Republic of the Philippines

Region XII
Division of City Schools
General Santos City
Irineo L. Santiago National High School of Metro Dadiangas
Niyog St. Extension, Cor. Magsaysay Avenue, General Santos City

The efficacy of utilizing West Indian Lantana extract (Lantana

camara) against American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)
______________________________________________________

A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of Science Technology and Engineering
Irineo L. Santiago National High School of Metro Dadiangas
_______________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment
in Requirements of Research IV

________________________________

Almadin, Victorio
Mla, Sittie Ainah B.
Corpuz, Alyssa T.
Calimot, Abegail C.
 March 2020

Table of Contents
List of Figures
Figure 1…………………………………………………………………
Figure 2…………………………………………………………………

Chapter l
Introduction…………………………………………………………….1
Statement of the Problem……………………………………………2
Scope and Limitation…………………………………………………3
Significance of the Study…………………………………………….3
Definition of Terms……………………………………………………5

Chapter ll
Review of Related Literature…………………………………………7

Chapter lll
Research Design……………………………………………………..
General Procedure…………………………………………………...
Materials……………………………………………………………….
Statistical Tool………………………………………………………...
 CHAPTER l

PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

In our society, people have been dealing with waste management and

pest control, especially commercial establishments. However, when these issues

are left unchecked, it might cause possible pest infestations that can introduce

the risk of bacterias, viruses, and etc. And a common example to these are

cockroach infestations. Cockroaches are insects of the order Blattodea. About 30

cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. Some

species are well-known pests. These insects carry all sorts of pathogens that can

cause diseases such as cholera, dysentery, diarrhea and typhoid fever

With this in mind, people have searched for a way to solve this

problem. Thus, creating pesticides. Pesticides are chemical compounds or

substances that are used to kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and

weeds. However, this also comes with a risk. Pesticides are made from inorganic

materials, which means that these pesticides can harm the environment and can

possibly harm humans. And cockroaches tend to gain immunity after being

exposed to these pesticides. Some organic pesticides though, are not as

effective as inorganic ones. Thus, the researchers tried to utilize a toxic weed

known as West Indian Lantana.

 The plant that the researcher is going to use is West Indian Lantana

(Lantana camara). It is species of flowering plant within the verbena family

(Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. It is a very adaptable species,

which can inhibit a wide variety of ecosystems. Once it has been introduced into

a habitat, it spreads rapidly. L. camara can dominate native species, leading to a

reduction in biodiversity. It can also cause problems if it invades agricultural

areas because of its toxicity to livestock. As well as its ability to form dense

thickets and to release a natural chemical that which, if left unchecked, can

greatly reduce the productivity, germination and of farmland. The researchers

aim is to utilize West Indian Lantana as an alternative pesticide against american

cockroaches. This study also has a lot of benefits. Lesser use of inorganic

pesticides, lesser pollution. Reduction of pest infestations leads into great pest

control. And weed removal on areas affected by this weed.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the ability of West Indian Lantana (Lantana

camara) as cockroach repellent. These specific questions that the researcher

aims to answer are the following:

1. What are the properties of West Indian Lantana that is effective in

eradicating cockroaches?

2. How effective is West Indian Lantana as cockroach pesticide?

3. Is there a significant difference between West Indian Lantana as cockroach

pesticide and the commercial one?

Scope and Limitations

The researcher aims to conduct a test to determine the efficacy of

utilizing West Indian Lantana as alternative cockroach pesticide. The researcher

will conduct the study at the CNSM Department Laboratory of Mindanao State

University, Brgy. Tambler, General Santos City, Philippines. This study is limited

to the locality of General Santos City. Any location beyond the vicinity is not

included in the study. The results may vary depending on the lifestyle of people

from other areas.

Significance of the Study

This study is aimed to test the potential of West Indian Lantana as

cockroach repellent. It is important for the following reasons:

For the Community

The study enables to provide information for the community to help

eradicate cockroaches in an area while protecting the environment. It provides

information that could help the people living in that certain area. On the contrary,

this study also offers an advantage to people who struggle getting rid of these

weeds that destroys their crops and plants. It also provides information about

West Indian Lantana’s mechanism of absorbing nutrients from the land that

affects other plants and it’s properties that can affect not only cockroaches but

also other pests. And it may also reduce the infertility of the lands that are

affected by this weed.

