2226 AIAA JOURNAL VOL. 6, NO.

11

Poisson's Ratio in Similarly, under suitable constraints, deformation is possible

in which only one extensional component of strain arises.
Orthotropic Materials Again, work is produced by the corresponding stress alone,
and this is determined from the strain by the diagonal ele-
B. M. LEMPRIERE* ments of the stiffness matrix. These elements must there-
Lockheed Polo Alto Research Laboratories, fore be positive also, i.e.,
Polo Alto, Calif.
(1 — ,(1 — — vizi>2i) > 0 (5)
TJOISSON'S ratio is frequently measured in uniaxial test- and
-I ing of orthotropic materials, and values in excess of
unity are common for composites. In isotropic materials A = 1 — — ^23^32 — ^31^13 ~ 2^12^23^31 > 0 (6)
it is known that values larger than one half are thermo-
dynamically inadmissible, for such values would lead to By the condition of symmetry of the compliances as applied
negative strain energy under certain loads. The implica- to Poisson's ratios [i.e., Eq. (2)], it follows that the afore-
tions of this thermodynamic requirement of positive strain mentioned positive conditions [Eqs. (5) and (6) ] for Poisson's
energy have not been examined for orthotropic materials. ratios can be expressed as follows:
In order to add credulity to large measured values of Poisson's
ratio, the thermodynamic limitations are examined below. < Vzi

An orthotropic formulation of Hooke's law, which general-

izes the idea of Young's modulus, the shear moduli, and (7)
Poisson's ratio, can be written in terms of a compliance
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matrix as follows1:

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 (I/ft) 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 (I/ft).

where v^ is Poisson's ratio of transverse extensional strain in the i direction to axial extensional strain in the,/ direction.f
Poisson's ratio is not symmetric in its indexes since symmetry of the compliance, as in Eq. (1), leads to relations similar to

(2)

By inverting this form of the compliance matrix, the stiffness matrix can be written in the form

