SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS

OF AIME NUMBER S PE 4885

6200 North Central
Expressway Dallas, Texas PAPE
75206
THIS IS A PREPRINT --- SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

Determ i nat i of L am i nar, Turbu l ent, and

on Foam F l ow Losses i n P i pes
Transi t i ona
l By

R .E. _]l !:_, B.J. Mitchell, and C.A. Kohlhaas, Mem'bers

SPE-AIME, COlOrado School of Mines

©Copyright 197-l
American lnstitute of Mining, Metallurgical.and Petroleum Ensineers,
lne.
This paper was pr.apared for the 44th Annual California Regior;al Meeting of
the Society of Petroleum Er:gineers of AIME, to be held in San Francisco,
Calif.,April 4-5, 1974. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more
than 300 words. Il.lustrations may not be copied. The abstract s;ould contain .'!
onspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented, Publication
elsi:where after pablication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHl'lOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF
PETROLEUM E!GINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the
appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.

Discussion of tr.is paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should

be sent to the Society of Petroleum Egineers office, Such discussion may be
presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be .::cnsidered for
publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

ABSTRAC'I' foam in oilwell treatments were

In arriving at a method fer
pre dicting friction losses in
laminar, transitional, and
turbulent flow re gimes for floing
foam, it was found Reynold's
numbers and Fannin9 friction
factors could be calculated with
ef fective foam viscosity, actual
foam density, average velocity,
and true pipe diameter. Further,
it was found the relationship
between Reynold's number and
Fanning friction factor fer foam
was identical to that of single
phase fluids• . The test data were
taken
under controlled flow in capillary
tubes and l-l/4-inch and 2-3/8-
inch oilfield seamless tubing.
Friction losses of
foam within 2-7/8-inch tubing and
4-1/2-inch and 5-1/2-inch casing
dur ing fracture t.reatments have
been accurately predicted using
the proposed method.
INTRODUCTION
Foam has been used for several
years as a wellbore clean-out and
drill ing fluid and to a very
limitad extent as a fluid loss,
diverting , an4 frac turing·fluid.
Applications have been
limited because the behavior of
the calculation of friction loss,
wellhead pressure, and the
resulting density and carrying
capacities during treatment.
Lockhart and Martinelli,1
devel oped the most popular
emperical corre lation for
predicting friction losses of
flowin two-phase fluids wihin
horizontal pipes. This rnethod
was sufficiently accurate only
for pressure losses withfn pipes
smaller than 2- inches in
diameter.2 Other emperical
correlations3• . 5 based on
Bertuzzi, Tek, and Poettmann's6
eneT.gy dissipation function which
has extensiva oilfield use for
predicting pressure losses within
horizontal pipes for non-uniformly
mixed, two-phase fluid was found
not reliable for foam.
Fuilures of these emperical
two phase correlations for the
prediction of pressure losses for
foam flow may be lodged in ti e
theoretical developments by
Einstein'and Hatschek8 9 • They
• .
point ot foam should be treated
as a single-phase fluid with
viscosities significantly
greater than either phase
1
 DETE:RMINA'I'ION OF LAMINAR, TURBULENT, AND
TRANSI'I'IONAL SPE 4885

He1 1 also showed foam bubbles are no longer spheres and

approxirnately exhibits Bingham de form to parallelepipeds during
plastic behavior and presentad flow .
plastic viscosities and yield
strength data. Einstein's theory is
valid for foam quatities less
Krug and Mitche1Ps12 than 0.52. The derivation of
modifica tions in existing his two-phase viscosity is
single-phase fluid flow equations based on an energy balance
.account for both the nd
compressibility of the gas within the followin9 assumptions1
the foam and the resulting
changas in he l. Solid spherical
viscosity. The resultant particles are suspended
equations were applicable to the in a homo- 9eneous
circulation of foam within a fluid.
wellbore however, these equations
were limitad to laminar flow and 2. All particles are
lacked emperical justification. homoge neous,
weightless, and have
The foregoing theories and identical volumes and
ernpir icism and additional field diameters.
11 and labora tory work have been
combined to devise a rnethod for 3. Spacing of the
. predicting the type of regime in particles is uniform

