Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed.

, CTET & UPTET)

Grammatical terms
Term Definition Example

Noun (संज्ञा) Process / names / suffixes – ity, ness, tion, ion, Communication / Advice / Dearth / Ram/
ism, th, ence, ance, ment, ry, Paucity / Maths / Billiards etc.
two types – Countable / Uncountable

Pronoun (सर्वनाम) A word that replaces a noun. I, we, you, he, she, it, they, everyone etc.

Adjective (वर्शेषण) A word that describes a noun or a pronoun / Beautiful, National, Dangerous, Active,
suffixes – ble, al, ful, ic, ish, ve, ous, ed, Interested, Pathetic, Good-better-best

Verb (क्रिया) Is word that tells “what the Subject has done and Helping verb – is, am, are, was, were, has,
when” two types: Helping verb and Main verb had, will, shall, can, could, could have
Main Verb- Do-did-done-doing-does etc.

Adverb (Adjunct) (क्रिया वर्शेषण) It describes “ manner, time, place and frequency of Politely, yesterday, in the room, daily,
main verb” suffix – ly , wards downwards, at the meeting, hardly etc.

Preposition (सम्बन्ध सूचक शब्द) It tells the position / location of noun or a Examples: At, On, In, Of, Off, Over, Under,
pronoun. He is in the room. Above, Below, With, By, Since, For , To, From
Conjunction A word that links two words or sentences Addition : And, Moreover, Besides, In

(समुच्चय बोधक शब्द) Three types: addition to, Furthermore,

1. Conjunction of addition Contrast: But, However, Albeit, Although,
2. Conjunction of contrast Though, Nonetheless, Nevertheless etc.
3. Conjunction of result Result: So, That’s Why, Hence, As A Result,
Thus, Therefore
Subject verb agreement: A subject must agree with its verb in the sentence. Knowledge of two languages is required.
Singular Subject – Singular Verb Each of you is capable of working hard.
Plural Subject – Plural verb The Singer and musician is performing well.
More than one student has completed the
work.
Parallelism: Part before the conjunction and after the She likes singing, dancing and writing stories.
conjunction must be in the same tense, verb or He said that he could solve all the questions.
form. He told me that he would help me.
Rule of Inversion If hardly / scarcely / no sooner / never comes Wrong - Hardly he had reached the station
before the subject, helping verb comes before the when the train left.
subject. Right – Hardly had he reached he station…..
Double Negatives Don’t use double negative words in a sentence He denied that he was not involved in the
Negative words: None, Hardly, Deny, Forbid, robbery.
Unless, Until , Lest + Not You will not pass unless you don’t work hard

Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English) / for queries or doubt, whatsapp @ 9717392415
 Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)
Wrong
According to me
Pass out / Passing marks
Most tallest / Greatest / fastest
More taller / better
Two days/minutes back
Final conclusion
Enter into the room/ class
Suppose if / Special Expertise
Hardly working
Seldom or ever / Someone's else
Exceed more than / Told to me
Big blunder / Proudy / Half dead
Coward man / Afraid from
Cousin brother / Sister
See a dream / Bad dream
Leave my hand / Cheater
Strong laws / pick-pocketer
Give a speech
The reason why …because
Give an exam
Do a prayer
Do a mistake
Word to word
Kindly request / As better as
May / Might + possibly / likely to
Can / Could + able to
Another one / Greatful
Consensus opinion
Assemble together
Strong Air / Gentle Wind
To rain like cats and dogs
With bag and baggage
With tooth and nail
Throughout the whole year
Very kind enough
ATM Machine / CAT Exam
Universally everywhere
Come across suddenly
Mutual agreement
Absolutely necessary / true
The thing what I like
Actual facts / Total Sum
Basic Fundamentals
I know to dance / sing
Linking road / Main chief
I know what is your name
Natural skills
Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English)
Common Errors: Mistake that we often make
Right Wrong Right
In my opinion / view Discuss/ Describe / Narrate + about Remove “about”
Pass / Pass marks Return/Reply/Reimburse + back Remove “back”
Remove “most” Despite / Comprise + of Remove “of “
Taller / better Good / Bad / Excellent + in Use “ At ” not “in”
Two days / minutes ago Senior / Junior / Prior + than Use “To” not “than”
Conclusion / Elder / Superior / Inferior + than Use “To” not “than”
Enter the room/class Congratulations / Views + for Use “ On” not “For”
If / Suppose / Expertise Very + urgent/ excellent / unique Remove “very”
Hard working Congratulations / Comment + for Use “On” not “for”
Seldom or never / Someone else's Capable / Confident / Sure + about Use “Of” not “about”
Exceed / Told me Reply / Rebuild / Regain + again Remove “again”
Blunder / Proud / Dead Suffer/Different/Abstain + to Use “from” not “to”
Coward / Afraid of Aware about / Resemble to Aware of / Resemble
Cousin It is time you work hard It is time you worked hard
Have a dream / night mare Aware about / Comprise of Aware of / Comprise
Release my hand / Cheat Hardly I had reached Hardly had I reached
Strict laws / Pick-pocket No sooner he reached No sooner did he reach
Make / Deliver a speech Unless you don’t work hard Unless you work hard
The reason why …… It is me / this is him It is I / this is he
Take an exam Ram and me Ram and I
Say a prayer It was them It was they
Make / Commit a mistake You and me / He and myself You and I / He and I
Word for word If I was the P.M If I were the P.M
Request / As good as He is better than her He is better than she
May / Might Ram is better than me Ram is better than I
Can / Could Emphasize on / Attack on Remove on
Another / Grateful If you will disturb me … If you disturb me
Consensus If I were him / them / her If I were he / they / she
Assemble It is raining since morning It has been ………….
Strong Wind / Gentle Air I don’t know who are you I don’t know who you are
To rain cats and dogs She had better to work hard She had better work hard
Bag and baggage Listen me / listening music Listen to me / listening to.
Tooth and nail An advice / Information A piece of advice / info…..
Throughout year A work / A music A piece of work / music
Kind enough Sceneries / Poetries Scenery / Poetry
ATM / CAT I have met him yesterday I met him yesterday
Universally He has called me yesterday He called me yesterday
Come across I don’t know what is this I don’t know what this is
Agreement Pick pocketer / The thing what Pick pocket / the thing
Necessary / true She has met me yesterday She met me yesterday
The thing I like He forbade me not to go He forbade me to go
Facts / Sum Ram is “a teacher and a singer” ….”a teacher and singer”
Fundamentals Beautiful designed sofa Beautifully designed sofa
I know how to dance / sing Education loan Educational loan
Link road / chief I am knowing you I know you
I know what your name is I am trusting you I trust you
Natural talent Comparatively better / taller Comparatively good / tall
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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

Common Errors: Important Points to Remember

1. इन शब्दों (Accustomed To, Addicted To, Committed To, Dedicated To, Devoted To, Forward To, Object To,

Prefer, Mind, Used To, With a View To, Prone To, Opposed To etc.) के साथ verb की ing form लगती है :
Examples: He is prone to make making mistakes. He is addicted to drink drinking a lot.

Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Present Do / Does + V1 Is/Am/Are + Ing Has / Have + V3 Has / Have been + Ing
Past Did + V1 Was / Were + Ing Had + V3 Had been + Ing
Future Will / Shall + V1 Will be / Shall be + Ing Will / Shall Have + V3 Will have / Shall have been + Ing

2. इन verbs (love, prefer, mind, like, have, own, see, hear, smell, taste, know, believe, remember, contain,
appear, seem, marry + ing) को continuous tenses में use नह ं करते है .

3. ये सभी Verbs का (I,II & III) form same रहता है : Bet, Bid, Bet, Broadcast, Burst, Cast, Cost, Forecast, Hurt,
Quit, Let, Put, Shed Spread, Slit, Thrust. (Don’t add “ed” in these verbs)

4. (Has / Have) वाले Sentences में Time Phrases (Ago, Yesterday, On Monday, in 2014, Last Year/Month का
Use नह ं करते है .
Examples: He has met him yesterday. I have called him two minutes ago.

5. Is/ Am/ Are / was / were र्ाले Sentences में (Since / For) Use नह ं करते है - Since / For (Perfect / Perfect
Continuous) में Use होता है/
Example: She is / has been studying English since morning. I am / have been living in Delhi since my
childhood.

6. इन शब्दों (Nobody, None, No One, Nothing, Neither, Hardly, Scarcely, Barely, Rarely, Seldom, Deny, Forbid,
Refuse, Refute, Until, Unless, Lest etc.) के साथ (Not) Use नह ं करते है , because ये शब्द already Negative है .
Examples: She denied that she was not in the party.