For the Teachers

This study can be used by teachers. By imparting the knowledge and

information about this cockroach pesticides, its purposes, its effects and its use

in eradicating cockroaches. The teachers can also help their students deepen

their understanding about alternative cockroach pesticides and why it is used by

people. Teachers may also provide information about the weed West Indian

Lantana and its mechanisms, properties and potential uses.

For the Students

This study can be a source of detailed information about the pros and

cons of using West Indian Lantana. They may be able to use this information in

their school activities as students could also use the knowledge of this study to

create organic cockroach pesticides to save money rather than buying

commercial ones. And last, this study may provide information for them to learn

about the significant potential of West Indian Lantana and its potential usage.

And finally, For the Future Researchers

This study has plenty of information that can be used by future

researchers. They can also use this study as reference for future studies.

Furthermore, this study can help the future researchers on learning the potential

of West Indian Lantana to its fullest extent. This study might also aid in

deepening of understanding of West Indian Lantana’s properties and its possible

uses. It may also provide information about cockroaches and its behavior,

structure, traits and their survival mechanism.

Definition of Terms

This research contains terms that may have unique definitions. To

better understand this study, the researcher provided the operational definitions

of the terms used throughout the study.

Cockroach - It refers to an insect of the order Blattodea. Operationally, this will

be the target subject of the experiment, it will be used to determine the efficacy of

West Indian Lantana

West Indian Lantana - It refers to the plant native in India and parts of South

America. Operationally, the researchers are going to use this plant against the

cockroach species Periplaneta Americana to determine its toxicity against them.

Pesticide – It refers to a type of chemical or substance used to kill, repel or

control a population of a specific pest. Operationally, this is the thing the

researchers are going to make out of West Indian Lantana via Pure Extract, to be

used against Periplaneta americana.

 CHAPTER ll

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains the summary of related literature of

different variables in this study. This includes readings from books, journals and

the internet.

West Indian Lantana (Lantana camara)

Lantana is a genus of about 150 herb species in the Verbenaceae family

that grows under bushes and shrubs up to 2 meters tall. Lantana is a genus of

seven species, six from South America and one from Ethiopia, that was first

described by Linnaeus in 1753 in his book Species Plantarum. Lantana is mostly

found in tropical and subtropical America, with a few species in tropical Asia and

Africa. It is currently grown for its flowers in about 50 countries under hundreds of

cultivar names. The number of unique Lantana species and subspecies recorded

ranges from 50 to 270, but it appears that 150 is a fairer estimate. Hybridization

happens because species are not stable. (Negi, G.C.S., Sharma, S.,

Vishvakarma, S.C. et al., Bot. Rev. 85, 109–130 (2019)

Exotic plant invasions are one of the most significant causes of ecological

deterioration, not only in India but around the world. Ecosystems may experience

declines in biodiversity, changes in fodder production, and changes in ecological

processes as a result of the inflow of invasive plant species. Many theories on

exotic plant invasion have been presented and utilized as frameworks for land

management strategies, however these ideas are frequently too generic to apply

to the wide range of ecosystems where invasions occur. Lantana camara is a

particularly poisonous weed that has encroached over most of the western

Himalaya's community and reserve forestlands. This fast growing weed has

almost fully encroached on the fragile outer Himalayas. (Gautam Mandal &

Shambhu Prasad Joshi (2015),  Forest Science and Technology, 11:4, 182-196)

Lantana camara, a woody shrub native to tropical America, is one of the

world's 10 worst invasive species and a major concern in India. Multiple species

and variations of Lantana were introduced across the tropics during the 1800s,

according to past studies. These species and varieties were originally introduced

as hedge plants, but were eventually hybridized for enhanced stand and

ornamental qualities. This potential hybridization expanded the number of

variants, which eventually spread to native ecosystems. (Ninad Avinash Mungi,

Qamar Qureshi, Yadvendradev V. Jhala, Global Ecology and Conservation,

Volume 23, 2020)

Lantana camara, an introduced species by the British has turned itself in to

a noxious weed, which has expanded itself in almost all the possible habitats of

India. It is a major threat to the ecosystem, including plants and animals. Attempt

to combat the further spread of this nuisance species has been of little help.