..
which the foam is flowing and the parti cles do
and a method for calculating the not touch.
pres sure losses of foam flowing
within horizontal or vertical 4. There is no slip at
pipes. the surface of the
particles•
EFFECTIVE VISCOSITY OF FOAM
Einstein's equation for
Foam in this study is a the vis cosity of foam is
homogene ous mixture of air or
nitrogen, fresh water¡and a
surface-active·agent.
The gas phase exists as
microscopic gas-bubbles Hatschek's theories explain
suspended in the water and
surfactant solution. In practica foam viscosity for the bubcle-
these interference
bubbles
95 may occupy between 10 and and .
percent
volume. of the total foam The bubble-deformation quality ranges
interference between the spherical
Foam quality is the ratio of foams with qualities between
gas volume to the total foam 0.00 and 0.52 are uniformly
volume. dispersad in the liquid and
do not contact other
bubbles.Flow is Newtonian. At
• • • • • • • • • • 0.52 quality the spherical
(l) bubbles are packed loosely
in a cubic arrangernent and
begin to interfere by
Since the gas is compressible, contacting each other during
tempera ture and pressure of the flow. Abcv 0.74 quality the
foam must be specified.
Figure l was developed frorn
the theories of Einstein and
Hatschek and laboratory
measurements by Mitchell. Three
separate theories, each with a
physical model dependent on
quality, were required to fully
determine and understand foam
viscosity.
The spherical gas-bubbles in
bubbles in foams with qualities betwen
0.52 and 0.74 requires additional
work be applied to initiate and
maintain flow. This additional work
accounts for high foam apparent
viscosity. Hatschek's viscosity far
buhble-interference foam is

His next argument was the

deforma tion of the bubbles within
foams which hav qualities above
0.74 causes the geometric shape of
the bubbles to pro ceed from
spheres to dodecahedra and finally
to parallelepipeds, and this bubble
configuration is the only one
which can flow in laminae. The
vis cosity of the foam caused by
the shear of the fluid between the
parallelepiped gas bubbles is

..... (4)
 R. E- BLAUER.B.J. MITCHELL.C.A. XOHLHAAS
Mitchell showed that foam
behaves approximately as a
Bingham plastic fluid in fully
developed laminar flow. His
shear stress-shear rate relation
ship for foªms with shear rates
above
20,000 sec-l is linear for any
quality.
The relationship for foam flowing
with
a shear rate below 20,000 sec-1
can be . linearized by subtracting
the apparent yield strength . His
shear stress-shear rate equation
for Bingham Plastic Foam is
.Figure l shows Mitchell's
plastic viscosity and Figure 2
shows the ap parent yield
strength . He showed
experimentally deterrnined plastic
viscosities agree well with
Einstein's and Hatschek's
theories.
Additional work showed
ar.effec tive viscosity which
combines plastic viscosity and
yield point is signifi cantly more
reliable than plastic viscosity
alone in the determination of
Fanning friction factors. The use
of effective viscosity of Bingham
plastic fluida is technically
precise; however, it is
interesting to note that most
Bingham plastic fluids en
countered in the oilfield have
small yield strengths compared
with their plastic viscosities.
Thus, the ef fective viscosity and
the Bingham
plastic viscosity are of similar
magni tude and are cornmonly
interchanged.
However, foam's high yield strength
requires the use of effective
viscosity.
The effective viscosity in this
study is developed with the Hagen
Poiseuille law and the Bckingham
Reiner equation.
The Buckingham-Réiner
equation for laminar flow of
Bingham plastic fluida within
pipes is
O
se• n t:,.p o" 4 't'
[1
-- ..:/.
l28 µp 3 t
L calcu
3
For the Newtonian turbulent
flow relationships to be valid
for a Bingham plastic fluid, the
flow rate in equa tion 6 must
equal the flow rate in equation
7. A practica solution of
this equality shows the effective
vis cosity of the Bingham plastic
foam is
ge y o
l.le = l.lp + 6v • • • ·• ( 8)
Figure 3 illustrates the
effective
• • (s)
viscosity of foarn based on equation
8.
EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
Osborne Reynolds'experimenta
in which streams of dye were
injected into water flowing within
pipes showed the frictional
pressure losses were propor tional
to average fluid velocity when the
dye remained as a stream. This f
low regime was called laminar or
stream line flow. When mixing of
the dye and water occurred the
pressure losses were approximately
proportional to the square of
average fluid velocity. Due to the
appearance of the dye rnixing with
water, the flow regime was called
turbulent.
Therefore, the flow regimes of a
fluid within pipes can be determinad
by measuring pressure losses and
flow rates and comparing their
functional relation ships.
To generat these functional
re-· lationships fer foam two
horizontal capillary tubes and
two horizontal strings of tubing
were used in flow tests. The
large - diameter difference of the
tubes and tubing assured any
friction loss correlation
developed
would have wide application. The
tubes and tubing also served to
produce fully developed laminar
and turbulent flow. regimes,
respectively.
Pressures at each end of
either the tubes or tubing,
flowing tempera ture, gas
volume, and liquid weight were
measured for each flow test. A
1 't' lt masa balance, the real gas law, and
+ )
·-(.:..l. J
3 't' derivad equations were used to
• • ( 6) late foam volumetric flow rate,
quality, foam average velocity,
shear rate, shear stress, and
effective viscosity.
 The Hagen-Poiseuille law
o:r· The capillary tubes used were
Newtonian laminar flow within each 24-inches long with interna
pipes is
diameters
of
The0.0483-inch and 0.0924-inch.
n t:,.P o" foam for these tests consisted of
ge •
an aqueous solution of l Adofoam
O "" 128 µ L - (7) BF-1
e .
 DETERMINATION OF LAMINAR, TURBULENT, AND TRANSITIONAL
4 FOAM FT.OW FRICTION LOSSES IN PIPES SPE 4885

