then < < , and is in
2 4 2 2 2 1
θ
4 sin 45° cos 15° = 4 ⋅ [sin 60° + sin 30°]
Quadrant I. cos > 0 2
2  3 1
= 2 +  = 3 +1
 cos x   2 2 
82. True. cot x sin 2 x =  2
 sin x = cos x sin x.
 sin x  85. Yes. Sample Answer. When the domain is all real
1 π
83. True. 4 sin ( − x)cos( − x) = 4( −sin x) cos x numbers, the solutions of sin x = are x = + 2nπ
2 6
= −4 sin x cos x 5π
and x = + 2nπ , so there are infinitely many
= −2( 2 sin x cos x) 6
= −2 sin 2 x solutions.
Problem Solving for Chapter 5
1. sin θ = ± 1 − cos 2 θ You also have the following relationships:

π 
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ sin θ = cos − θ 
tan θ = = ± 2 
cos θ cos θ
cos (π 2) − θ 
1 1 tan θ =
csc θ = = ± cos θ
sin θ 1 − cos 2 θ
1
1 csc θ =
sec θ = cos (π 2) − θ 
cos θ
1
1 cos θ sec θ =
cot θ = = ± cos θ
tan θ 1 − cos 2 θ
cos θ
cot θ =
cos (π 2) − θ 
 ( 2n + 1)π   2nπ + π   (12n + 1)π  1 

2. cos   = cos  3. sin   = sin  (12nπ + π )
 2   2   6  6 
 π   π
= cos nπ +  = sin  2nπ + 
 2  6
π π π 1
= cos nπ cos − sin nπ sin = sin =
2 2 6 2
= ( ±1)(0) − (0)(1)  (12n + 1)π  1
= 0 So, sin   = for all integers n.
 6  2
 ( 2n + 1)π 
So, cos   = 0 for all integers n.
 2 
Problem Solving for Chapter 5 465
1
4. p(t ) =  p1 (t ) + 30 p2 (t ) + p3 (t ) + p5 (t ) + 30 p6 (t )
4π 
1.4
1.4
p1(t) p2(t)
(a) p1 (t ) = sin (524π t )
−0.006 0.006
1 −0.006 0.006
p2 ( t ) = sin (1048π t )
2
− 1.4
1
p3 (t ) = sin (1572π t ) − 1.4
3
1.4 1.4 1.4
1
p5 (t ) = sin ( 2620π t )
5 p3(t) p5(t) p6(t)
1 −0.006 0.006 −0.006 0.006 −0.006 0.006
p6 (t ) = sin (3144π t )
6
The graph of − 1.4 − 1.4 − 1.4
1  1 1 
p (t ) = sin (524π t ) + 15 sin (1048π t ) + sin (1572π t ) + sin ( 2620π t ) + 5 sin (3144π t )
4π  3 5 
yields the graph shown in the text below.
y
y = p(t)
1.4
t
0.006
− 1.4
1.4 Max
(b) Function Period (c)
2π 1
p1 (t ) = ≈ 0.0038
524π 262 0 0.00382
2π 1
p2 ( t ) = ≈ 0.0019
1048π 524 − 1.4 Min
2π 1
p3 (t ) = ≈ 0.0013 1
1572π 786 Over one cycle, 0 ≤ t < , you have five t-intercepts:
262
2π 1
p5 (t ) = ≈ 0.0008 t = 0, t ≈ 0.00096, t ≈ 0.00191, t ≈ 0.00285,
2620π 1310
2π 1 t ≈ 0.00382
p6 (t ) = ≈ 0.0006
3144π 1572 (d) The absolute maximum value of p over one cycle is
p ≈ 1.1952, and the absolute minimum value
The graph of p appears to be periodic with a
of p over one cycle is p ≈ −1.1952.
1
period of ≈ 0.0038.
262
5. From the figure, it appears that u + v = w. Assume that u, v, and w are all in Quadrant I.
From the figure:
s 1
tan u = =
3s 3
s 1
tan v = =
2s 2
s
tan w = =1
s
tan u + tan v 13 +12 56
tan (u + v) = = = = 1 = tan w.
1 − tan u tan v 1 − (1 3)(1 2) 1 − (1 6)
So, tan (u + v) = tan w. Because u, v, and w are all in Quadrant I, you have
arctan tan (u + v) = arctan[tan w]u + v = w.
16
6. y = − x 2 + ( tan θ ) x + h0
v0 2 cos 2 θ
Let h0 = 0 and take half of the horizontal distance:
1 1 2  1 2 1 2
 v0 sin 2θ  = v0 ( 2 sin θ cos θ ) = v0 sin θ cos θ
2  32  64 32
Substitute this expression for x in the model.
2
16 1 2   sin θ  1 2 
y = −  v0 sin θ cos θ  +   v0 sin θ cos θ 
v0 cos θ  32
2 2
  cos θ  32 
1 1 2
= − v0 2 sin 2 θ + v0 sin 2 θ
64 32
1 2
= v0 sin 2 θ
64
7. (a)
10 θ 10
h
1
2
b
b
1
b
θ θ h
sin = 2 and cos =
2 10 2 10
θ θ
b = 20 sin h = 10 cos
2 2
1
A = bh
2
1 θ  θ
=  20 sin 10 cos 
2 2  2
θ θ
= 100 sin cos
2 2
 θ θ
(b) A = 50 2 sin cos 
 2 2
  θ 
= 50 sin  2  
  2 
= 50 sin θ
π π π
Because sin = 1 is a maximum, θ = . So, the area is a maximum at A = 50 sin = 50 square meters.
2 2 2
8. The hypotenuse of the larger right triangle is:

θ
sin 2 θ + (1 + cos θ )
2
2 = sin 2 θ + 1 + 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ
1 2(1 + cos θ )
= 2 + 2 cos θ
2(1 + cos θ )
1
cos θ θ
=
sin θ
θ  sin θ sin θ 1 − cos θ sin θ 1 − cos θ sin θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ

sin   = = ⋅ = = =
2 2(1 + cos θ ) 2(1 + cos θ ) 1 − cos θ 2(1 − cos θ ) 2 2 sin θ 2
θ  1 + cos θ (1 + cos θ )2 1 + cos θ

cos  = = =
2 2(1 + cos θ ) 2(1 + cos θ ) 2
θ  sin θ
tan   =
 
2 1 + cos θ
0.6W sin (θ + 90°)

9. F =
sin 12°
0.6W (sin θ cos 90° + cos θ sin 90°) 0.6(185) cos x
(a) F = (b) Let y1 = .
sin 12° sin 12°
0.6W (sin θ )(0) + (cos θ )(1)
550
=
sin 12°
0.6W cos θ
=
sin 12° 0 90
0
(c) The force is maximum (533.88 pounds) when θ = 0°.

The force is minimum (0 pounds) when θ = 90°.
π (t + 0.2)  11. d = 35 − 28 cos

π
t when t = 0 corresponds to
10. Seward: D = 12.2 − 6.4 cos   6.2
 182.6 
12:00 A.M.
π (t + 0.2)  π
New Orleans: D = 12.2 − 1.9 cos   (a) The high tides occur when cos t = −1. Solving
 182.6  6.2
yields t = 6.2 or t = 18.6.
(a) 20
These t-values correspond to 6:12 A.M. and 6:36 P.M.

π
The low tide occurs when cos t = 1. Solving
6.2
0 365 yields t = 0 and t = 12.4 which corresponds to
0
12:00 A.M. and 12:24 P.M.
(b) The graphs intersect when t ≈ 91 and when (b) The water depth is never 3.5 feet. At low tide, the
t ≈ 274. These values correspond to April 1 and depth is d = 35 − 28 = 7 feet.
October 1, the spring equinox and the fall equinox. (c) 70
(c) Seward has the greater variation in the number of

daylight hours. This is determined by the
amplitudes, 6.4 and 1.9.
2π 0 24
(d) Period: = 365.2 days 0
π 182.6
12. h1 = 3.75 sin 733t + 7.5 θ α

sin  + 
 4π   2 2
h2 = 3.75 sin 733 t +  + 7.5 13. (a) n =
 3  θ
sin
2
(a) 15
θ  α  θ  α 
sin   cos  + cos  sin  
=  2  2 2  2 
θ 
sin  
0 1 2
0
α  θ  α 
= cos  + cot   sin  
2π 2 2  2 
(b) The period for h1 and h2 is ≈ 0.0086.
733
θ 
12 For α = 60°, n = cos 30° + cot   sin 30°
 2
3 1 θ 
n = + cot  .
2 2 2
2π
0
3
733 (b) For glass, n = 1.50.
3 1 θ 
The graphs intersect twice per cycle. 1.50 = + cot  
2 2  2
1
There are ≈ 116.66 cycles in the interval  3 θ 
2π 733 21.50 −  = cot  
 2  2
[0, 1], so the graphs intersect approximately
233.3 times. 1 θ 
= tan  
3− 3  2
 1 
θ = 2 tan −1  
3 − 3
θ ≈ 76.5°
14. (a) sin (u + v + w) = sin (u + v ) + w