Therefore, in the present discussion an attempt on its impact, toxicity, uses and
therapeutic properties have been discussed. A carefully knitted plan should be

framed emphasizing on exploiting this species economically as well as on taming

the present threat so that the Indian society can be benefitted by properly utilizing

the plant and thereby also conserve the ecosystem with its bio resources. The

present review paper focuses on the various benefitting sides of the Lantana that

would create better livelihood opportunities. (Chatterjee, Reshmi. (2015),

International Journal of Environment)

The L. In India's tropical dry deciduous forests, camara distribution has had

a negative impact on population stratification, regeneration, and the expected

future composition of tree groups. The species has dominated a variety of

settings, including disturbed regions, along streams, open disturbed woods, and

riparian vegetation, due to its extensive eco-tolerance. L. Camara expansion

resulted in a 50% reduction in animal feed, a reduction of natural resources, and

a stifling of human and livestock movement. (Tiwari, S., Mishra, S.N., Kumar, D.

et al. (2022) Ecological Process 11, 10)

In many places of the world, especially in the southern United States,

Lantana camara is a significant floricultural/nursery crop. Nonetheless, L.

Camara is a prominent invasive plant species, with reports of it being found in

over 30 countries. It's particularly troublesome in tropical and subtropical places

around the world, where the plant's only constraint is freezing winters. Lantana

camara has been named one of the world's 100 worst weeds. L. escaped to the
United States. From North Carolina to California, camara has been discovered in

14 contiguous southern states. It has also been seen escaping in Hawaii, Puerto

Rico, and the British Virgin Islands. (Czarnecki, David M., II, and Zhanao Deng.

HortScience horts 55, 5 (2020): 709-715)

L. camara is also known to be toxic to livestock such as cattle, sheep,

horses, dogs and goats.  Pentacyclic triterpenoids or lantadene are the active

chemicals that cause toxicity in grazing animals, resulting in liver damage and

photosensitivity. L. Camara also excretes toxins (allelopathy) that hinder

germination and root elongation, limiting the growth of nearby plants. Lantana

leaves and barks contain antibacterial, fungicidal, and insecticidal effects,

according to studies conducted in India. The value of camara to humans is

unknown because no one has ventured to physically taste the plant due to its

terrible odor. (Angelica Ordanza-Cortez (2015) J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour.,26-35)

The flowering ornamental plant Lantana camara belongs to the

Verbenaceae family. L. Lantana, wild sage, Surinam tea plant, Spanish flag, and

West Indian lantana are all names for camara. Leaf extracts of Lantana camara

were found to have a phytochemical properties. Camara's active secondary

metabolites include alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and soluble starch, as well as

flower extracts of L. Camara detects decreasing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, and

soluble starch, all of which have antibacterial properties. Most people are still

obliged to use fork medications for their everyday illnesses due to a lack of
communication, poverty, ignorance, and the lack of modern health services. As a

result, it's important to look into the antibacterial properties of ethanolic extract

from Wild Sage. (Otoh Umoren, 2020)

The most prevalent member of the genus, Lantana camara (Family:

Verbenaceae), is a noxious weed and has been named one of the top 10 worst

weeds in the world. It is a South and Central American native that is tolerant of a

wide range of ecological niches and is one of India's top invaders. It does,

however, have a few medical applications. Antiseptic, antimalarial, antitumoural,

antibacterial, and insecticidal characteristics of LC leaf extracts have been

employed in folk medicine. Lantana camara pollen allergy is a relatively new

phenomenon. (Ghosal, K., Saha, B. & Gupta Bhattacharya, S. (2016), Allergy

Asthma Clin Immunol 12, 33)

There are various plant species that are underutilized, and one of them is

L. camara L. It is a notorious invasive weed that is native to tropical, subtropical,

and temperate regions of more than 60 nations and belongs to the Verbenaceae

family.  Traditional healers have used L. camara for ages to treat gastrointestinal,

inflammatory, dermatological, rheumatism, fever, and headache disorders.

Interestingly, distinct Lantana species have been discovered to contain a wide

range of phytochemicals. Consequently, L. camara L. Different types and levels

of phytoconstituents may be found in Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India.