7. Complex Sentences:
Conjunction Sentence 1 Sentence 2
If , when , In case, Unless, Until, Provided Present Simple Will, Can, May
If / I wish Past Simple / Were Would, Could
If / I wish Past Perfect Would have / Could have / Should have
Since Past simple Present perfect
That Past Simple Would / Could / Might
That Present Simple Will / Can / May
By the time Present Simple Will have / Shall have
Before Past simple Past perfect
After Past perfect Past simple

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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

Active – Passive / Direct – Indirect table

Active Passive Direct Indirect
Do / does Is / am / are + v3 Do / does Did
Is / am / are Is / am / are + being + v3 Is/ am / are Was / were
Has / have Has been / have been + v3 Has / have Had
Did Was / Were + V3 Has / have been Had been
Was / were Was / were + being + v3 Did Had
Had Had Been + V3 Was / were Had been
Will / shall Will be / shall be + v3 Had / had been / used to No change
Will have / shall have Will have been / shall have been + v3 Can / will / may Could / would / might
Can / could Can be / could be + v3 Could / would / should No change
Could have Could have been + v3 Is to / am to / has to Was to / had to
May / might May be / might be + v3 This / these That / those
May have / might have May have been / might have been + v3 Now / ago Then / before
Will / would Will be / would be + v3 Here / before There / earlier
Must / Ought to Must be / Ought to + V3 Today That day
Has to / Have to / To Has to be / Have to be + V3 Yesterday The previous day
Is to / Am to / Are to Is to be / Am to be / Are to be + V3 Tomorrow The following day
Was to / Were to Was to be / Were to be + V3 Last month The previous month
Like to / Yet to etc. Like to be / Yet to be / About to be + V3 Last year The previous year
Go You are requested to go Come Go
Post the letter Let the letter be posted Could have / Would have No change
Let / have Let + Obj /Sub+be/ not be + V3 / Get Should have / Must have No change

Can Could Could have Used for Ability / Request / Regret

Will Would Would have Used for promise / Request / Regret
Shall Should Should have Used for advice / permission / past advice
Must Had to Must have Used for compulsion / regret
Ought to Had to Ought to have Used for moral advice / regret
May Might May / Might have Used for possibility & past possibility
V1 V1 V3

Note – Question Tag: Positive Sentence – Negative Tag / Negative Sentence – Positive Tag (Tag = H.V +Sub)

8. ये सभी Nouns Uncountable है – Advice, Information, Work, Music, Knowledge, Scenery, Poetry, Business,
Mischief, Chocolate, Bread, Oil, Bread, Stationery, Luggage, Baggage, Postage, Wastage, Jewellery,
Equipment, Evidence, Percentage, Dirt, Dust, Air, News, Furniture, Behaviour, Alphabet, Emergency, Electricity,
Traffic, News, Happiness, Butter, Sugar, Expertise, Mud…… इन Nouns के पहले A / AN नह ं आता और S/ES/IES
नह ं लगता है .

9. ये सभी Nouns Plural है - Scissors, Binoculars, Trousers, Spectacles, Pants, Glasses, Alms, Tactics, Troops,
Savings, Thanks, Belongings, Cattle, Cavalry, Infantry, Poultry, Gentry, Clergy, The+Adjective.

10. ये सभी Nouns Singular है – News, Innings, Politics, Summons, Economics, Ethics, Mumps, Measles,
Rickets, Shingles, Billiards, Linguistics, Athletics, Draughts, Darts.

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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

Important Singular and Plural Nouns with Genders

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Lacuna Lacunae Dogma Dogmata
Memorandum Memoranda Forum For a
Alumnus Alumni Attorney General Attorneys General
Syllabus Syllabi Man Child Men Children
M.A M.A.’s Abyss Abysses
Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief Motto Mottoes
Major General Major Generals Shelf Shelves
Maid Servant Maid Servants Aquarium Aquaria
Looker-on Lookers-on Commander-in-chief Commanders-in-chief
Man servant Men servants Male Female
Passer-by Passers-by Author / Monk Authoress / Nun
Mouse Mice Bachelor Spinster
Child / Looker-on Children / Lookers-on Brave / Earl Squaw / Countess
Person People Gander Goose
Tooth Teeth Fox Vixen
Man Men Stallion Mare
Woman Women Drake / Hart Duck / Roe
Foot Feet Boar Sow
Mouse Mice Buck Doe
Ox Oxen Lad Lass
Stadium Stadia Wizard Witch
Criterion Criteria Duke Duchess
Phenomenon Phenomena Gentleman Lady
Oasis Oases Governor Matron
Axis Axes Manager Manageress
Basis Bases Bullock Heifer
Brother-in-law Brothers-in-law Drone Bee
Man-Servant Men-Servants Eagle Eagle
Woman-Doctor Women-Doctors Cock / Bullock Hen / Heifer
Man-hater Man-haters Ram / Colt Ewe / Filly
Focus Foci Stag Hind
Fungus Fungi Names of Group Nouns
Diagnosis Diagnoses A hedge of bushes A bevy of girls
Octopus Octopi A string of pearls A lock of hair
Cod Cod A kennel of dogs A tissue of lies
Fish Fish A murder of crows A pack of wolves / cards
Deer Deer A litter of puppies A fleet of ships
Sheep Sheep A troop of lions A cluster of stars
Hair Hair A host of sparrows A crowd of people
Alumnus Alumni A hive of bees A pile of books
Curriculum Curricula A flock of sheep / birds A flight of birds
Moose Moose A haul of fish A gust of winds
Spectrum Spectra A choir of singers A league of states
Genus Genera A posse of policemen A worship of writers