a conunercial anionic surface active Mln = Mout • '• '• • • • (

agent, and nitrogen. Two
calibrated temperature-compensated
gauges recordad flowing pressures. 9) in which
The foam was flowed into a plastic
separator which was con nected to a
wet-test meter. The
separa tor was weighed to
determine the masa
of liquid which was flowed during
a test. The effect of quality
changes on the foam properties
were kept to a mini murn by keeping (11)
the tubes'discharge pressure above
500 psi. Calculated velocities
were less than 20 feet per second. The mass of liquid in the
Figure 4 is a diagram of the separator
capillary tube apparatus. is

The large diameter tubes were

made of eight joints of new J-55
tubing.The l-1/4-inch 2.40-pound
Mlc =
Applying
Dalton 11
+.Wlc • • • • • • • •
the real gas law and
tubing was 194.75 feet long with an law of partial pressures, the
internal diameter of mass of gas and water vapor flowing
1.380-inch. The 2-3/8-inch, 4.7- through the wet-test meter is
pound
tubing was 181.32 feet long with
an internal diameter of l.995- t = Mgrn + Mlm =
inch. An aqueous solution of 1%
Dowell F58B, an anionic surface- (Pm - Pv) Vm Mg Pv Ml vm • • ( 13)
actice agent, was pumped through
the tubing strings at ratea as zg R Tg + z R Tl
high as 7 BPM . Nitrogen was 1
combined with the water at ratea The masa of water vapor and gas
to dis placed from the separator is
3000 SCFM. This produced foam
volu- · metric rates to 34.S (Pa - Pv) vlc Mg
BPM. A water
storage tank was gauged befare = Mgd ..., z 9 R Tg
and
after each test to determine water
mass and volume rates. Pump
displacements of liquified nitrogen
were used to
determine nitrogen gas volumetric
rate. Pressure losses at the Total measured flowing mass of
extreme ends of the tubing during liquid and gas is thus,
the laminar flow tests were
measured by a single water mano IT + Pv vm Ml
meter inclined at 85° from
vertical. = Wl z 1 R T1
Turbulent flow pressure losses were Pv vlc Mg
recorded by six differential )
pressure transducers which were zg R Tg
connected across each joint of (15
tubing. Pressures at
each end of the tubing strings were
measured by two calibrated (Pa - Pv) vm Mg
laboratory gauges. Mgt D z R T9
,g
Test pressures to 3000 psi were
used. Figures 5 and 6 show the (Pa - Pv) vlc Mg
tubing appar atus. (16)
zg R Tg
EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATIONS
Mitchell showed that average
SPE 4885 R. E. RT.lUJF.R . B. J. M ..., - -k 'T . c. _ A.. vnuT t"'"''' 5

