ARTICLE 7 ASME BPVCY-2019 ARTICLE 7 MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION as) T-710 SCOPE When specified by the referencing Code Section, the magnetic particle examination techniques described in this Article shal be used, In general, this Article is in con formance with SE-709, Standard Guide for Magnetic Par- ticle Testing. This document provides details to be considered in the procedures used. When this Article is specified by a referencing Code Section, the magnetic particle method described in this Article shall be used together with Article 1, General Re- quirements. Definition of terms used in this Article are in Article 1, Mandatory Appendix |, -121.4, MT — Mag- netic Particle 7-720 GENERAL ‘The magnetic particle examination method is applied to detect cracks and other discontinuities on the surfaces of ferromagnetic materials. The sensitivity is greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes rapidly with in creasing depth of discontinuities below the surface. Typ cal types of discontinuities that can be detected by this method are cracks, laps, seams, cold shuts, and laminations. In principle, this method involves magnetizing an area to be examined, and applying ferromagnetic particles (the examination’s medium) to the surface. Particle patterns form on the surface where the magnetic field is forced out of the part and over discontinuities to cause a leakage fleld that attracts the particles. Particle patterns are usually characteristic of the type of discontinuity that is detected. ‘Whichever technique is used to produce the magnetic flux in the part, maximum sensitivity will be to linear dis continuities oriented perpendicular to the lines of flux. For optimum effectiveness in detecting all types of dis continuities, each area is to be examined at least twice, with the lines of flux during one examination being ap proximately perpendicular to the lines of flux during the other. T-721_ WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS T-72L.1 Requirements. Magnetic particle examina: tion shall be performed in accordance with a written pro- cedure, which shall, as 2 minimum, contain the 224 requirements listed in Table T-721. The written proce- dure shall establish a single value, or range of values, for each requirement. T-721.2 Procedure Qualification. When procedure qualification is specified by the referencing Code Section, a change ofa requirement in Table T-721 identified as an essential variable shall require requalification of the writ: ten procedure by demonstration. A change of a require- ment identified as a nonessential variable does not require requalification of the written procedure. All changes of essential or nonessential variables from those specified within the written procedure shall require revi- sion of, or an addendum to, the written procedure. 1-730 EQUIPMENT A suitable and appropriate means for producing the necessary magnetic flux in the part shall be employed, using one or more of the techniques listed in and de scribed in 7-750, 1-731 EXAMINATION MEDIUM ‘The finely divided ferromagnetic particles used for the examination shall meet the following requirements. (a) Particle Types. The particles shall be treated to im- part color (fluorescent pigments, nonfluorescent pig. ‘ments, or both) in order to make them highly visible (contrasting) against the background of the surface being examined, (b) Particles. Dry and wet particles and suspension v hicles shall be in accordance with the applicable specifica- tions listed in SE-709, para. 2.2 (c) Temperature Limitations. Particles shall be used ‘within the temperature range limitations set by the man- tufacturer of the particles. Alternatively, particles may be used outside the particle manufacturer's recommenda- tions providing the procedure is qualified in accordance with Article 1, 1-150 at the proposed temperature as)ASME BPVCY-2019, ARTICLE 7 Table T-721 Requirements of a Magnetic Particle Examination Procedure Requirement ‘Magnetiing technique “Magnetaing current type or amperage oulde range speclied by ths Article or ae previously Surface preparation Magnetic parses (uoresent/isile, colo, parte siz, wel/dey) Method of partici application Method of excess partie removal Minima ight intensity sting coatings, greater than the chciness demonstrated Pesformance demonstration, when requir ‘manufactrer of the paticies or asprviewsly qua shape or sie ofthe examination objet Equipment ofthe same type Temperature (within those specified by manufcurer oF as previously qualifies) Post examination cleaning technique Essential Variable Variable T-740 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS T-741 SURFACE CONDITIONING T-741.1 Preparation, (a) Satisfactory results are usually obtained when the surfaces are in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as- forged conditions. However, surface preparation by grinding or machining may be necessary where surface ir- regularities could mask indications due to discontinuities. (®) Prior to magnetic particle examination, the surface to be examined and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in, (25 mm) shall be dry and free ofall dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding ux and spatter, oil, or other extraneous ‘matter that could interfere with the examination, (©) Cleaning may be accomplished using detergents, or- ganic solvents, descaling solutions, paint removers, vapor degreasing, sand or grit blasting, or ultrasonic cleaning methods, (@) if nonmagnetic coatings are left on the part in the area being examined, itshall be demonstrated that indica- tlons can be detected through the existing maximum coat- ing thickness applied, When AC yoke technique is used, the demonstration shall be in accordance with Mandatory Appendix I of this Article, T-741.2 _Nonmagnetic Surface Contrast Enhance- ‘ment. Nonmagnetic surface contrasts may be applied by the examiner to uncoated surfaces, only in amounts