ASME BPVCY-2019, ARTICLE 2 ARTICLE 2 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-210 SCOPE The radiographic method described in this Article for examination of materials including castings and welds shall be used together with Article 1, General Require- ‘ments. Definitions of terms used in this Article are in Article 1, Mandatory Appendix I, 1-121.1, RT — Radiography. Certain product-specific, technique-specific, and application-specific requirements are also given in other Mandatory Appendices of this Article, as listed in the table of contents, These additional requirements shall also be complied with when an Appendix is applicable to the radiographie or radioscopic examination being conducted, 1-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 7-221 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS 7-221.1 Written Procedure. Radiographic examina- tion shall be performed in accordance with a written pro- cedure, Each procedure shall include at least the following information, as applicable: (a) material type and thickness range (2) isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used (c) source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1) (@) distance from source side of object to film (d in T2741) (@) source size (F in T-274.1) 0) film brand and designation (@) screens used T-221.2 Procedure Demonstration. Demonstration of the density and image quality indicator (IQ1) image re- quirements of the written procedure on production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with that procedure. 1-222 SURFACE PREPARATION 7-222.1 Materials Including Cast satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials spec- ification or referencing Code Section, with additional con- ditioning, if necessary, by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot ‘mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph. 39 7-222.2 Welds. The weld ripples or weld surface ir- regularities on both the inside (where accessible) and ‘outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot ‘mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity oon the resulting radiograph. ‘The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be ‘lush with the base material or may have reasonably uni- form crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that spe- cified in the referencing Code Section. 7-223 BACKSCATTER RADIATION Alead symbol "B," with minimum dimensions of “/¢ in. (14 mm) in height and hen. (1.5 mm) in thickness, shall be attached tothe backof each im holder during each ex- posure to determine i backscatter radiation Is exposing the fim. The lead symbol “B° shall be placed in a location so that t would appear within an area on the radlegraph hat meets the requirements of 1-282, Vil-288, or 15-200, a8 applicable 7-224 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION A system shall be used to produce permanent identifi cation on each radiograph traceable to the contract, com- ponent, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as appropriate. In addition, the Manufacturer's symbol or name and the date of the radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included on the radiograph. An NDE subcontractor’s name or symbol may also be used to- gether with that of the Manufacturer. This identification system does not necessarily require that the information appear as radiographic images. In any case, this informa- tion shall not obscure the area of interest. 1-225 MONITORING DENSITY LIMITATIONS OF RADIOGRAPHS Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film density, 1-226 EXTENT OF EXAMINATION ‘The extent of radiographic examination shall be as spe- ified by the referencing Code Section, a9) a9)ARTICLE 2 ASME BPVCY-2019 7-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Table 7-233.2 1-231 FILM Wire 1Q1 Designation, Wire Diameter, and T2312 Selection, Radiographs shall be made using Wire Identity industrial radiographic fm, saa Tan T-231.2 Processing. Standard Guide for Controlling | Wire Diameter, Wire [Wire Dames re the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing, so. {oom entiy | inom) density ‘SE-999, or Sections 23 through 26 of Standard Guide for oan (O08) i 0.210 (025) . Radiograph Examination SE94,may beused asa guide | 0402 2 | gniaeay for processing film, excep that Section BofSE-999 ig | gomsioas) 3 paeceas) nat required cme, 6 $ | teeteg 7-232 INTENSIFYING SCREENS Intensifying screens may be used when performing | —yarepiamersn wie) Wire Dinmeten, Wire radiographic examination in accordance with this Article. in (uum) dency | tm (nn entity ooo) a 100 G59 16 ‘T-233 IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR (IQI) DESIGN 0.040 (1.02) 2 0.126 (320) aw T-233.1 Standard 1QI Design. |QIs shall be either the 0050 (127) 13 0.260 (4.06) i hole type or the wire ype HolesypeIQhs shal be manu- | 986808) 3 amon 8 ments of alternates allowed in SE-1025, Wire-type IQIs shall be manufactured and identified in accordance with the requirements or alternates allowed in SE-747, except that the largest wire number or the identity number may be omitted, ASME standard [QIs shall consist of those in Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type. Table 7-233.1 Hole-Type IQ! Designation, Thickness, and Hole Diameters Qt Thickness, 5 0.005 (0.15) ‘010 (025) 20 (051) 0040 (2.02) 7 20075 (019) 010 025) azo (051) 0040 (202) 0 6.010 (025) 610 025) azo (051) 040 (102) 2 0325 (032) 20125 (032) ozs (ves) 0050 (227 5 0015 (038) 015 (038) 