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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

11. ये सभी Phrases (Each Of, Either Of, Every One Of, Neither Of, None Of, One Of, No One Of, Any Of, A Team
Of, The Number Of, A Swarm Of, A Series Of, Nothing But, Many A, More Than One, Each And Every, The
Number of, Etc.) के साथ Singular Verb Use करते है . Example:

Each of the players of this team have (has) played well.

None of my friends have (has) completed his work.

12. When two subjects are connected by: As well as, Along with, With, Together with, Accompanied by, like,
unlike, & Besides, Verb agrees with the first subject.

13. When two subjects are connected by: Neither – nor / either – or / Not only – but also / Verb agrees with
the second subject.

14.नीचे ललखे Pairs को, mostly एक साथ ह Use करते है …

Hardly – when
Would – rather
Both – and / Between – and
Not only – but also
None / Nothing – but / that
Everybody / somebody – his
All, Same, Only – That
Scarcely – when No sooner – than
Lest – should One – one’s
So – as / So – that As – as / All – that
Neither – nor / the reason why – because Either – or / Else – but
Not – but / therefore – because Although – but / yet
Neither of / None – his Each of / nobody – his
Superlative adjective – that

15. Prepositions:

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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

Some Confusing Words and Their Meaning

Word Meaning
Affect To influence or impact
Effect Consequence / Result
Advise To suggest or opine someone
Advice Opinion / Suggestion
Practise To do an activity or do training regularly
Practice Training / Activity
Adapt To adjust or modify someone or something
Adept Skillful / talented
Envelop To wrap or cover someone or something
Envelope A flat paper container
Loathe To hate someone or something s
Loath Reluctant / lazy / Unwilling
Rout To defeat someone
Route A fixed way to go somewhere
Censure To critcise someone or something very much
Censor To remove the parts of film/ movie
Canvas Cloth or Fabric
Canvass To ask for votes
Refuse To disagree to do something
Deny To say that something is not true
Sink To go down in river or ocean especially of non-living things
Drown To die in water
Rise – rose - risen To go up such as Sun, Price, Tension, Level, Anger etc.
Raise – raised – raised To lift up something such as Voice, Question, Issue, Hand etc.
Bear – bore – born To come into existence
Bear – bore - borne To tolerate something
Find – found - found To get something back
Found – founded – founded To establish something such as an organization or institution
Complain To express your anger or disappointment
Complaint A statement stating the reason of dissatisfaction
Lie – lied – lied To say something untrue
Lie – lay – laid To take rest
Lay – laid – laid To put something down
Fly – flew – flown To move through the air
Flow – flowed – flowed Continuous movement of something
Fall – fell - fallen To drop down such as price, level, temperature
Fell – felled - felled To cut down trees
Befall – befell – befallen To happen to somebody
Hang – hung – hung To put something on the hanger
Hang – hanged – hanged To kill somebody as punishment
Grind – ground – ground To break or crush something into very small pieces
Ground – grounded - grounded To touch the surface of earth / To punish someone by not letting him go out
Rant To criticise someone or to complain about something in a loud way
Rent Amount of money that you pay for using a house
Wind – wound – wound To make someone unable to breathe

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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