suff: cient to enhance particle contrast. When nonmagnetic surface contrast enhancement is used, it shall be demon- strated that indications can be detected through the 225 ‘enhancement. Thickness measurement of this nonmag- netic surface contrast enhancement is not required. NOTE: Refer to 1-150(a) for guidance forthe demonstration re quired in7-741.1(6) and 7-7412, 1-750 TECHNIQUE 1-751 TECHNIQUES One or more of the following five magnetization tech- niques shall be used (a) prod technique (®) longitudinal magnetization technique (© circular magnetization technique (@) yoke technique (e) multidirectional magnetization technique 1-752 PROD TECHNIQUE 1-752. Magnetizing Procedure. For the prod tech- nique, magnetization is accomplished by portable prod type electrical contacts pressed against the surface in the area to be examined. To avoid arcing, a remote control switch, which may be built into the prod handles, shall be provided to permit the current to be applied after the prods have been properly positioned. 7-752.2_ Magnetizing Current. Direct or rectified tmagnetizing current shall be used, The current shall be 100 (minimum) amp/in. (4 amp/mm) to 125 (maximum) amp/in. (5 amp/mm) of prod spacing for sections Yin. (19 mm) thick or greater. For sectionsARTICLE 7 less than ', in. (19 mm) thick, the current shall be 90 amp/in. (3.6 amp/mm) to 110 amp/in (444 amp/mm) of prod spacing. 1-752.3 Prod Spacing. Prod spacing shall not exceed Bin, (200 mm). Shorter spacing may be used to accommo date the geometric limitations of the area being examined or to increase the sensitivity, but prod spacings of less than 3 in. (75 mm) are usually not practical due to band ing of the particles around the prods, The prod tips shall be kept clean and dressed. Ifthe open circuit voltage of the magnetizing current source is greater than 25 V, lead, steel, of aluminum (rather than copper) tipped prods are recommended to avoid copper deposits on the part being examined, 1-753 LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION ‘TECHNIQUE 1-753. Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, magnetization is accomplished by passing current through a multi-turn fixed col (or cables) that is wrapped around the part or section of the part to be examined, This produces a longitudinal magnetic field parallel to the axis of the coll Ifa fixed, prewound coil is used, the part shall be placed neat the side of the coil during inspection. This is of spe cial importance when the coil opening is more than 10 times the cross-sectional area of the part. 1-753.2_ Magnetic Field Strength. Direct or rectified current shall be used to magnetize parts examined by this technique. The required field strength shall be calculated based on the length L and the diameter D of the part in accordance with (2) and (b), or as established in (a) and (c), below. Long parts shall be examined in sections not to exceed 18 in, (450 mm), and 18 in, (450 mm) shall be used for the part Lin calculating the required field strength. For noncylindrical parts, D shall be the maxi mum cross-sectional diagonal, (a) Parts With L/D Ratios Equal to or Greater Than 4. The magnetizing current shall be within 10% of the ampere-turns’ value determined as follows: 35,000 Amperesurs = Tipp For example, a part 10 in, (250 mm) long x 2 in, (50 mm) diameter has an L/D ratio of 5. Therefore, 35,000 Tae ay = 000ampeetus 226 ASME BPVCY-2019 (b) Parts With L/D Ratios Less Than 4 but Not Less Than 2. The magnetizing ampere-turns shall be within 10% of the ampere-turns’ value determined as follows: 45,000 Amperecurns = Sit (6) Parts With L/D Ratios Less Than 2, Coll magnetiza ‘ion technique cannot be used. (@) If the area to be magnetized extends beyond 9 in. (225 mm) on either side of the coil’s center, field ade quacy shall be demonstrated using a magnetic field indi- cator of artificial flaw shims per 7-764. (e) For large parts due to size and shape, the magnetizing current shall be 1200 ampere-turns to 4500 ampere-turns, The field adequacy shall be di monstrated using artificial flaw shims or a pie-shaped ‘magnetic field indicator in accordance with T-764. A Hall-Effect probe gaussmeter shall not be used with encir- cling coil magnetization techniques. 7-753.3 Magnetizing Current. The current required to obtain the necessary magnetizing field strength shall be determined by dividing the ampere-tuns obtained in steps 7-753.2(a) oF T-753.2(b) by the number of turns in the coil as follows: ampere-turns Amperes meter reading) = Pete For example, if a 5-turn coil is used and the ampere. tums required are 5000, use 5000 soo0amperes (+ 10%) 1-754 CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUE T-754. Direct Contact Technique. (a) Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, magneti- zation is accomplished by passing current through the part to be examined. This produces a circular magnetic field that is approximately perpendicular to the direction of current flow in the part (b) Magnetizing Current. Direct or rectified (half-wave rectified or full-wave rectified) magnetizing current shall be used, (2) The current shall be 300 amp/in, (12 A/mm) to £800 amp/in. (31 A/mm) of outer diameter. (2)For parts with geometric shapes other than round, the greatest cross-sectional diagonal in a plane at right angles to the current flow shall be used in lieu of the outer diameter in (1) above. (3) Ifthe current levels required for (1) cannot be ob: tained, the maximum current obtainable shall be used and the field adequacy shall be demonstrated in accordance with T-764,ASME BPVCY-2019, 7-754.2 Central Conductor Technique. (a) Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, a central conductor is used to examine the internal surfaces of ey- lindrically or ring-shaped parts, The central conductor technique may also be used for examining the outside sur- faces of these shapes, Where large diameter cylinders are to be examined, the conductor shall be positioned close