1030 076) 0.9060 (132) 0 00175 044) 0.0175 (048) 0035 089) 0070478) 2» 020 (051) 1020 (051) ceo (102) 0.000 (203) 5 0.025 (064) 025 (068) 0950 (127) 0300250 30 9.030 (076) 8.050 (076) geo (152) 0320 (305) 35 0.035 (085) 1.635 (085) aa70 (178) 0140356) ” 040 (2.02) f.ot0 (02) 1a80 (203) 0.360 (4.06) 6 045 (114) 04s (134) 1950 225) a0 (457 50 6.050 (127) 8.050 (227) 0300 (254) 0200 (508) © 0.060 (152) 2060 (152) 20 303) 0240 (610) 0 6.070 (178) 070 (2.78) 0440 (56) 0200 (73 ® 0.080 (203) ‘.oa0 (203) 2160 (408) 0320 (833) 100 100 (254) 100 258) 0200 (508) 0400 (1016 120 0.120 (305) 320 05) 0240 (610) 040 (2239) vo 140 3.56) 140 3.56) 0280 (11) 0560 (142) 160 0.160 (406) 0260 406) 0320 813) 640 (626) 200 0.200 (508) 1.200 (505) 400 (10:18) 6240 (610) 1.240 (620) 1490 (1219) 40as) ASME BPVCY-2019, 7-233.2 Alternative IQI Design. 1QIs designed and ‘manufactured in accordance with other national or inter- national standards may be used provided the require- ments of either (a) or (b) below, and the material requirements of T-276.1 are met. (a) Hole-Iype IQls. The calculated Equivalent 1Ql Sensi- tivity (EPS), per SE-1025, Appendix Xi, is equal to or bet- ter than the required standard hle-type IQ. (2) Wire-Type IQis. The alternative wire IQ] essential wire diameter is equal to or less than the required stan- dard IQI essential wire 1-234 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING OF RADIOGRAPHS, Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not cause reflections, sha: dows, or glare on the radiograph that interfere with the interpretation process. Equipment used to view radio- graphs for interpretation shall provide a variable light Source sufficient for the essential 1QU hole or designated wire to be visible for the specified density range. The viewing conditions shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming through low- density portions ofthe radiograph does not interfere with interpretation, 7-260 CALIBRATION 1-261 SOURCE SIZE T-261.1 Verification of Source Size. The equipment ‘manufacturer's or supplier’s publications, such as techni- cal manuals, decay curves, or written statements docu- menting the actual or maximum source size oF focal spot, shall be acceptable as source size verification, 7-261.2 Determination of Source Size. When manu- facturer’s or supplier's publications are not available, source size may be determined as follows: (a) X-Ray Machines, For X-ray machines operating at 1,000 kV and less, the focal spot size may be determined in accordance with SE-1165, Standard Test Method for ‘Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging. (8) Iridium-192 Sources. For Iridium-192, the source size may be determined in accordance with SE-1114, Standard Test Method for Determining the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Sources. 7-262 DENSITOMETER AND STEP WEDGE COMPARISON FILM 7-262.1 Densitometers. Densitometers shall be call: brated at least every 3 months during use as follows: (a) A national standard step tablet or a step wedge ca- libration film, traceable to a national standard step tablet land having at least five steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 440, shall be used. The step wedge ca- libration film shall have been verified within the last year a ARTICLE 2 by comparison with a national standard step tablet un- less, prior to first use, it was maintained in the original light-tight and waterproof sealed package as supplied by the manufacturer. Step wedge calibration films may be used without verification for one year upon opening, provided itis within the manufacturer's stated shelf life. (8) The densitometer manufacturer's step-by-step in- structions for the operation of the densitometer shall be followed, (¢) The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibra- tion film shall be read. (d) The densitometer is acceptable if the density read- ings do not vary by more than 0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step ta- blet or step wedge calibration film. T-262.2 Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge ‘comparison films shall be verified prior to first use, unless performed by the manufacturer, as follows: (a) The density of the steps on a step wedge compar son film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer. (2) The step wedge comparison film is acceptable ifthe density readings do not vary by more than 40.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge compar- ison film, 7-262.3 Periodic Verification. (a) Densitometers. Periodic cablibration verification checks shall be performed as described in -262.1 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, ‘or after change of apertures, whichever comes first. (2) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Verification checks shall be performed annually per -262.2. T-262.4 Documentation. (a) Densitometers, Densitometer calibrations required by T-262.1 shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step da not have to be recorded, Periodic densit- ‘ometer verification checks required by T-262.3(a) do not have to be documented. (2) Step Wedge Calibration Films, Step wedge calibra: tion film verifications required by T-262.1(a) shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded, (¢) Step Wedge Comparison Films. Step wedge compar- ison film verifications required by T-262.2 and 1-262.3(b) shall be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded, 1-270 EXAMINATION T-271_ RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE” A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical. When it is not practical to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall techniqueARTICLE 2 shall be used. An adequate number of exposures shall be ‘made to demonstrate that the required coverage has been obtained, T-271.1 _Single-Wall Technique. In the single-wall technique, the radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph, T-271.2_ Double-Wall Technique. When itis not prac- tical to use a single-wall technique, one of the following. double-wall techniques shall be used, (a) Single-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds in components, a technique may be used in which the radia- tion passes through two walls and only the weld (materi al) on the film-side wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. When complete coverage is required for ci cumferential welds (materials), a minimum of three expo- sures taken 120 deg to each other shall be made. (6) Double-Wall Viewing. For materials and for welds in components 3%, in. (89 mm) or less in nominal outside diameter, a technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld (material) in both wallls is viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph, For double-wall viewing, only a source-side 1QI shall be used, (1) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an angle sufficient to separate the images of the source-side and film-side portions of the ‘weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to be inter. preted. When complete coverage is required, a minimum. of two exposures taken 90 deg to each other shall be made for each joint. (2) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed ‘with the radiation beam positioned so that the images of both walls are superimposed. When complete coverage is required, a minimum of three exposures taken at either 60 deg or 120 deg to each other shall be made for each joint. G) Additional exposures shall be made if the re quired radiographic coverage cannot be obtained using the minimum number of exposures indicated in (1) or (2) above, 1-272 RADIATION ENERGY ‘The radiation energy employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve the density and IQ image require: ments of this Article. 1-273 DIRECTION OF RADIATION ‘The direction of the central beam of radiation should be centered on the area of interest whenever practical 2 ASME BPVCY-2019 1-274 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS. T-274.1 Geometric Unsharpness Determination. Geometric unsharpness of the radiograph shall be deter ‘mined in accordance with: % Fa/D where D = distance from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed d = distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film F = source size: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being radiographed U, = geometric unsharpness D and d shall be determined at the approximate center of the area of interest. NOTE: Alternatively, 2 nomograph as shown in Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination SE-94 may be use. 1-274.2. Geometric Unsharpness Limitations. Rec- ommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness are as follows: Material Thickness, in. (rum) —__U, Maximum in. (mm) ier 2 (50) (0020 (051) 2 enough 3 (50-75) 0030 (076) (ver 3 trough 4 (75-100) 040 (1.02) Greater than 4 (100) 070 (1.78) [NOTE: Matera thickness isthe thickness on whlch the Ql is based, 1-275 LOCATION MARKERS Location markers (see Figure 7-275), which shall ap, pear as radiographic images on the radiograph, shall be placed on the part, not on the exposure holder/cassette. ‘Their locations shall be permanently marked on the sur- face of the part being radiographed when permitted, or fon a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its location oon the part, for the required retention period of the radio- graph, Evidence shall also be provided on the radiograph that the required coverage of the region being examined has been obtained, Location markers shall be placed as follows. 7-275. Single-Wall Viewing. (a) Source-Side Markers. Location markers shall be placed on the source side when radiographing the following: (1) flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindri cal or conical components;ARTICLE 2 ASME BPVCY-2019 aigeidaace 51 sonia 4 —s2tu29 wsuedweg © —seyew uoHe907 ‘anzon 238 SoUEISIP UI, seuodwo pening ojgeidease spemisy igeidoo.eun ‘apis asnos, uouodwos ‘,qpidooseun pie wis aigeideazeun ‘pie tg saying sey uoRe201 Si2-1 sunbig 43 ias) ARTICLE 2 (2) curved or spherical components whose concave side Is toward the source and when the "source-to material” distance is less than the inside radius of the component; {(@) curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source. (b) Film-Side Markers (1) Location markers shall be placed on the film side ‘when radiographing either curved or spherical compo: nents whose concave side is toward the source and when the "source-to-material” distance is greater than the in side radius. (2) As an alternative to source-side placement in T-275.1(a)(1), location markers may be placed on the film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the lo cation markers to the extent demonstrated by Figure 1-275, sketch (e), and when this alternate is documented In accordance with T-291 (6) Either Side Markers. Location markers may be placed on either the source side or film side when radio graphing either curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and the "source-to material” distance equals the inside radius of the component. 