The volume of gas entering

into solution is.negligible. Average shear rate and shear
Equations 15 and 16 are valid rate at the wall of the tube for
for large diameter tubing if the a Bingham plasti•c fluid is
mass and volume are re
placed by rnass rate and volumetric
rate. 4>a .. 4>w = Sv • • (22)

Volumes of saturated gas

flowing at the tube pressure and
. D

temperatura
are deterrnined by the perfect Shear stress at the wall is
gas law. The average pressure of
the flow tube can be used only if
the differential pressure is DllP
srnall in comparison. Data points 'w = 4L - 'y • • • (23)

with .high differential pressure

and low average pressure were The Reynolds number and
deleted for the final analysis. Fanning friction factor are
The volurne of saturated gas
in the
tube
is =
vf D pf
....... ..
(24)
N
µe

f ..Lf).p D 2
pf vf
...... (25)
vgt Pv
..
+ (p -P ) • • • Plots of thé shear stress-shear
(17) rate relationships are given in
t V Figures 7 through 9. Foarns of
constant quality show two distinct
The volume of liquid in the flow regimes. Below critical shear
tube rates for each pipe diarneter and
is foam quality the slope of the shear
stress-shear rate function is
l.O, indicating laminar Bingham
• • • • plastic flow. Above this critical
(18)
shear rate the slope is
approximately 2.0 and the foarn is
in turbulent flow. Calculated
slopes of the turbulent shear
stress
True foam quality
shear rate relationship are between
1.86 and 2.01.
is vsg
V V- (19)
• • • • • • •
The critica shear rate for
sg + lt foams corresponda with a critica
Reynolds number between
2000 and 2500. Figure 10 is a
True foarn density is conventional single-phase fluid
Moody di gram with the foam data
super imposed. The algebraic
• • • • • • • (20) standard devia
tion of friction factors calculated
with this data cornpared wi':. h the
Colebrook method normally used for
Average foarn-flowing velocity single-phase fluida is O.OS for the
in laminar flow regime and 0.188 for
the turbulent flow
the flow tube regime.
is
APPLICATION OF METHOC FOR PRECICTION
.(21)OF FRICTIONAL LOSSES
IN PIPES
EXA
The effective foam viscosity,
true density and pipe diameter,
and average foam velocity is used
to calculate shear stress at the
wall of the pipe, average shear
rate, Reynolds number,
and Fanning friction factor.
MPLE CALCULATIONS
l. Laminar Flow
Determine_ the pressure-
loss gradient of 0.80
quality foarn flowing
within a l_ _ oo-inch
diameter pipe at 1.0 BPM.
 DETERMINATION OF LAMINAR, TURBULENT, AND TRANSITIONAL
6 FOAM FLOW N LOSSES IN PIPES
FRICTIO
l. a. Average foam
velocity, vf ""
17.16 fps
b. From equation 8,
effec tive
viscosity, µe •
29 cps
c. Foam density may be
ap proximated by
neglecting gas in
solution and the
vapor pressure of
water.
Approximate foam
density, pf = p1(1-r)
= 1.67 ppg
d. From equation 24,
Reynolds number, NR=917
NR < 2000,
therefore, flow is
laminar.
e. From equation 6,
laminar pressure-loss
gradient, LIP
LIL = 0.590 psi/ft.
2. Turbulent Flow
Determine pressure-loss
gradient for the laminar
flow example with a flow
rate of 5.0 BPM .
a. Average foam
velocity, vf = 85.8
fps
b. Effective foam viscosity,
µe '"' 10.9 cps
c. Approximate foam
density, pf = l.67 ppg
d. Reynolds number,
NR = l.21 X 104
NR < 2000 Therefore, flow
is turbulent
e. From Figure 12 Fannig
friction factor, f =
.0075
f. Frorn equation 25,
turbulent pressure-loss
gradient,
:i= 3.57 psi/ft
FIELD APPLICATION
Wellhead pressure during a
SPE 4885
Other wells have been
fractured through 4-1/2-inch and
5-1/2-inch casing and the
calculated wellhead pressures have
been within 2\ of the actual pres
sures during treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
l. Foam behaves as a single-
phase Bingham plastia
fluid.
2. Effective viscosity of
foam must be used for
calculating pressure
losses for flowing foam.
3. Friction losses for foam
may be determined as for a
single phase fluid using
conventional Reynolds
number and Moody diagram.
4. Friction losses in
oilfield pipes can be
accurately pre dicted for
any combination of foam
flow rate and pipe size.
NOMENCLATURE
D = inside diameter of tube, in
f = Fanning friction factor
ge = gravitational constant, 32.2
L
M
-= tube length, ft
mass at atmospheric
conditions, Lbm
M' = mass at flowing conditions,
Lbm
M = molecular
weight NR =
Reynolds number
p = pressure, psia
=
llP pressure drop between ends of
tube, psid
o "" foam quality
R = universal gas constant,
º·
1 732 (PSIA){FT
3
)
(Lb-mole)(ºR)
T = temperature,
ºR t = time, sec
SPE 4885 R. E.BLAUER, B. J. MITCHF' .T . C. A l'(f'IJ.rT.J.rn""' 7