to the internal surface of the eylinder. When the conductor is not centered, the circumference of the cylinder shall be examined in increments. Field strength measurements {in accordance with 7-764 shall be used, to determine the extent of the arc that may be examined for each con- ductor position or the rules in (c) below may be followed. Bars or cables, passed through the bore ofa cylinder, may be used to induce circular magnetization. (2) Magnetizing Current. The field strength required shall be equal to that determined in T-754.1(b) for a single-turn central conductor. The magnetic field will in- crease in proportion to the number of times the central conductor cable passes through a hollow part. For exam: ple, f6000 Aare required to examine a part usinga single pass central conductor, then 3000 A are required when 2 passes of the through-cable are used, and 1200 A are re- quired if 5 passes are used (see Figure -754.2.1). When the central conductor technique is used, magnetic field adequacy shall be verified using a magnetic particle field indicator in accordance with 1-764, (6) Offset Central Conductor. When the conductor pas- sing through the inside of the partis placed against an in- side wall of the part, the current levels, as given in 1-754.1(b)(1) shall apply, except that the diameter used for current calculations shall be the sum of the diameter of the central conductor and twice the wall thickness. ‘The distance along the part circumference (exterior) that {s effectively magnetized shall be taken as four times the diameter of the central conductor, as illustrated in Figure "T-754.2.2. The entire circumference shall be inspected by rotating the part on the conductor, allowing for approxi- mately a 10% magnetic field overlap. ARTICLE 7 Figure 1-754.2.2 The Effective Region of Examination When Using an Offset Central Conductor Effective Central conductor region 40 T-755 YOKE TECHNIQUE For this technique, alternating or direct current electro- ‘magnetic yokes, or permanent magnet yokes, shall be used. 1-756 MULTIDIRECTIONAL MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUE 7-756.1 Magnetizing Procedure. For this technique, ‘magnetization is accomplished by high amperage power packs operating as many as three circuits that are ener- sized one ata time in rapid succession. The effect of these rapidly alternating magnetiaing currents is to produce an overall magnetization of the part in multiple directions. Circular or longitudinal magnetic fields may be generated in any combination using the various techniques de- scribed in 1-753 and 7-754. T-756.2 Magnetic Field Strength. Only three phase, full-wave rectified current shall be used to magnetize the part. The initial magnetizing current requirements Single Turn Cental Conductar Z 6000.8 Techniaue Figure T-754.2.1 Single-Pass and Two-Pass Central Conductor Technique © Cconteal Conductas) ARTICLE 7 for each circuit shall be established using the previously described guidelines (see 1-753 and 7-754). The ade quacy of the magnetic field shall be demonstrated using artifical flaw shims or a pie-shaped magnetic particle field indicator in accordance with T-764. A Hall-Effect probe gaussmeter shall not be used to measure field ade- quacy for the multidirectional magnetization technique. ‘An adequate field shall be obtained in at least two nearly perpendicular directions, and the fleld intensities shall be balanced so that a strong field in one direction does not overwhelm the field in the other direction. For areas where adequate field strengths cannot be demonstrated, additional magnetic particle techniques shall be used to obtain the required two-directional coverage. 1-760 CALIBRATION 1-761 _ FREQUENCY OF CALIBRATION 7-761.1 _Magnetizing Equipment. (a) Frequency. Magnetizing equipment with an am- ‘meter shall be calibrated at least once a year, or whenever the equipment has been subjected to major electric re pair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment has not been in use for a year or more, calibration shall be done prior to frst use. (b) Procedure. The accuracy of the unit's meter shall be verified annually by equipment traceable to a national standard, Comparative readings shall be taken for at least three different current output levels encompassing the usable range. (6) Tolerance, The unit's meter reading shall not devi ate by more than +10% of fll scale, relative to the actual current value as shown by the test meter. J-761.2 Light Meters. Light meters shall be cali brated at least once a year or whenever a meter has been repaired, If meters have not been in use for one year or more, calibration shall be dane before being used, 1-762 LIFTING POWER OF YOKES (a) The magnetizing power of yokes shall be verified prior to use each day the yoke is used. The magnetizing power of yokes shall be verified whenever the yoke has been damaged or repaired (b) Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of at least 10 Ib (4.5 kg) at the max: imam pole spacing, with contact similar to what will be used during the examination, (c) Bach direct current or permanent magnetic yoke shall have a lifting power of atleast 40 Ib (18 kg) at the ‘maximum pole spacing, with contact similar to what will be used during the examination, (d) Each weight shall be weighed with a scale from a re putable manufacturer and stenciled with the applicable nominal weight prior to first use. A weight need only be verified again if damaged in a manner that could have caused potential loss of material, 228 ASME BPVCY-2019 1-763 GAUSSMETERS Hall-Effect probe gaussmeters used to verify magnetiz- Ing field strength in accordance with 7-754 shall be call brated at least once a year or whenever the equipment has been subjected to a major repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment has not been in use for a year ‘or more, calibration shall be done prior to first use. 7-764 MAGNETIC FIELD ADEQUACY AND DIRECTION T-764.1 Application. The