Wound – wounded – wounded To harm someone

Room An area in a building used to sit, sleep or rest
Place Any area
Many Used for number
Much Used for quantity
Further Used for addition
Farther Used for distance
Last The last thing
Latest A fresh or new thing
Few Used for negative number (nothing)
A Few Used for positive number (Something)
The Few The whole of something
Pain Bodily pain
Pains Efforts
Middle Middle of anything which has no proper dimension
Center Center of circle
Fewer Used for number
Less Used for quantity
Later After some time (Earlier)
Latter After one part or position (former)
Good An adjective defines nouns
Well It defines a verb or a noun
Hard Positive in meaning
Hardly Almost never
Elicit To collect or gather
Illicit Illegal or not valid
Who Used for the person who acts as a subject in the sentence
Whom Used for the person who acts as a object in the sentence
Floor An area in a building
Ground Any outside area
Too Much It means very and used before nouns
Much too It also means very but used before adjective
No fewer than Used before countable nouns
No less than Used before uncountable nouns
Bad An adjective and describes a person or a thing
Badly An adverb and describes a verb
Late Used for time
Lately It means – recently
Neither / Either / Each other All these words used for two persons only
None / One Another These are used for more than two persons
Beside It means – next to or near
Besides It means – extra or in addition to
A Used before consonant sounds
An Used before vowel sounds
Fairly Used before a positive adjective
Rather Used before a negative adjective
Word Meaning

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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

Custom Any belief or cultural principle

Habit A thing that you are doing daily
Childlike Innocent
Childish Immature
It’s Short form of – it is / it has
Its Possessive form of it
Aid help or assistance
Aide A person who helps
All right Means all is well
Alright Okay
All together Whole or All
Altogether Totally / Completely
Allusion Reference or Hint
Illusion Fancy / Misconception / Hallucination / Delusion
Any one One from a particular group or team
Anyone Means any one from anywhere, not specific
As Conjunction – because / reason / comparison
Like Similarity
Ascent Upward movement
Assent To agree
Auger A tool to dig
Augur To indicate something
Climactic A climax or peak
Climatic Related to weather
Complement To make complete / Addition
Compliment To appreciate someone
Conform Be similar
Confirm To make more firm or certain
Desert To abandon or leave a place
Dessert Sweet dish eaten after lunch or dinner
Discrete Separate / Distinct
Discreet Clever / Prudent
Disinterested Unbiased / impartial
Uninterested Not interested
Sometime Unstated time , Anytime
Sometimes Occasionally, Often
Stationary still and unmoving
Stationery writing materials
Everyone Means everyone, all or each person or thing
Every One It means every individual
Historic Important in the history
Historical Connected with the past
Quit To leave or stop
Quiet Silent
Quite Completely
Sometime / Sometimes Considerable period of time
Altar A holy place in a church or temple

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Jugaad Wali English by: Vinod Sir (Faculty of English (M.A English, B.Ed., CTET & UPTET)

Alter to change something / to become different

All together Collectively / everyone
Altogether Completely / in every way
Been Past participle of be, used for being at a place
Gone To visit a place
Breath The air that you inhale - noun
Breathe To inhale - verb
Canon A generally accepted rule or law / a list of books or tasks
Cannon A large gun with a big barrel
Forward Towards / moving or stepping forward
Foreword A short introduction at the beginning of the book
Forbear To avoid doing something / stay away
Forebear Ancestor / a member in your family in the past
Economic Related to economy
Economical Cheap / frugal
Gorilla / Guerrilla Gorilla – an ape , a large monkey / Guerrilla - a soldier
How do you do? It means – hello / you can reply with the same line
How are you? It’s a question asking about your condition
Human A person
Humane Kind / benign
Flammable that catches fire easily
Inflammable that catches fire easily
Nonflammable That does not catch fire
Maybe It means perhaps
May be it is a model verb used to show possibility
Naval / Navel Naval officer / Navel – part of your tummy
Aural / Oral Aural – connected with listening or hearing / Oral – spoken
Premise / Premises Premise – a statement / Premises – a building area
Ground The solid surface of Earth
Grounds Reasons
Specially / Especially Specific thing or person / Especially means – particularly or above all
Everyday It’s an adjective used to define nouns – such as everyday meal, dress etc.
Every day It means each day

Note – 1. Noun is preceded by an adjective not by another noun.

2. Adjective is preceded by an adverb not by adjective.
3. The correct order of using many adjectives is –
Quantity, Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Color, Origin, Material – Noun
Ex. They have a lovely old red car. I love that really big old white antique car.
4. A noun that ends with hissing sound possession is shown by adding only an apostrophe: Jusitce’ sake,
Conscience sake, men’s club.

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