= sin (u + v ) cos w + cos(u + v ) sin w
= [sin u cos v + cos u sin v] cos w + [cos u cos v − sin u sin v] sin w
= sin u cos v cos w + cos u sin v cos w + cos u cos v sin w − sin u sin v sin w
(b) tan (u + v + w) = tan (u + v) + w

tan (u + v) + tan w
=
1 − tan (u + v) tan w
 tan u + tan v 
1 − tan u tan v  + tan w
=   ⋅
(1 − tan u tan v)
1− 
 tan u + tan v  (1 − tan u tan v)
1 − tan u tan v  tan w
 
tan u + tan v + (1 − tan u tan v) tan w
=
(1 − tan u tan v) − ( tan u + tan v) tan w
tan u + tan v + tan w − tan u tan v tan w
=
1 − tan u tan v − tan u tan w − tan v tan w
15. (a) Let y1 = sin x and y2 = 0.5. (b) Let y1 = cos x and y2 = −0.5.
2 2
0 2π 0 2π
−2 −2
π 5π   2π 4π 
sin x ≥ 0.5 on the interval  , . cos x ≤ −0.5 on the interval  , .
6 6   3 3
(c) Let y1 = tan x and y2 = sin x. (d) Let y1 = cos x and y2 = sin x.
2 2
0 2π 0 2π
−2 −2
π   3π   π  5π 
tan x < sin x on the intervals  , π  and  , 2π . cos x ≥ sin x on the intervals 0,  and  , 2π .
2   2   4 4 
16. (a) f ( x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x
= (sin 2 x) + (cos 2 x)
2 2
2 2
 1 − cos 2x   1 + cos 2 x 
=   + 
 2   2 
1
= (1 − 2 cos 2x + cos 2 2 x) + (1 + 2 cos 2 x + cos 2 2 x)
4
1
= ( 2 + 2 cos 2 2 x)
4
1
= (1 + cos 2 2x)
2
1 cos 4x 
= 1 + 
2 2 
1
= (3 + cos 4x)
4
(b) f ( x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x
= (sin 2 x) + cos 4 x
2
= (1 − cos 2 x) + cos 4 x
2
= 1 − 2 cos 2 2x + cos 4 x + cos 4 x

= 2 cos 4 x − 2 cos 2 x + 1
(c) f ( x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x
= sin 4 x + 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
= (sin 2 x + cos 2 x) − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

2
= 1 − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x
(d) f ( x) = 1 − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x

 1 − cos 2x  1 + cos 2x 
= 1 − 2  
 2  2 
1
= 1 − (1 − cos 2 2x)
2
1 1
= + cos 2 2x
2 2
1 1
= + (1 − sin 2 2x)
2 2
1
= 1 − sin 2 2x
2
(e) No; there is often more than one way to rewrite a trigonometric expression, so your result and your friend’s result
could both be correct.
Practice Test for Chapter 5 471
Practice Test for Chapter 5

4
1. Find the value of the other five trigonometric functions, given tan x = 11
, sec x < 0.
sec 2 x + csc 2 x
2. Simplify .
csc 2 x(1 + tan 2 x)
3. Rewrite as a single logarithm and simplify ln tan θ − ln cot θ .
4. True or false:
π  1
cos − x  =
2  csc x
( )
5. Factor and simplify: sin 4 x + sin 2 x cos 2 x
6. Multiply and simplify: (csc x + 1)(csc x − 1)
7. Rationalize the denominator and simplify:

cos 2 x
1 − sin x
8. Verify:
1 + cos θ sin θ
+ = 2 csc θ
sin θ 1 + cos θ
9. Verify:
tan 4 x + 2 tan 2 x + 1 = sec 4 x
10. Use the sum or difference formulas to determine:

(a) sin 105°
(b) tan 15°
11. Simplify: (sin 42°) cos 38° − (cos 42°) sin 38°
 π  1 + tan θ
12. Verify tan θ +  = .
 4 1 − tan θ
13. Write sin (arcsin x − arccos x) as an algebraic expression in x.
14. Use the double-angle formulas to determine:

(a) cos 120°
(b) tan 300°
15. Use the half-angle formulas to determine:

(a) sin 22.5°
π
(b) tan
12
16. Given sin θ = 4 5, θ lies in Quadrant II, find cos(θ 2).
( )
17. Use the power-reducing identities to write sin 2 x cos 2 x in terms of the first power of cosine.
18. Rewrite as a sum: 6(sin 5θ ) cos 2θ .
19. Rewrite as a product: sin ( x + π ) + sin ( x − π ).
sin 9 x + sin 5 x
20. Verify = −cot 2 x.
cos 9 x − cos 5 x
21. Verify:
(cos u ) sin v = 1 sin
2
(u + v) − sin (u − v).
22. Find all solutions in the interval [0, 2π ):
4 sin 2 x = 1
tan 2 θ + ( )
3 − 1 tan θ − 3 = 0

sin 2 x = cos x
25. Use the quadratic formula to find all solutions in the interval [0, 2π ):
tan 2 x − 6 tan x + 4 = 0