use of magnetic field indi- cators, artificial shims, or Hall-Effect tangential-field probes are only permitted when specifically referenced by the following magnetizing techniques: (a) Longitudinal (1-753) (8) Circular (1-754) (€) Multidivectional (1-756) 7-764.2 Magnetic Field Adequacy. The applied mag: netic field shall have sufficient strength to produce satis- factory indications, but shall not be so strong that it causes masking of relevant indications by nonrelevant ae cumulations of magnetic particles. Factors that influence the required field strength include the size, shape, and material permeability of the part; the technique of magne: tization; coatings; the method of particle application; and the type and location of discontinuities to be detected. When itis necessary to verily the adequacy of magnetic field strength, it shall be verified by using one or more of the following three methods. (a) Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator. The i dicator, shown in Figure T-764.2(a), shall be positioned fon the surface to be examined, such that the copper- plated side is away from the inspected surface, A suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line (or lines) of magnetic particles form(s) across the copper face of the indicator when the magnetic particles are applied simultaneously with the magnetizing force. When a clearly defined line of particles is not formed, the magne- ‘izing technique shall be changed as needed. Pie-type in- dicators are best used with dry particle procedures. (b) Artificial Flaw Shims. One of the shims shown in Figure T-764.2(b)(1) or Figure T-764,2(b)(2) whose or- entation is such that it can have a component perpendi- cular to the applied magnetic field shall be used. Shims ‘with linear notches shall be oriented so that at least one notch is perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. Shims with only circular notches may be used in any or- lentation, Shims shall be attached to the surface to be ex: amined, such that the artificial flaw side of the shim is toward the inspected surface. A suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line (or lines) of mag- netic particles, representing the 30% depth flaw, appear (6) on the shim face when magnetic particles are applied simultaneously with the magnetizing force. When aASME BPVCY-2019, Figure T-764.2(a) Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator Eight ow carbon ate pie | “sections turnace braze \ together and cope: plated Nonferrous handles Tenge» snd shape {pCepper plate 2010\n, = 0.007 {| (025 mum = 0025 sv thick ARTICLE 7 7-765 WET PARTICLE CONCENTRATION AND CONTAMINATION Wet Horizontal Units shall have the bath concentration and bath contamination determined by measuring its set- ting volume. This is accomplished through the use of a pear-shaped centrifuge tube with a 1-mL stem (0.05-ml divisions) for fluorescent particle suspensions or a 1.5-mL stem (0.1-ml. divisions) for nonfluorescent suspensions (see SE-709, Appendix XS). Before sampling, the suspension should be run through the recirculating system for at least 30 min to ensure thorough mixing of all particles which could have settled on the sump screen and along the sides or bottom of the tank T-765.1 Concentration. Take a 100-ml portion of the suspension from the hose or nozzle, demagnetize and al low it to settle for approximately 60 min with petroleum distillate suspensions or 30 min with water-based . oti faa alert | r 42408 in clavy defined ine of particles isnot ord, the magne 5 | 5sin (0125 mm) ting technique shall be changed as needed. Sin-type fle wo industors ae best used with wet particle procedures om 2 (b) also have flaw depths less and greater than 30%. °. * ny ‘Section A-A (6) Wall-bffect Tangential-Field Probe. A gaussmeter and Hall-Effect tangential-feld probe shall be used for ‘measuring the peak value ofa tangential field. The probe shall be positioned on the surface to be examined, such that the maximum field strength is determined. A suitable field strength is indicated when the measured field is within the range of 30 G to 60 G (2.4 kAm™ to 48 kam) while the magnetizing farce Is being ap- plied. See Article 7, Nonmandatory Appendix A. T-764.3 Magnetic Fleld Direction. The direction(s) of magnetization shall be determined by particle indica- tions obtained using an indicator or shims as shown in Figure T-764.2(a), Figure 1-764.2(b)(1), or Figure 1-764.2(b)(2). When a clearly defined line of particles are not formed (ain the desired direction, or (b)in at least two nearly perpendicular directions for the multidirectional technique the magnetizing technique shall be changed as needed. oA | fo.002in i (0.05 mm G o7sin IN) (20 mm) Ta ll 0.0006 in (0.015 mm) sin mm) Section AA (25m) qypec [2 in. (60 mm) —] >} +0002 in 1 Defect__-Division (0.05 men) asin, (ATITPIIIT | [it (omm PTT TTT TTI I [f}€o008 in t | | (0.125 mm) +] eozin typical (smm) |+-0.0008 in Tye {0.015 mm) GENERAL NOTE: Above are examples of artical aw shims used ‘magnetic particle inspection system verification (not drawn to Jecale). The shims are made of low carbon steel (1005 stee! ol). The artifical law i etched or machined on one side of the fit a depth of 30% af ee foi thickness. 