w = weight, Lbf GREEK SYMBOLS

z = compressibility
rT,P = foam quality at
specified ternperature
factor SUBSCRIP'l'S and pressure
a = average shear rate, sec-l
3
tube e = true foarn density, Lbm/ft

effective T = shear stress,

Lbf/ft2 yield
f = foam
2
g = gaseous phase strength, Lbf/ft

gd = µ = viscosity, cP
gas displaced from
gg = ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
separator gas-phase in
gl = The authors wish to thank
gaseous state Dowell and NOWSCO for their
assistance in the tubing tests.
gm = gas-phase absorbed into
the liguid phase REFERENCES

gt =
saturated gas measured l. Lockhart, R.w.and Martinelli,
by wet-test meter R.c. "Proposed Correlations of
in = gas flowing in tube Data for Isothermal Two-Phase,
Two Component Flow in Pipes,"
1 = Chem. Eng .Progr.,
entering tube 194 9, v. 45, p. 39.
le = liquid 2. Baker, O.: "Experiences with
Two Phase Pipelines, paper
=
11

ld liguid in the separator presented before the joint

meeting of Cana- dian Natural
liguid-phase vapor Gas Processing Assn. and the
displaced from separator Natural Gasoline Assn.of
America, Calgary, Alberta,
Sept .15
lg = liquid-phase in g...,.- ·u
state w = wall

ll = . liquid-phase in liquid
state lrn = liquid-phase

vapor measured by
wet-test meter
lt = liquid at flowing
conditions rn =
wet-test meter ;

out = existing tube .

p = Bingharn plastic
sg = saturate gas
d
t = tube

V "" vapor
VS = saturated gas displaced
from separator
 1960.
3. Dukler, A. E., et al:
"Frictional Pressure
Drop in Two-Phase Flow :
B-An Approach Through
Sirnilarity Analysis",
AICHE J., 1964, v. 10,
p. 44-51.
4. Hughrnark, G.A .: "Hold-Up
In Gas Liquid Flow",
Chem.Eng. Progr., 1962, v.
SS, p.62-65.
s. Eaton, Ben A., et al:
"The
Pre diction of Flow
Patterns, Liquid Hold-Up
and Pressure Losses
Occur ring During
Continuous Two-Phase Flow
in Horizontal Pipelines",
J.
Petrel.Technol., June
1967, p.315-
328.
6. Bertuzzi1 A .F., Tek,
M. R., and Poettmann,
F.H.: "Simultaneous
Flow of Liquid and Gas
Through Horizontal
Pipe," Trans.AIME,
1956, v. 207, p.17-24.
 DETERMINATION OF LAMINAR, TURBULENT, AND
TRANSITIONAL SPE 4885
7. Einstein, Albert: "Eine Neve
Bestirnmung Der 10. Mitchell, B. J.: Viscosity of
Molekuldimensionen"r; Annalen Foam, Ph.o.thesis, Univ.
Der Physik, 1906, v .19, Okla., 1969.
SFR 4 , p. 289 .
ll.· : "Test Data Fill
8. Hatschek, Emil: ºDie Theory Gap on Using Foarn as
Viskositat Der a Drilling Fluid ," Oil and
Dispersoide. I.Suspensoide," Gas J.1 Sept.6, 1971, p .96-
Kolloid z., 1910, v. 7, 100.
p.301-
304. 12. l<rug , J ., Mitchell, .B. J.:
9.
, ,,. .. .,. -
Viskositat
D i s Der
p erso..i.....
: "Die "Charts
Help FindDrilling",
for Foam Volume, Pressure
Oil and Needed
Gas
de.II Die Emulsionen
Uno Emulsoide," Kolloid z., J.,
1910, Feb, 7, 1972 , p. 61-
V 8, p . 34-39. 64.