7-275.2 Double-Wall Viewing. For double-wall viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed adja cent to the weld (or on the material in the area of interest) for each radiograph. 7-275. Mapping the Placement of Location Mar- kers. When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as stipulated in T-275.1 and T-2752, a dimensioned map of the actual marker place: ‘ment shall accompany the radiographs to show that full coverage has been obtained, 1-276 1Q1 SELECTION 1-276.1 Material. 1QIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified in SE-1025 for hole type or SE-747 for wire type, or from an alloy material group or grade with less radiation ab sorption than the material being radiographed. 7-276.2 Size. The designated hole IQ! or essential wire shall be as specified in Table T-276. A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI may be substituted for any section thickness listed in Table 1-276, provided an equivalent QI sensitivity is maintained. See -283.2, (a) Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on which the IQ1 is based is the nominal single-wall material thick: ness plus the weld reinforcement thickness estimated to be present on both sides of the weld (.D. and 0.D.). The values used for the estimated weld reinforcement thick. nesses shall be representative of the weld conditions and shall not exceed the maximums permitted by the re- ferencing Code Section. Physical measurement of the “6 ASME BPVCY-2019 actual weld reinforcements is nat required. Backing rings ‘or strips shall not be considered as part ofthe thickness in 1Q1 selection, (b) Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness on hich the 1QL is based is the nominal single-wall material thickness, Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection, (6) Actual Values. With regard to (2) and (b) above, when the actual material/weld thickness is measured, IQI selection may be based on these known values. 1-276.3 Welds Joining Dissimilar Materials or Welds With Dissimilar Filler Metal. When the weld metal Js of an alloy group or grade that has a radiation attenua: tion that differs from the base material, the IQI material selection shall be based on the weld metal and be in ac- cordance with T-276.1. When the density limits of ‘T-282.2 cannot be met with one IQI, and the exceptional density area(s) is at the interface of the weld metal and the base metal, the material selection for the additional IQls shall be based on the base material and be in accor dance with 7-276. 1-277 USE OF IQIS TO MONITOR RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION T-277.1 Placement of IQls. (a) Source-Side 1Qi(s). The 1QI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except for the condition described in (b). When, due to part or weld configuration or size, itis not practical to place the IQi(s) on the part or weld, the IQI(s} ‘may be placed on a separate block. Separate blocks shall bbe made of the same or radiographically similar materials {as defined in SE-1025) and may be used to facilitate IQ] positioning. There is no restriction on the separate block thickness, provided the 1QI/area-of-interest density toler- ance requirements of 1-282.2 are met. (1) The 1QI on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to the film than the source side of the part being radiographed. (2) The separate block shall be placed as close as pos sible to the part being radiographed. (3) When hole-type IQs are used, the block dime sions shall exceed the IQ dimensions such that the out- line of at least three sides of the 1Q1 image shall be visible on the radiograph. (8) Film-Side IQI(s). Where inaccessibility prevents hhand placing the IQI(s} on the source side, the 1Qi(s) shall bee placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter "F" shall be placed adjacent to or on the 1QI(s), but shall not mask the essential hole where hole IQs are used. (6) 1Q1 Placement for Welds — Hole IQts. The 1QI(s) may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identification number(s) and, when used, the lead letter "F shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric contig- uration makes it impractical, as)ASME BPVCY-2019, ARTICLE 2 Table T-276 1Q1 Selection Nominal Single-Wall Material Thickness |” HoleType Essential _WireType | HWoloType Essential WireType Range, tn. (um) Designation Hole Essential Wie| Designation Hole Essential Wire pro o75 inl (54) 2 ar 5 10 2 + Over 025 through 0275 (64 trough 95) 5 ar 6 2 ar 5 Over 0.75 through 050 (9.5 through 127) 7 ar 7 5 2 6 Over 050 through 075 (127 through 190) 20 ar 8 ” ar 7 Over 075 through 1.00 (19. through 25.4) 25 ar 9 20 ar 8 Over 1.00 through 150 254 through 381) 30 ar 0 2s ar 9 Over 150 through 200 (381 through 508) 35 ar 1 30 ar 1 Over 200 through 250 (503 through 635) 40 ar 2 35 ar n Over 250 though 400 (635 tough 1018) 50 ar 3 ” ar 2 Over 4.0 through 690 (101.6 through 152.) 0 ar 4 ar B Over 600 though 00 (152. though 2082) a0 ar 16 ar vs Over 8.90 though 10.00 (2032 through 2540) | 100, ar ” a ar 16 Over 1000 through 1200 (2540 through 3048)] 120 ar 8 100 ar 7 Over 12.0 through 16.00 (3048 through 406.)] 