229ARTICLE 7 ASME BPC: v.2019 J 0.75 in. typ) (19.05 mm)—> beset Figure T-764.2(0)(2) Artificial Flaw Shims = 0.75 in. typ) (19.05 men) +} 0.25 in, 6.36 math Gy 0.507 in. diam. 0.0, |— 0.007 in. typ) Notehes: Depth: 30% 0.0006 in (0.015 mm} 230 | Shim thickness: (12.88 mm} (0.18 mm) 0507 in, dam. 0.0, (12.88 mm) 0.007 in, tye) (0.18 mm) Notches: Depth: 30% 0.0012 in. {0.030 mm} 430 | shim thickness ° ‘Shim Type CX-230 [078 in. typ) (18.05 mem) —>| (02 in. (0.05 mm) a (0.004 in. (0.10 mmm) ‘Shim Type GX-480 [= 0275 in typ) (19.05 mm) —e} J-— 0.79 in. tty) (20.08 mmm) ——>) 0.296 in. typ [* (6.97 mm | BGT In pT 3007 nor re (0.18 mm) 0.507 in. diam. 0.0. re (0.18 mm) 0,507 in. diam. 0.D. {1288 mm) {1288 mm) 1 0:83. dam. OD. 1 0:83. dam. 0. {8273 mm) {8273 mm It ozssin.dimov. | | | IL g2s8in. diam. 0. J | “tess J | “tessmm Noto dept Note dap 2% 0.0008 2% 0.0008 {010 mm) OD. {0010 mm) OD. =~ ayy, | dom danOBin = gm, | 204.0006 {0015 mm) carter {0015 mm) canter Shim Type 300-794 40% 0.0008 Shim Type 302.234 40% 0.0008 in ‘Shim Thickness 0008 (0.102 mm) (0.020 mm) LD. Shim THekness 0.002 in (0.05 mm) (0.020 mm) LD. ry J 0.29;n. typ) (20.08 mm) —> 12.295'n. ya “(6.97 mm)" | 10.295 in te q 220 10.03 mm) "seu ab | T | T {0.255 in. diam. 0.0. (6.48 mm) J. 10.006 in. typ) (0.152 mm} Notch depth: '30% 0.0006 in (0.018 mm) | T | {0.256 in, diam, 10.03 mm) is.03 mt | ) 30% 0.0012 in. 420 ‘Shim Type CX-230 ‘Shim Thickness 0.002 in, (0.051 mm) te ‘Shim Thickness 0.004 i, (0.102 mm) ‘Shim Type CX4-430 230ASME BPVCY-2019, suspensions before reading. The volume settling out at the bottom of the tube is indicative ofthe particle concen- tration in the bath. 1-765.2 Settling Volumes. For fluorescent particles, the required setuing volume is from 0.1 mL to 0. mL ina 100-mL bath sample and from 1.2 mL. to 2.4 ml. per 100 mL of vehicle for nonfluorescent particles unless otherwise specified by the particle manufacturer, Concen- tation checks shall be made at least every eight hours. 7-765.3 Contamination. Both fluorescent and non- Auorescent suspensions shall be checked periodically for contaminants such as dirt, scale, oi, lint, ]oose fluores- cent pigment, water (in the case of oil suspensions), and particle agglomerates which can adversely affect the per- formance of the magnetic particle examination process. The test for contamination shall be performed at least once per week, (a) Carrier Contamination. For fluorescent baths, the li quid directly above the precipitate should be examined ‘with fluorescent excitation light. The liquid will have alt= tle fluorescence. Its color can be compared with a freshly ‘made-up sample using the same materials or with an un- used sample from the original bath that was retained for this purpose. If the “used” sample is noticeably more fluorescent than the comparison standard, the bath shall be replaced. (2) Particle Contamination. The graduated portion of the tube shall be examined under fluorescent excitation light if the bath is fluorescent and under visible light (for both fluorescent and nonfluorescent particles) for striations or bands, differences in color or appearance. Bands or striations may indicate contamination. Ifthe to- tal volume of the contaminates, including bands or stria- tions exceeds 30% of the volume magnetic particles, or if the liquid Is noticeably fluorescent, the bath shall be replaced, 1-766 SYSTEM PERFORMANCE OF HORIZONTAL UNITS The Ketos (Betz) ring specimen (see Figure T-766.1) shall be used in evaluating and comparing the overall per- formance and sensitivity of both dry and wet, fluorescent and nonfluorescent magnetic particle techniques using a central conductor magnetization technique. (a) Ketos (Betz) Test Ring Material, The tool steel (Ke: tos) ring should be machined from AISI 01 material in ae- cordance with Figure T-766.1. Either the machined ring or the steel blank should be annealed at 1,650°F (900°C), cooled S0°F (28°C) per hour to 1,000°F (540°C) and then air cooled to ambient temperature to give comparable results using similar rings that have hhad the same treatment. Material and heat treatment wre important variables, Experience indicates controlling the softness of the ring by hardness (90 HRB to 95 HRB) alone is insufficient 2a ARTICLE 7 (0) Using the Test Ring. The test ring (see Figure ‘7-766.1), Is circularly magnetized with full-wave rectified AC passing through a central conductor with a 1 in. to 1 in. (25 mm to 32 mm) diameter hole located in ‘the ring center. The conductor should have a length gre: cer than 16 in, (400 mm). The currents used shall be 1400 A, 2500 A, and 3400 A. The minimum number of holes shown shall be three, five, and six, respectively, The ring ‘edge should be examined with either black light or visible light, depending on the type of particles involved. This test shall be run at the three amperages if the unit will bbe used at these or higher amperages. The amperage val- ues stated shall not be exceeded in the test Ifthe test does not reveal the required number of holes, the equipment shall be taken out of service and the cause of the loss of sensitivity determined and corrected, This test shall be rrun at least once per week. T-770 EXAMINATION T-71_ PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION Before the magnetic particle examination is conducted, ‘a check of the examination surface shall be conducted to locate any surface discontinuity openings which may not attract and hold magnetic particles because oftheir width, 1-72 DIRECTION OF MAGNETIZATION At least two separate examinations shall be performed ‘on each area, During the second examination, the lines of ‘magnetic flux shall be approximately perpendicular to those used during the first examination. A different tech- nique for magnetization may be used for the second ‘examination, 1-773 METHOD OF EXAMINATION ‘The ferromagnetic particles used in an examination ‘medium can be either wet or dry, and may be either fuor- escent or nonfluorescent, Examination(s) shall be done by the continuous method, (@) Dry Particles. The magnetizing current shall remain ‘on while the examination medium is being applied and while any excess of the examination medium is removed. (®) Wet Particles, The magnetizing current shall be turned on after the particles have been applied. Flow of particles shall stop with the application of current. Wet particles applied from aerosol spray cans or pump sprayers may be applied before and/or during magnetiz- ing current application. Wet particles may be applied dur- ing the application of magnetizing current if they are not applied directly to the examination area and are allowed to flow over the examination area or are applied directly to the examination area with low velocities insufficient to remove accumulated particles.