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C H A P T E R 5

Section 5.1 Using Fundamental Identities ............................................................397

Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities ....................................................404

Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations ......................................................410

Section 5.4 Sum and Difference Formulas ...........................................................425

Section 5.5 Multiple-Angle and Product-to-Sum Formulas ................................441

Review Exercises ........................................................................................................453

Problem Solving .........................................................................................................464

Practice Test .............................................................................................................471

14. cot 2 x − csc 2 x = (csc 2 x − 1) − csc2 x

= sin 4 x = sec 2 x + tan 2 x

27. cot 3 x + cot 2 x + cot x + 1 = cot 2 x(cot x + 1) + (cot x + 1)

28. sec3 x − sec 2 x − sec x + 1 = sec2 x(sec x − 1) − (sec x − 1)

29. 3 sin 2 x − 5 sin x − 2 = (3 sin x + 1)(sin x − 2) cos u sin u

31. cot 2 x + csc x − 1 = (csc 2 x − 1) + csc x − 1 1 − sin 2 x cos 2 x sin 2 x

33. tan θ csc θ =

cos x cos x cos x(1 − sin x) − cos x(1 + sin x)

sin x sin x sin x(1 − cos x) + sin x(1 + cos x)

sec 2 x tan 2 x − sec 2 x 5 tan x − sec x 5( tan x − sec x )

53. Let x = 3 cos θ . 55. Let x = 2 sec θ .

54. Let x = 7 sin θ . 56. Let 3x = 5 tan θ .

= 49(1 − sin 2 θ ) = 25 tan 2 θ + 25

= 49 cos 2 θ = 25( tan 2 θ + 1)

58. x = 10 cos θ  tan t 

5 3 = 100 − (10 cos θ )

So, sin θ = 1 − cos2 θ for 0 ≤ θ ≤ π . 65. μ W cos θ = W sin θ

cos x 68. False. A cofunction identity can be used to transform a

1 72. Let u = a tan θ , then

73. Because sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1, then cos2 θ = 1 − sin 2 θ .

Section 5.2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities

8. sec u 1 1 cot x + tan x

= 1 − 2 sin 2 β cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ )

cos θ cot θ cos θ cot θ − (1 − sin θ )  1 

sec θ − 1 sec θ − 1 sec θ sec θ (sec θ − 1)

cot 2 t cos 2 t sin 2 t cos2 t 1 − sin 2 t 1

cot x cos x sin x cos2 x 1 − sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x

49. (a) 3 50. (a) 3

Identity Not an identity

Identity Not an identity

From the diagram, From the diagram,

(c) Maximum: 15°

θ 63. False. tan x 2 = tan ( x ⋅ x) and

65. False. For the equation to be an identity, it must be true

a c 68. tan θ = sec2 θ − 1

Section 5.3 Solving Trigonometric Equations

7. 3 tan 2 2 x − 1 = 0 10. csc 4 x − 4 csc 2 x = 0

25. 2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0

26. 2 sin 2 x + 3 sin x + 1 = 0

27. sec 2 x − sec x = 2

28. csc 2 x + csc x = 2

29. sin x − 2 = cos x − 2 30. cos x + sin x tan x = 2

31. 2 sin 2 x = 2 + cos x 36. 3 sec x − 4 cos x = 0

sec 2 x − 1 = sec x − 1 37. csc x + cot x = 1

No Solutions sec x = 1 2 cot 2 x + 2 csc x cot x = 0

3 1 + 2 sin x + sin 2 x = cos 2 x

x ≈ 1.849 and x ≈ 4.991

51. sin x − 3 cos x = 0 55. sec 2 x − 3 = 0

x ≈ 1.249 and x ≈ 4.391 x ≈ 0.955, x ≈ 2.186, x ≈ 4.097 and x ≈ 5.328

52. sin x + 4 cos x = 0

54. tan x = csc x x ≈ 1.221, x ≈ 1.921, x ≈ 4.362 and x ≈ 5.062

x ≈ 0.905 and x ≈ 5.379

x ≈ 1.150, x ≈ 1.991, x ≈ 4.292 and x ≈ 5.133

59. tan 2 x + tan x − 12 = 0

60. tan 2 x − tan x − 2 = 0