»23 32 2 3 ^ ^ ^ (^13 + * i^/EJS 3 A 0 0 0

(l>23 + I 2iVis)/EiE sA 0 0 0
i (I -VI A 0 0 0
0 0 0 (3)
0 0 ft
0 0 0 0 ft 0
0 0 0 0 0 ft.
where
A = (1 -
i (8)
The sum of the work done by all stress components must
be positive in order to inhibit the creation of energy. This (since all terms inside the bracket are positive). This condi-
condition provides a "thermodynamic" constraint on the tion shows that all three Poisson's ratios cannot have large
elastic constants. Formally, the condition requires the positive values at the same time, as their product must be
elasticity matrixes to be positive-definite, i.e., to have posi- less than one half. If one is negative, however, no restric-
tive principal values or invariants. This mathematical tion is placed on the other two.
condition can be supplanted by the following physical argu- The special case of transverse isotropy (or hexagonal sym-
ment. metry) is that in which the properties in one plane are the
Evidently if only one normal component of stress is applied same for all directions about the normal, e.g., in the 12 plane:
at a time, the corresponding strain is determined from that
stress by the diagonal elements of the compliance matrix so El = E<> = E
that these must all be positive: with (9)
ES = E'
> 0 (4)
In this case, the conditions of Eq. (7) reduce to the following:
Received February 16, 1968; revision received July 8, 1968.
This work was performed under the Hardening Technology -K v < 1
Studies (HARTS) program of SAMSO, Air Force Contract (10)
FO4694-67-C-0020. -(E'/E)u*< v' < (E'/Eyi*
* Staff Scientist, Aerospace Sciences Laboratory.
f In some applications,2 Poisson's ratio is designated as /*»•/, while Eq. (8) reduces to the following:
where the second index refers to transverse strain and the first
to axial strain, i.e., na = vj%. v < 1 - 2v'*(E/Ef) (11)
 NOVEMBER 1968 TECHNICAL NOTES
which is more stringent than the upper limit in Eq. (10),
since both E and Er are positive, as is v'z. Thus the limits
on the in-plane Poisson's ratio are
-\<v <\ - 2v'2(E/E') (12)
For the isotropic case of equal properties in all directions,
E' = E v' = v (13)
These simplify further to the well-known condition
-Kv <\
As an application of these limitations, it is of interest to
examine published data. In testing boron-epoxy cross-ply
composites, Dickerson and DiMartino3 reported Poisson's
ratios as high as 1.97 for strain in a direction designated as
Y because of loading in a direction designated as X, i.e.,
in the present notation vyx = 1.97.
The reported values of Young's modulus for the two direc-
tions are respectively Ex = 11.86 X 106 psi and Ey = 1.33
X 106 psi. Thus, (Ex/Ey)112 = 2.99 and the condition
Downloaded by Anadolu University on May 8, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.4974
is satisfied.
Insufficient data are reported for verifying the determinant
condition that may be more stringent.
Also reported in Ref. 3 is the converse Poisson's ratio vxy =
0.22, which satisfies the symmetry condition
vxv/Ey = vyx/Ex = 0.166
Values of —0.4 for Poisson's ratio were reported for axes
oriented at 45° to the material axes, but the constraints as
developed are applicable only to quantities defined in the
material axes. The question of elastic properties in co-
ordinates rotated relative to the natural axes of the material
is not taken up here.
References
1
Lekhnitskii, S. G., Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic
Elastic Body, Holden-Day, San Francisco, Calif., 1963.
2
"Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle
Structures," MIL-HDBK-5A, 1966, Department of Defense,
Washington, D.C.
3
Dickerson, E. O. and DiMartino, B., "Off-Axis Strength and
Testing of Filamentary Materials for Aircraft Application,"
Advanced Fibrous Reinforced Composites, Vol. 10, Society of Aero-
space Materials and Process Engineers, 1966, p. H-23.
Doppler Shift Measurements with the
Double-Wedge Technique
M. U. POTTER* AND B. AHLBORNJ
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.
Introduction
1
I N a previous Note the authors suggested the measurement
of small Doppler shifts of wide spectral lines with a neutral
wedge discriminator, which measures line shifts independent
of the line shape. We have now applied this technique to
Received May 13, 1968. The authors would like to thank A.
J. Barnard for helpful discussions. The work was carried out in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.Sc. degree by
M. U. Potter. It was supported in part by NASA Contract
NSR-52-125-001 and in part by the Atomic Energy Control
Board of Canada.
* Graduate Student, Physics Department.
f Associate Professor, Physics Department.
2227
Fig. 1 Experimental arrangement. JFi, Wz neutral
wedges, PI, P2 multiplier IP21, ca cathode followers, TV
homogeneous neutral filter, L cylindrical lenses, F field
stop. Insert: transmission of neutral wedges ti, tz and
line intensity /(X).
measure the mass motion of an air plasma escaping the ends
of a small 6 pinch. The shifts ofothe 1.5-A-wide line were
determined with an error of ±0.02 A. The derived velocities
of about 5 km/sec compare well with time of flight measure-
ments of the luminous fronts, which emerge from the 6 pinch
configuration.
The principle of the double-wedge technique is illustrated in
Fig. 1. The linear wedges Wi and W% mounted over the top
and the bottom of the monochromator exit slit have linear
transmission gradients with respect to the x direction which
are equal, but lie in opposite directions, so that the transmis-
sion is given by ti(x) = t0 + bx for Wi and t2(x) = tQ — bx
for W<L. The transmitted intensities are monitored by photo-
multipliers Pi and P2. If they are balanced to give equal sig-
nals when the line centroid lies at x = 0 (Fig. 1), then it can
be shown1 that the shift of the line centroid is given by
Si - S2
Ax = (1)
Si + &
where Si and S* are the voltage signals of PI and P2, respec-
tively. For fast transient plasma sources it may be impos-
sible to balance the signals to have AS = 0 for all times, even
in the absence of any shift. This may be due to 1) unequal
frequency response of the two photomultiplier circuits, 2)
distortion of the photomultiplier signals, 3) electromagnetic
pickup, and 4) inhomogeneity of the light on the entrance
slit as function of time.
Under these conditions we have to modify Eq. (1) so that
AS is replaced by the difference between the signals ASW
with the line shifted and the signal ASf with the line centroid
remaining at # = 0. The latter can be approximated for a
reproducible discharge by observing the spectral line with a
homogeneous neutral density filter of transmission t/ = to in
place of the wedges (or in any convenient place in the optical
system, as indicated in Fig. 1). Equation (1) then becomes
Ax = (t<*/b){[ASw - (t0/tf)ASf]/2Sw (2)
where the subscripts w and / refer to the photomultiplier sig-
nals with the wedges (w) and with homogeneous filter (/), re-
spectively.
The double-wedge method measures relative line shifts;
the absolute wavelength of the observed line is known only to
the accuracy of the preselecting monochromator. In this re-
spect the neutral wedge discriminator is similar to a Fabry
Perot interferometer. However, it is possible to measure
Doppler shifts for certain plasma configurations. Suppose
that a rotationally symmetric, optically thin plasma is ob-
served from two angles a and 180° — a. with respect to the
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