{wus 193) r 50007 st s2uEp @ amp uo aoues2}01. (2) reuondo ave 21 nonag suequni son (us ros) SOO ave seturEao4 TY (I SiU0N sous wos} avoid pu Se Shy 01 Buu ap ysl eyes wo4 os yuo a 30 EEN (.998) i $0007 mojo 0 (4/out2) /a.0r {ao umes 2 19-090) 460081814009 21H SHO) I pow pina: pate wey 0 ssovoungu uate pry sone porsxguased aun 4} aot ups uy ae stoistoup ye bey aa- oM(a } {2) pu (1) sO ut pou se 30 (ats oR) MH EOE am uso (8) i SALON 1W¥N39 is TERETE EO TAT SEO TEST SE TP HTT SS TET GPT TES TOSSES TTS ETE TE TOS ii [Hus [HY GN NL [CHM |HU [Hie WH WL WL | we |x) L0_sismme @ uw) i ae, iu a3 232 sz) --| “us uw 61) Bury asau (2198) soy, 992-1 sunbiy 3 i ias) ASME BPVCY-2019, 1-74 EXAMINATION COVERAGE Allexaminations shall be conducted with sufficient field overlap to ensure 100% coverage at the required sensitiv- ity (7-764), T-775 RECTIFIED CURRENT (a) Whenever direct current is required rectified cur- rent may be used, The rectified current for magnetization shall be either three-phase (Full-wave rectified) current, or single phase (half-wave rectified) current. (2) The amperage required with three-phase, full-wave rectified current shall be verified by measuring the aver- age current. (©) The amperage required with single-phase (half- wave rectified) current shall be verified by measuring the average current output during the conducting half ¢y- cle only, (@) When measuring half-wave rectified current with a direct current test meter, readings shall be multiplied by two. T-776 EXCESS PARTICLE REMOVAL Accumulations of excess dry particles in examinations shall be removed with a light air stream from a bulb or syringe or other source of low pressure dry air. The exam- ination current or power shall be maintained while re- moving the excess particles. INTERPRETATION The interpretation shall identify if an indication as false, nonrelevant, or relevant. False and nonrelevantin- dications shall be proven as false or nonrelevant. Inter- pretation shall be carried out to identify the locations of indications and the character of the indication, T-T771 Visible (Color Contrast) Magnetic Particles. Surface discontinuities are indicated by accumulations of ‘magnetic particles which should contrast with the exam- {nation surface. The color of the magnetic particles shall be different than the color of the examination surface. I- Jumination (natural or supplemental white light) of the examination surface is required for the evaluation of ind cations, The minimum light intensity shall be 100 fe (1.076 Ix), The light intensity, natural or supplemental White ight source, shall be measured with a white light meter prior to the evaluation of indications or a verified light source shall be used. Verification of light sources is required to be demonstrated only one time, documented, and maintained on file. Ta07 T-777.2 Fluorescent Magnetic Particles. With fluor- escent magnetic particles, the process is essentially the same as in T-777.1, with the exception that the examina- tion is performed using an ultraviolet light, called UV-A light. The examination shall be performed as follows: 233 ARTICLE 7 (q) Itshall be performed ina darkened area with a max- imum ambient white light level of 2 fe (21.5 Ix) measured with a calibrated white light meter at the examination surface, (6) Examiners shall be in a darkened area for at least 5 min prior to performing examinations to enable their eyes to adapt to dark viewing, Glasses or lenses worn by examiners shall not be photasensitive. (©) The examination area shall be illuminated with LUV-A lights that operate in the range between 320 nm and 400 nm, (@)UV-A lights shall achieve a minimum of 11000 W/cm? on the surface of the part being examined throughout the examination. (e) Reflectors, filters, glasses, and lenses should be checked and, if necessary, cleaned prior to use. Cracked or broken reflectors, filters, glasses, or lenses shall be re- placed immediately. (@ The UV-A light intensity shall be measured with a UV-A light meter prior to use, whenever the light's power source is interrupted or changed, and at the completion of the examination or series of examinations, (g) Mercury vapor arc lamps produce UV-A wave- lengths mainly at a peak wavelength of 365 nm for indu- cing fluorescence. LED UV-A sources using a single UV-A LED or an array of UV-A LEDs shall have emission charac- teristics comparable to those of other UV-A sources. LED LUV-A sources shall meet the requirements of SE-2297 and SE-3022, LED UV-A light sources shall be certified as ‘meeting the requirements of SE-3022 and/or ASTM 3022, T-777.3 Fluorescent Magnetic Partictes With Other Fluorescent Excitation Wavelengths. Alternatively to the requirements in T-777.2, the examinations may be performed using alternate wavelength light sources which cause fluorescence in specific particle coatings. Any alternate light wavelength light sources and specific particle designations used shall be qualified” in accor- dance with Mandatory Appendix IV, The examination shall be performed as follows: {@) It shall be performed in a darkened area. (®) Examiners shall be in a darkened area for at least 5 min prior to performing examinations to enable their eyes to adapt to dark viewing. Glasses or lenses worn by examiners shall not be photochromic or exhibit any (6) Ifthe fuorescence excitation light source emits vist ble light intensities greater than 2 fe (21.5 lx), the exam- iner shall wear fluorescence-enhancing filter glasses approved by the ight source manufacturer for use with that light source (a) The fluorescence excitation light source shall achieve at least the minimum light intensity on the sur- face of the part throughout the examination as qualified inthe tests of Mandatory Appendix IVARTICLE 7 (6) Reflectors, filters, glasses, and lenses should be checked and, if necessary, cleaned prior to use. Cracked or broken reflectors, filters, glasses, or lenses shall be re- placed immediately. (D The fluorescence excitation light intensity shall be measured with a suitable fluorescence excitation light meter prior to use, whenever the light’s power source is interrupted or changed, and at the completion of the ex- amination or series of examinations. T-778_ DEMAGNETIZATION When residual magnetism in the part could interfere ‘with subsequent processing or usage, the part shal be de- ‘magnetized any time after completion of the examination. 