160 ar 20 120 ar 18 ver 1600 throwgh 20.00 (06.4 through soa.)] 200, ar 2 160 a 20 (@) 1QI Placement for Welds — Wire IQls. The 1QI(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the lengths ofthe wires are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the weld. The IQ] Identification and, when used, the lead letter "F shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric config- uration makes it impractical (¢) 1QI Placement for Materials Other Than Welds. The 1QI{s) with the IQ] identification and, when used, the lead letter “F” may be placed in the area of interest T-277.2 Number of IQls. When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IOI image shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below. (a) Multiple 101s. 1 the requirements of T-282 are met by using more than one IQl, one shall be representative ofthe lightest area of interest and the other the darkest area of interest; the intervening densities on the radio- raph shall be considered as having acceptable density. (@) Special Cases" (1) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure, at Teast three IQs, spaced approximately 120 deg apart, are required under the following conditions (-a) When the complete circumference is radio- aphed using one or more film holders, or; (-b) When a section or sections of the circumfer- ence, where the lengti between the ends ofthe outermost sections span 240 or more deg, is radiographed using one ‘or more film holders, Additional film locations may be re- quired to obtain necessary IQl spacing, (2) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the component for a single exposure, at east three IQls, with one placed at each end of the span ‘of the circumference radiographed and one in the approx imate center of the span, are required under the following conditions: (-a) When a section of the circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg and less than 240 deg, Is radiographed using just one film holder, or; (Cb) When a section or sections of the circumfer- cence, where the length between the ends of the outermost sections span less than 240 deg, is radiographed using more than one film holder, (3) In (1) and (2) above, where sections of longitud nal welds adjoining the circumferential weld are radio- graphed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, an additional QI shall be placed on each longitudinal ‘weld at the end of the section most remote from the junc- ton with the circumferential weld being radiographed, (4) For spherical components where the source Is placed at the center of the component for a single expo- sure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately 120 deg, apart, are required under the following conditions: (-a) When a complete circumference is radio- graphed using one or more film holders, or; (Cb) When a section or sections ofa circumference, ‘where the length between the ends of the outermost sec- tions span 240 or more deg, is radiographed using one or ‘more film holders, Additional film locations may be re- quired to obtain necessary IQI spacing,ARTICLE 2 (5) For spherical components where the source Is placed at the center of the component for a single expo sure, atleast three IQIs, with one placed at each end of ‘the span of the circumference radiographed and one in the approximate center of the span, are required under the following conditions (a) When a section of a circumference, the length of which is greater than 120 deg and less than 240 deg, is radiographed using just one film holder, or; b) When a section or sections ofa circumference, where the length between the ends of the outermost sec- ‘ions span less than 240 deg is radiographed using more than one film holder. (6)1m (+) and (5) above, where other welds are radiographed simultaneously with the circumferential weld, one additional 1Q] shall be placed on each other weld (7) For segments of a flat or curved (Le, ellipsoidal, torispherical, toriconical, elliptical, etc.) component ‘where the source is placed perpendicular to the center of a length of weld for a single exposure when using more than three fli holders, at least three IQls, one placed at each end of the radiographed span and one in the approx: Imate center of the span, are required. (8) When an array of components in a circle is radio graphed, at least one IQI shall show on each component image. 9) In order to maintain the continuity of records in volving subsequent exposures, all radiographs exhibiting. IQls that qualify the techniques permitted in accordance ‘with (1) through (7) above shall be retained, T-2773 Shims Under Hole-Type IQls. For welds, a shim of material radiographically similar to the weld me- tal shall be placed between the part and the IQ, ifneeded, so that the radiographic density throughout the area of in terest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than) the radiographic density through the designated 11 adjacent to the essential hole, ‘The shim dimensions shall exceed the 1Q1 dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the IQ im age shall be visible in the radiograph, 7-280 EVALUATION 7-281 QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS Allradiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes to the extent that they do not mask and are not confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object being radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to: (a) fogging: (b) processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains; (c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears; (d) false indications due to defective screens. 