(Mansoori Aadil, Singh Nitesh, Dubey Sharad Kumar, Thakur Tarun K., Alkan
Noam, Das Subha Narayan et. al.(2020), Frontiers in Agronomy, Volume 2)

Cockroaches

Cockroaches can be found on every continent. Cockroaches come in over

3,500 different species. Cockroaches of the German, American, and Oriental

kinds are the most frequent in Australia. Cockroaches in the United States are

huge and black. Cockroaches in Germany are smaller and brown. Oriental

cockroaches are dark brown to black in color and medium in size. Cockroaches

are thought to carry a variety of diseases to humans, including bacterial

infections like salmonella and gastroenteritis, since they eat a wide variety of

foods, including rotten rubbish. Cockroaches have been linked to allergies in

recent studies. (Ifeanyi, Ojiezeh & Odunayo, Ogundipe. (2015), International

Journal of Scientific Research, 4, 485-487)

Cockroaches have existed on the planet for more than 300 million years,

almost without changing. Because of their adaptability to a variety of

environmental situations, they are considered one of the most successful animal

groups. Cockroaches are found in about 3500 different species around the world.

Thirty of these species have been linked to human habitation. Blattella germanica

and Periplaneta americana are the most widespread species. The majority of

these species are found in tropical and subtropical environments, where they are

not considered pests. They can be found in abundance in regions with numerous

stagnant water bodies or with a continual and high moisture availability, such as

toilets, kitchens, sewages, and drainages, where water serves as migration

routes from one location to another. (Atiokeng Tatang, R. J., Tsila, H. G., & Wabo

Poné, J.(2017), Journal of Parasitology Research)

Cockroaches are generalist omnivores that may eat a wide range of

foods. There have been numerous experiments using laboratory-reared animals.

The effects of diets on development and reproduction were studied in

cockroaches. Cockroaches in Germany rely on for survival and optimal growth on

appropriate food and nutrients and fertility High protein levels have a negative

impact on development rate, oocyte growth, and longevity in general. Low protein

levels, on the other hand, can stifle nymphal growth and female reproduction.

(Samantha McPherson, Ayako Wada-Katsumata, Eduardo Hatano, Jules

Silverman, and Coby Schal(2021), Journal of Economic Entomology, 114(5),

2189–2197)

Cockroaches have long been recognized as a primary source of allergens

in the human environment. Because some allergens produced by cockroaches

concentrate in their tiny feces and can remain undetected in the environment,

developing an effective system for tracking cockroach feces distribution and

abundance is essential. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of

fluorescent bait intake and defecation of UV-light-detectable fluorescent feces

from Blattella germanica as prerequisite for fece monitoring. (Zuzana

Varadínová, Daniel Frynta, Radek Aulický and Václav Stejska(2015),

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, Volume 155, Issue 3, 167-175)

 Cockroaches are a group of arthropods that are closely associated with an

anthropogenic environment, which can adversely impact on human health. The

adverse effect that has been best evidenced is allergy to cockroach proteins

(mainly proteases) present in its body, in saliva, intestinal contents, or in its fecal

pellets, which are associated with asthma in some patients. There is also

evidence for the role of cockroaches as a reservoir for pathogenic

microorganisms. The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), can carry

medically important parasites on its surface and inside its digestive tract,

including protozoa such as Ballantidium coli, Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba

histolytica, Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii. We have similarly

described the presence of a multi-flagellated protozoon, L. blattarum, in the gut of

B. germanica. (Woerden, H.C., Martínez-Girón, R. & Martínez-Torre, C(2020),

Acta Parasit. 65, 831–836)

The most frequent worldwide cockroaches mentioned in the "22 common

pest" or "22 unclean" species known as "group I" are Periplaneta americana,

Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, and Supella longipalpa. They have the

ability to infest any structure. Between January 2015 and July 2016, a meta-

analysis of all published material on cockroach infestation was done. Scientific

reports and publications on cockroach infestations and related issues were

gathered from PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Springer, Elsevier,

Scopus, and Google Scholar, among other sources. About 271 scientific

publications and papers were collected, and 63 were chosen for the detailed
synthesis review and meta-analysis following a preliminary evaluation. (Nasirian

H. (2017), Acta tropica, 167, 86–98.)

Cockroaches have been around for 300 million years, and there are about

4600 different species. Cockroaches have been linked to bacteria throughout

their history, and today Blattabacterium species thrive within specialized

bacteriocytes, recycling nitrogen from waste products from their hosts.