11) 15 ·-- .-,-

---,.·-- -·-,--· -- 1
r--
a.
u

LL
o 1
>- ro ., -+--- -__ _¡ _
t:
(f) 1 1
8
CJ)
1
11
jlNTERFEH ENCF.
> DISPE:RSION
1 1
1- 1 1
(f)
<;.{ 5
.J
a . 1
¡DEFOílM/1TION
-
-- <t
:r. 1
-· l!>
z 1
Q)
oo.o
0.2 0.4 0.8 1.0

0.6
QUALITY
Fig .1 - in9ha platic viscosi ty of fonm .
- 3

(\J

... 2 -----'
..
.e

(/)
U)

i"="
(/)

o
...J
lJJ
>=
o ···-·-·-L·-·-·... ·- _..J _. .J_ ·-· L....¿ , _t_ __ ---'-
'
0.ú 0. -:: G.·1 O.G O.O l.(;
QlJ/.I, ITY ·

Fig.2 - Yield stress of foam .

90 -------
Cll 80 1-- -i--

..70
(,)

..._. .......
U)
o
60 i----+---+----
>
et
5o-------i--- --
f?
LiJ
40t-- -+-- -+--...+.- -+- -I
>
t; 30 .¡.. _.... .._,__¡.. ... , ·- ---'-+--·-+...!
w
LL.
LI..
LIJ 20 +- -+- -

10 --·.....-. ---

o
o.o 0.2 O.'i 0.6 o.s 1.0
QUALIT Y
Fig . 3 - Effective viscosity of foan.
 nr··
NITROGEN SUPPLY
0-2000 psi

0
Ct10KE AQUF.OUS SOLUTION
2000 psi HE. éRVOI R

CAPIL.L ARY TUBF.:

FOAM
POSITIVE
DISPL ACEMENT

GENERATOR Pl:IMP. 0-2000 psi

ü-2500 psi GAUGE.S

Fig. 4 - Capillary tube ap ratus.

100 bbl
AQUEOUS i-- -i

SOLUTION
TANK

CHECK
VALVE
CHECK

·5000 psi
GAUGE

TO RECORDER
Fig. 5 - Turbulent flow regime tubin9
apparatus.
 100 psi
CHOKES
NITROGEN
FOAM '55 gal SUPPLY
GENER ATOR AQUEOUS SOLUTION

..._, 8. ;J;,.O__N_T"-S--OILFIELD TUBING: ...,_ -.--

- ;;
INCLINED
WATER-MANOMETER

Fig. 6 - Laminar flow regirnc tubing ap;ar.atull.

1.0

..
f3 0.10 ..,_
U)
-4---+--+- - -1-· - - - - +-- - - --
a:
1-
U)

RATE

001 ._._... .._....... --"-----'-.l..l....&....--'-'_¡_¡ ...a...&.-'--'-'

1 2 3 5
10 10 10 10
SHEAR RATE ,

Fig.7 - hear stress-shcar rate relationshir for

O.S SO quality foarn .
 N;:;
'a·lO.O , _,

vi
w (
"' /)

"'
a
'"!"-
....
"' 1.0 '
w "'1.0
:r
"' "' <t

0.10 i.2.,,.-r..-....i....i.....u.,.--.1---1.-1...i...i...-.J-.--L-l...U.-..l.---
"'
L--L
10
SHEAR

Fle. 8 - Sheer stress-shear rete relatlonshlp Flg, 9 - Shear atress-shear rote relotlonshlp for
for o.eo
q11a1 .Y f9$11h
O,70 quallty foam,

10.-----.--.--.-........- -..-.........,..........-.....,.,....-_,,_...,.....,....,....,..,,..,.,,,---..-....,.-.,r-1¡-¡rr¡11r"¡ ,1----.¡-¡¡...,-¡'TITj

1 i
• CAPILLAR'f TUB!::' DAT ..j
• TUBING DATA i

+----!-------+-----_] :i
:1

0.001 1
10

REYNO LOS NUMBER, NR

Fi9.10 - Moody dia9ram for

foam.