46 ASME BPVCY-2019 7-282 RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY T-282.1 Density Limitations. The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the body of the designated hole-type IQl adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the essential wire of a wire-type IQI and the area of interest shall be 1.8 minimum for single film view- ing for radiographs made with an X-ray source and 2.0 ‘minimum for radiographs made with a gamma ray source. For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a minimum density of 1.3. The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing. A tolerance of 0.05 in density is al- lowed for variations between densitometer readings. -282.2 Density Variation. (a) The density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest shall not (1) vary by more than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the designated hole-type IQl adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the esser tial wire of a wire-type IQI, and (2) exceed the minimum/maximum allowable den- sity ranges specified in T-282.1 ‘When calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in 7-282.1 (2) When the requirements of (a) above are not met, then an additional [QI shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph retaken, (c) When shims are used with hole-type IQIs, the plus ‘30% density restriction of (a) above may be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of 7-282.1 do not apply for the IQ], provided the required IQI sensitivity of 1-283.1 is met. 7-283 1QI SENSITIVITY -283.1 Required Sensitivity. Radiography shall be performed with a technique of sufficient sensitivity to dis- play the designated hole-type 1QI image and the essential hole, or the essential wire of a wire-type IQl. The radio- graphs shall also display the IQl identifying numbers and letters, Ifthe designated hole-type IQl image and es- sential hole, or essential wire of a wire-type IQH, do not show on any film in a multiple film technique, but do show in composite film viewing, interpretation shall be permitted only by composite film viewing, For wire-type IQIs, the essential wire shall be visible within the area of interest representing the thickness used for determining the essential wire, inclusive of the allowable density variations described in T-282. 7-283.2 Equivalent Hole-Type IQ! Sensitivity. A thinner or thicker hole-type IQI than the designated IQ] ‘may be substituted, provided an equivalent or better IQ] sensitivity, as listed in Table T-283, is achieved and all other requirements for radiography are met, Equivalent Ql sensitivity is shown in any row of Table 7-283 which contains the designated IQ1 and hole. Better 1QI sensitivity as)ASME BPVCY-2019, Js shown in any row of Table T-283 which Is above the equivalent sensitivity row. Ifthe designated 1QI and hole are not represented in the table, the next thinner IQI row from Table T-283 may be used to establish equivalent IQ] sensitivity 7-284 EXCESSIVE BACKSCATTER Ifa light image of the "B," as described in 7-223, ap- pears on a darker background of the radiograph, protec- tion from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the 'BY on a lighter background is not cause for rejection, 7-285 EVALUATION BY MANUFACTURER The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation, and acceptance of the com: pleted radiographs to assure compliance with the re- quirements of Article 2 and the referencing Code Section, As an aid to the review and evaluation, the radio- ‘aphic technique documentation required by 7-291 shall be completed prior to the evaluation. The radiograph re- view form required by T-292 shall be completed during the evaluation, The radiographic technique details and the radiograph review form documentation shall accom pany the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed prlor to presentation of the radiographs and accompany: ing documentation to the Inspector. Table T-283 oloype Designation __Eaulvalent Hole Type Designations 27 Hale ‘ATHole “AT Hole 10 15 5 15 20 10 2s as ” a5 so 25 100 140 ” 160 240 120 a7 ARTICLE 2 T-290 DOCUMENTATION 7-291 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE DOCUMENTATION DETAILS ‘The organization shall prepare and document the radiographic technique details. As a minimum, the follow- ing information shall be provided, (a) the requirements of Article 1, T-190(a) (BP identification as required by 1-224 (©) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with 1-275:3 (a) number of radiographs (exposures) (6) X-ray voltage or isotope type used (D source size (Fin 1-274.1) (g) base material type and thickness, weld thickness, ‘weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable (h) source-to-object distance (D in -274.1) {distance from source side of object to film (4 in T2744) @) film manufacturer and their assigned type/ designation {(K) number of film in each film holder/cassette () single- or double-wall exposure (m) single- or double-wall viewing 7-292 RADIOGRAPH REVIEW FORM ‘The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the prepara- tion of a radiograph review form. As a minimum, the fol- lowing information shall be provided, (a) alisting of each radiograph location () the information required in T-291, by inclusion of the information on the review form or by reference to an attached radiographic technique details sheet (¢) evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or weld(s) examined (@) identification (name) of the Manufacturer's repre- sentative who performed the final acceptance of the radiographs (@) date of Manufacturer's evaluation