Cockroaches, particularly members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, but also

Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium species, can distribute potentially harmful

germs through feces and other deposits, and should be removed from areas

where hygiene is critical, such as hospitals and kitchens. Cockroaches, on the

other hand, contain bacteria that create metabolites or proteins that could be

used in industry. (Guzman, J., Vilcinskas, A.(2020), Applied Microbioogy andl

Biotechnoogyl 104, 10369–10387)

Cockroaches are a type of bug that appeared early in geological history.

Because of their age, they have a lot of generalized behavior and physiology,

thus they've been used a lot as model insects to study physiological and

biochemical mechanisms like water balance, nutrition, reproduction, genetics,

and insecticide resistance. As a result, there is a substantial amount of

knowledge on these topics. However, by using novel protocols, microchemical

analytical techniques, and molecular biology tools to investigate numerous

unresolved problems, much more can be discovered. (Donald E. Mullins(2015),

Annual Review of Entomology, Vol. 60:473-492)

Periplaneta Americana, Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, Periplaneta

australasiae, and Supella longipalpa are the most common cockroach species

found in human habitations or environments.3 In general, the role of cockroaches

in human infections is poorly understood and has been a topic of debate for

several years. There has been a significant accumulation of adequate research

data that contributes significantly to our understanding of this subject over the

last two decades.4 In this regard, the scientific community could benefit from a

review of available research data that can provide a global understanding of the

role of cockroaches in human infection transmission. (Donkor E. S. (2020),

Environmental health insights, 14, 1178630220913365)

Cockroaches have long been linked to infectious diseases due to their

ability to transmit various harmful organisms and parasites. Their importance in

allergy illnesses has just recently been discovered. The German cockroach,

Blattella germanica; the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana; the brown-

banded cockroach, Supella longipalpis; the Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis;

and the smokey brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa are the five most

common cockroach species found in homes and have the potential to contribute

to indoor allergens. The German cockroach and the American cockroach are the

most prevalent and studied of them. The German cockroach is a little cockroach

that measures around 16 mm in length and is regularly seen in American homes.

(R.D. Cohn(2019), in Encyclopedia of Environmental Health)

Pesticides

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that are commonly

used in agriculture, pest control services or in public health protection programs

in order to protect plants from pests, weeds or diseases, and humans from

vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and schistosomiasis.

Insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, and plant growth regulators are

typical examples. Pesticides are also used for improvement and maintenance of

non-agricultural areas like public urban green areas and sport fields.

Furthermore, there are no other known applications of these chemical

substances, such as in pet shampoos, building materials, and boat bottoms in

order to erase or prevent the presence of unwanted pests. (Nicolopoulou-Stamati

P, Maipas S, Kotampasi C, Stamatis P and Hens L (2016) Chemical Pesticides

and Human Health: The Urgent Need for a New Concept in Agriculture. Front.

Public Health 4:148. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00148)

Pesticides are chemicals (natural or synthetic) that are included in various

agricultural customs to prevent pests, weeds and diseases from destroying

plants. Pesticides sports a wide range of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides,

rodenticides, nematicides, etc. During the uprising of agricultural development,

pesticides became a catalyst for plant protection and enhanced crop yield.

However, in the final half of the nineteenth century, an increasing growth in the

world economy including the industrial and agricultural sectors became the

primary reason to the widespread production in the generation and utilization of

agriculture-based substances which often cause hazardous repercussions on the

environment. (Sharma, A., Kumar, V., Shahzad, B. et al. (2019) Worldwide

pesticide usage and its impacts on ecosystem. SN Appl. Sci. 1, 1446.)

Modern formulated chemicals that are called current-use pesticides

(CUPs), are invented to avoid PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic)

properties. In spite of that, they are very persistent to travel vast distances. Thus,

a handful of studies state the discovery of CUPs in air and surface water samples

in the Arctic. CUPs can often be seen leading among emerging pollutants (EPs)

– chemicals without regulatory status that might cause hazards to the

environment, but with no evident toxicologically evaluated data on their

properties, metabolism and ecological fate. (Kalyabina V, Esimbekova E,

Kopylova K and Kratasyuk V, (2021) Pesticides: formulants, distribution

pathways and effects on human health – a review, Toxicology Reports, Volume

8, Pages 1179-1192, ISSN 2214-7500.)