1-779 POST-EXAMINATION CLEANING ‘When post-examination cleaning is required, it should be conducted as soon as practical using a process that does not adversely affect the part. 1-780 EVALUATION (a) All indications shall be evaluated in terms of the ac- ceptance standards of the referencing Code Section. (b) Discontinuities on or near the surface are indicated by retention of the examination medium. However, local ized surface irregularities due to machining marks or other surface conditions may produce false indications, (6) Broad areas of particle accumulation, which might mask indications from discontinuities, are prohibited, and such areas shall be cleaned and reexamined, 234 ASME BPVCY-2019 T-790 DOCUMENTATION 7-791 MULTIDIRECTIONAL MAGNETIZATION TECHNIQUE SKETCH ‘A technique sketch shall be prepared for each different geometry examined, showing the part geometry, cable ar- rangement and connections, magnetizing current for each circuit, and the areas of examination where adequate field strengths are obtained, Parts with repetitive geometries, but different dimensions, may be examined using a single sketch provided that the magnetic field strength is ade- quate when demonstrated in accordance with 1-756 2, 1-792. RECORDING OF INDICATIONS 7-792.1 Nonrejectable Indications. Nonrejectable in- dications shall be recorded as specified by the referencing Code Section. T-792.2 Rejectable Indications. Rejectable Indica tions shall be recorded. As a minimum, the type of indica- tions (linear or rounded), location and extent (length or diameter or aligned) shall be recorded, 1-793 EXAMINATION RECORDS For each examination, the following information shall be recorded: (a) the requirements of Article 1, T-190(a) (b) magnetic particle equipment and type of current (c) magnetic particles (visible or fluorescent, wet or ary) (@) map or record of indications per T-792 (@) material and thickness ( lighting equipmentASME BPVCY-2019, ARTICLE 7 MANDATORY APPENDIX | MAGNETIC PARTICLE EXAMINATION USING THE AC YOKE TECHNIQUE ON FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS COATED WITH NONFERROMAGNETIC COATINGS 1-710 SCOPE This Appendix provides the Magnetic Particle examina- ton methodology and equipment requirements applic- able for performing Magnetic Particle examination on ferromagnetic materials with nonferromagnetic coatings. 1-720 GENERAL Requirements of Article 7 apply unless modified by this Appendix. 1-721 WRITTEN PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS 1721.1 Requirements. Magnetic Particle examination shall be performed in accordance with a written proce- dure which shal, as a minimum, contain the requirements listed in Tables 1-721 and I-721. The written procedure shall establish a single value, or range of values, for each requirement. 1-721.2 Procedure Qualification/Technique Valida- tion. When procedure qualification is specified, a change ‘ofa requirement in Table T-721 or Table 1-721 identified as an essential variable from the specified value, or range of values, shall require requalification of the written pro- cedure and validation of the technique. change of a re- quirement identified as an nonessential variable from the specified value, or range of values, does not require re- qualification of the written procedure. All changes of es- sential or nonessential variables from the value, or range of values, specified by the written procedure shall require revision of, or an addendum to, the written procedure. 1-722 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION Personnel qualification requirements shall be in accor- dance with the referencing Cade Section, Reqi Table 1-721 ments of AC Yoke Technique on Coated Ferritic Component Requirement Surface condton equirements and preparation methods Manufscirer and model of AC yoke Manufacture and type of magnet parties Identifiation ofthe steps n performing the examination th Technique Qualification (-7212) Method of measuring coating thickness Personnel qualification requirements unique to this technique Reference tothe procedure qualification recon ‘walled coating tices, and product forms (eg, base material or welded surace) Minimum lighting intensity and AC yoke iting power requirements (as measured in atcordance Essential Variable Variable Methods of Wentying law indications and discriminating between aw indications and false oF x nonrelevant indications (eg, magnede writing oF pares hed by srfae regularities) Inszuesons for identfistion apd confaion of suspected flaw inceations xas) ARTICLE 7 1-723 PROCEDURE/TECHNIQUE DEMONSTRATION ‘The procedure /technique shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Inspector in accordance with the re quirements of the referencing Code Section, 1-730 EQUIPMENT (a) The magnetizing equipment shall be in accordance with Article 7. (b) When the dry powder technique is used, a com- pressed air powder blower shall be utilized for powder application in any position, Other applicators may be used if qualified in the same surface position as the examina- tion object surface. Applicators qualified for the overhead position may be used in any ather position, Applicators qualified for the vertical position may be used in the hor- zontal and flat positions, (c) Magnetic particles shall contrast with the compo: nent background. (@) Nonconductive materials such as plastic shim stock may be used to simulate nonconductive nonferromag: netic coatings for procedure and personnel qualification, 