Pesticide poisoning of humans has long been considered a serious public

health issue. In 1990, a task committee of the World Health Organization (WHO)

estimated that 20,000 people die each year from the estimated one million
unintentional pesticides poisonings. Additionally, it was anticipated that

purposeful self-harm would cause two million cases. It was acknowledged that

pesticide poisoning had a disproportionately negative impact on individuals in the

developing world, and that the true number of cases was likely far greater given

the large number of unreported incidents. (Boedeker, W., Watts, M., Clausing, P.

et al. (2020) The global distribution of acute unintentional pesticide poisoning:

estimations based on a systematic review. BMC Public Health 20, 1875)

For farmers, pesticides reduce labor time and generally guarantee better

crop yield: pesticides can show you the difference between saving a crop and

losing it to disease. A few farmers, especially those who grows at a smaller

scale, use pesticides occasionally. For example, trees tend to get longer

exposure to disease in northeastern regions, especially at the blooming stage.

An apple or peach grower may mist their trees with a pesticide once in the spring

to ensure that the fruit is safe, but wont spray further for the rest of the season.

(foodprint.org, 2021)

Pesticides are chemicals that are used to prevent, kill, or control pest

animals and plants. Pesticides come in a variety of forms, including biopesticides

and synthetic pesticides. In addition to being widely used in agriculture,

pesticides are also used on a smaller scale in our homes and on ourselves. The

National Institute of Health (NIH) state that although the health consequences of

pesticide use are not fully understood, they have been linked to diseases like
cancer, diabetes, and neurological effects. (Jennifer J. Hsiao (2015) Genetically

Modified Organisms and Our Food)

According to a recent meta-analysis, children who are exposed to

pesticides indoors have a significantly higher risk of developing blood cancers

like leukemia and lymphoma. Additionally, a link has been found between

pesticide exposure and childhood brain tumors. The two types of blood cancers

mentioned above, which are among the most common childhood cancers, are

more likely to be diagnosed in children who are exposed to indoor insecticides

through inhalation or ingestion. A positive, though not statistically significant,

association between exposure to pesticides or herbicides at home during

childhood and brain tumors was also noted. (Muhammad Sarwar, Albert Lee

(2016) Indoor risks of pesticide uses are significantly linked to hazards of the

family members, Cogent Medicine)

Regrettably, the indiscriminate use of pesticides raises a number of issues

related to the environment and human health, such as soil and water pollution,

human and livestock diseases, and others. For instance, high levels of pesticide

residue have been discovered in food and water sources. Farmers of horticultural

crops in Uganda and coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Jamaica have reported

instances of pesticide poisoning, unsafe pesticide-handling techniques, and

inadequate use of personal protective equipment. In Poland in 2002, there were

103 cases of pesticide poisoning that resulted in four fatalities. (Egeghy, Peter P,
Okonya, Joshua, Sikhu-Kroschel, Jürgen (2015) A Cross-Sectional Study of

Pesticide Use and Knowledge of Smallholder Potato Farmers in Uganda)

Physical, chemical, and biological methods are all used to control pests,

and the choice of one method over another depends on a number of factors. The

use of substances known as "pesticides" forms the basis of the most efficient

pest control techniques. Agricultural and forestry industries are the biggest users

of pesticides. Pesticides are also widely used in a variety of trades, industries,

storage, and other spheres of domestic and commercial life. When pesticides are

applied correctly, they protect products, improve their quality, reduce labor costs,

and yield a sizable economic benefit. (Algimantas Mieldazys, Ramunas

Mieldazys, Gediminas Vilkevicius (2020) Agriculture - Use of pesticides/plant

protection products)

Over the past few decades, pesticide use has multiplied greatly. Pesticide

use worldwide is estimated to be around 5.2 billion pounds per year. Pesticide

use for pest control has spread throughout the world and is now typical practice.