1-740 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS 1-741 COATING THICKNESS MEASUREMENT ‘The procedure demonstration and performance of ex aminations shall be preceded by measurement of the coating thickness in the areas to be examined. Ifthe coat ing is nonconductive, an eddy current technique or mag netic technique may be used to measure the coating thickness. The magnetic technique shall be in accordance ‘with SD-1186, Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to a Ferrous Base. When coatings are conductive and nonferromagnetic, a coating thickness technique shall be used in accordance with SD-1186. Coating measurement equipment shall be used in accor dance with the equipment manufacturer's instructions, Coating thickness measurements shall be taken atthe in tersections of ain. (50 mim) maximum grid pattern over the area of examination and at least one-half the max ‘mum yoke leg separation beyond the examination area, The thickness shall be the mean of three separate read: ings within % in (6 mm) of each intersection. 1-750 TECHNIQUE 1-751 TECHNIQUE QUALIFICATION (a) A qualification specimen is required. The specimen shall be of similar geometry or weld profile and contaln at least one linear surfues indication no longer than Ye in (15 mm) in length, The material used forthe specimen Shall be the same specification and heat treatment as 236 ASME BPVCY-2019 the coated ferromagnetic material to be examined. As an alternative tothe material requirement, other materl- als and heat treatments may be qualified provided: (1) The measured yoke maximum lifting fore on the material to be examined is equal to or greater than the ‘maximum lifting force on the qualification specimen ma- terial, Both values shall be determined with the samme or comparable equipment and shall be documented as re- quired in () (2) All the requirements of (b) through (g) are met for the alternate material. (6) Examine the uncoated specimen in the most unfa- vorable orientation expected during the performance of the production examination (6) Document the measured yoke maximum lifting power, illumination levels, and the results (d) Measure the maximum coating thickness on the item to be examined in accordance with the requirements of L741. (€) Coat the specimen with the same type of coating, conductive or nonconductive, to the maximum thickness measured on the production item to be examined, Alter nately, nonconductive shim stock may be used to simulate nonconductive coatings. () Bxamine the coated specimen in the most unfavor- able orientation expected during the performance of the production examination, Document the measured yoke ‘maximum lifting power, illumination level, and exarnina- tion results (@) Compare the length ofthe indication resulting from the longest faw no longer than the maximum flaw size al- lowed by the applicable acceptance criteria, before and after coating, The coating thickness is qualified when the length of the indication on the coated surface is at least 50% of the length of the corresponding indication prior to coating (fi) Requalifcation ofthe procedure is required for a decrease in either the AC yoke lifting power or the illumi- nation level, or for an increase in the coating thickness. 1-760 CALIBRATION 1-761 YOKE MAXIMUM LIFTING FORCE ‘The maximum lifting force of the AC yoke shall be de- termined at the actual leg separation to be used in the e amination. This may be accomplished by holding the yoke with a 10 Ib (4.5 kg) ferromagnetic weight between the legs of the yoke and adding additional weights, calibrated on a postage or other scale, until the ferromagnetic weight is released. The lifting power of the yoke shall be the combined weight of the ferromagnetic material and the added weights, before the ferromagnetic weight was released. Other methods may be used such as a load cal.ASME BPVCY-2019, 1-762 LIGHT INTENSITY MEASUREMENT The black light or white light intensity (as appropriate) ‘on the surface of the component shall be no less than that used in the qualification test. An appropriate calibrated black light and/or white light meter shall be used for the tests, Minimum white light or black light intensities shall meet the requirements of -777.1 or 1-777.2 as applicable. 1-762.1 White Light. The white light intensity shall be ‘measured atthe inspection surface, The white light inten- sity for the examination shall be no less than what was used in the qualification, 1-762,2_ Black Light. The black light intensity shall be ‘measured at the distance from the black light in the pro- cedure qualification and at the same distance on the ex- amination specimen. The black light intensity shall be no less than that used to qualify the procedure. In addi- tion, the maximum white light intensity shall be measured as background light on the inspection surface. The back- ‘ound white ight for the examination shall be no greater than what was used in the qualification, 1-70 EXAMINATION (a) Surfaces to be examined, and all adjacent areas within at least 1 in. (25 mm), shall be free of all dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux and spatter, oil, and loose, bilistered, flaking, or peeling coating, 237 ARTICLE 7 (b) Examine the coated item in accordance with the qualified procedure 1-780 EVALUATION fan indication greater than 50% of the maximum al- lowable flaw size is detected, the coating in the area of the indication shall be removed and the examination repeated. 1-790 DOCUMENTATION 1-791 EXAMINATION RECORD For each examination, the information required in the records section of 1-793 and the following information shall be recorded: (a) identification of the procedure/technique (b) description and drawings or sketches of the qualif cation specimen, including coating thickness measur ments and flaw dimensions (6) equipment and materials used (@) umination level and yoke lifting power (e) qualification results, including maximum coating thickness and flaws detected