They are used in homes as well as in agricultural fields to control pests like

cockroaches, mosquitoes, rats, fleas, ticks, and other noxious insects with

sprays, poisons, and powders. For this reason, in addition to their presence in

the air, pesticides are frequently found in our food supplies. (Mahmood, Isra,

Imadi, Sameen, Shazadi, Kanwal (2015) Effects of Pesticides on Environment)

 CHAPTER lll

Methodology

Treatment 1 chapter contains the Research Design, General Procedure of the

This

Study, the Instruments that is to be used and the Statistical Tool that the

researcher is going to use

Research Design

The researcher aims to answer the question, whether or whether not West

Indian Lantana (Lantana camara) as cockroach pesticide will be more effective

than using commercial cockroach pesticides. To find out, the researcher is going

to use an experimental research design. In this study, the researcher will use 4

treatments and 3 trials each to test in what concentration will it be more effective.

In Treatment 1, the researcher will not apply anything and this will be done three

times. In Treatment 2, the researcher will add 20g of West Indian Lantana

(Lantana camara) extract in the food and this will be done three times. In

Treatment 3, the researcher will add 30g of West Indian Lantana (Lantana

camara) extract and this will be done three times. In Treatment 4, the researcher

will add 25g of commercial pesticide in the food and this will be done three times.
 Trial 1
Legend
Trial 2
Treatment 1 – Nothing
Trial 3 Added (Control)

Treatment 2 – Added
20g of West Indian
Trial 1 Lantana extract
Treatment 2
Trial 2
Treatment 3 – Added 30
g of west Indian Lantana
Trial 3
Treatment 4 – Added
25g Commercial
Pesticide

Trial 1
Treatment 3
Trial 2

Trial 3

Trial 1
Treatment 4
Trial 2

Trial 3
General Procedure of the Study

Collection and Identification of L. camara

L. camara petals and leaves used were collected from Macopa Extention,

Brgy. West, General Santos City, Philippines, in January, 2023. The plant was

identified at the Department of Science, Mindanao State University, General

Santos City, Philippines. The extraction of Liquid from the petals and leaves of L.

camara was done at the laboratory of Mindanao State University, General Santos

City, Philippines. The petals and leaves collected were washed with clean water,

dried under room temperature(20°C) and trituratized using mortar and pestle.

The trituratized petals and leaves which weighed 75 g was poured into a glass jar

and labeled. A quantity of 80g of 80% Ethanol was poured into a glass jar

containing the trituratized petals and leaves. The jar was periodically shaken, and

after 72 hours, the mixture was filtered using CORDIAL filter paper, and this was

followed by the evaporation of Ethanol from L. Camara extract using a rotary

evaporator. This was done in vacuum and at a temperature of 40 °C. L. camara

extract was stored in an air-tight container and maintained at room temperature

until it was needed for the experiment.

Collection and Identification of Periplaneta Americana

One method was used for the collection of adults of P. americana which is

the hand collection method. The cockroaches were collected by hand picking

them using sterile hand gloves, around toilets, bathrooms and sinks. The

collection was done Prk. 6 Rajahmuda, Brgy. Bula, General Santos City,

Philippines in January, 2023. Cockroaches of the species P. americana collected

were identified using standard taxonomic, morphological and pictorial keys as

described by Ross (1965). P. americana is reddish brown to brown in colour with

light yellow bands around the shield behind the head that is there is substantial

variation in light and dark patterns on the pronotum. Adults of P. americana

collected were placed in 24 × 40 cm plastic containers and maintained at a

temperature of 30°C, in the laboratory of Irineo L. Santiago National High School

of Metro Dadiangas. The walls of the containers were smeared with a thin layer

of vaseline as described by Thavara et al. (2007) to prevent escape of

cockroaches, and they were fed with dry crumbled biscuits, bread, sugar and

water. They were allowed 48 h to get used to the laboratory environment before

commencement of the experiments

Research Instrument

This study will use two research instruments. Namely observation and

experiment. The researcher is going to use these research instruments to

determine the potential of West Indian Lantana as alternative cockroach

pesticide. In addition, the researchers are going to use 75g of commercial

pesticide, 330g of West Indian Lantana petals and leaves, Mortar and Pestle,

Rotary Evaporator, 6pcs Filter Paper, 8pcs Gloves, Beaker, 4pcs Dish, 8 packs

of Biscuit, 40g Sugar, 2 packs of Bread, 80g of Water, 80g of 80% Ethanol, 6pcs

Glass Jar, Weighing Scale, 4pcs Thermometer, a Pen and 12 sheets of Paper.

Statistical Tool

One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the level

of significance among the various groups. This way, the researchers can

determine if there is or no significant difference between the groups.

Bibliography