CHAPTER XI: ADVERB AND ADVERBIAL CLAUSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

I. Adverb in English Language

1. Definition
- A part of speech
- Include words giving meaning to a verb, adj, another adverb and even
the whole sentence.
- Express the time, place or manner of an action, the degree of quality,...
2. Classification

Classification Usage and function Example

Adverb of manner - Used to denote the manner of the

(trạng từ chỉ cách action, the way in which sth is
thức) done
- Answer the question ‘How’ - plain → plainly, beautiful
- Formed by adding -ly to Adj → beautifully, Quick- quickly

- by bus, in a loud voice, on

● Special form: fast, hard, foot,...
well,...
● Can be expressed by
prepositional phrase →
refer to means or method - The girl gladly looked at
the cake
- In sentence: - She silently gazed at him.
● Used after the object, verb,
adverb particle
● Used between S and V
● Used at the beginning of
sentence → emphasis

Adverbs of place - Used to denote the location, - single word: abroad,

position or the directions of the
action
- Answer the question ‘Where to’,
‘Where from?’
- Can be single words, compound,
prepositional phrases
- Position:
● after adv of manner
● before adv of time
● at beginning of sentence
ahead, there, left, right
- compound: far away, over
there, nowhere,...
- Pre phrases: in the house,
on the street
- She prepares the party
carefully (Adv of manners)
in the garden (Adv of place)
all day. (Adv of time)

Adverb of time - Denote the time of the action today, on Tuesday, since
- Answer the question “When”, July, for 2 weeks, now, then
“Since when”, “How long”
- Used at the beginning/end or
other places in a sentence
Adverbs of - Denote the frequency of the
frequency action either definitely or
(trạng từ chỉ tần indefinitely
suất) - Answer the question ‘How often’
- Used at the end/ beginning of a
sentence or mid-position
- always, usually,
continually, repeatedly,
frequently
- David travels frequently.
- Sometimes we have a
heavy rain in summer
- He usually goes jogging in
the morning

Adverb of degree - Denote the degree to which the - rather, much, far, a lot,
(trạng từ chỉ mức action is performed enough, fairly, too difficult,
độ) - Answer the question “To what very, hardly,....
extent”
- Before the words they modify
- quite good, very well,
extremely happy,...

Intensifier - Used with gradable adjs and E.g.: The boy drove really
(trạng từ nhấn advs → strength the meaning slowly
mạnh) - Before the words that they give E.g.: The film is terribly
meaning to boring.
- Can be used with: Adj, Adv, Past
participles, ing-form Adj, Adj +N .

Other kinds of adv:

Focus adverbs: especially, even…
Viewpoint adverbs: financially, economically…
Truth adverbs: perhaps, maybe, certainly, clearly…
Comment adverbs: luckily, surprisingly, to my surprise…
Linking adverbs: however, firstly, for example…

3. Form of adverbs and adverb formation

- Simple adverbs (no endings to show that they are adverbs)

Eg: then, here, now, still

- Derived adverbs in English:

+ Adj - ly: beautifully, strongly, quickly, slowly,...
+ Noun - ly: daily, monthly, weekly, yearly,...
+ Noun - ways/-wards/wise: homewards, clockwise, characteristic-wise,
environment-wise,...
+ A - noun: ahead, away, asleep,...
+ In/out - noun: indoor, outdoor, inside, outside

- Compound adverbs: therefore, nevertheless, however, otherwise

● Many adverbs and adjectives share the same forms; but some of them
 share the same meaning, some others do not.
Eg: back door - stand back
● Many adverbs have different forms but some of them share the same
meaning, some others have different meanings
Eg; We must play fair - We fairly play (same meaning)
She works hard - She hardly works. (different meaning)

4. Comparison of Adverbs

- Many adverbs having one or two syllables form their comparatives and
superlatives in the same way as short adjectives

Eg: small → smaller → the smallest

- Most of adverbs of manner and frequency having two or more syllables form
their comparatives and superlatives with "more/ less" and "the most/ least"

Eg: seriously → more seriously → the most seriously

- The positive degree of adverbs is similar to that of adjectives

An adjective or
adverb that does
not make a
comparison is
said to be in the
positive degree
AS ADV AS

Eg: She speaks Chinese as fluently as he does.

- There are adverbs with irregular forms of comparatives and superlatives (Dạng bất quy
tắc)
Eg:
well – better – the best
badly – worse – the worst
far – farther/ further – the farthest/ furthest
late – later – the latest
little – less – the least
much – more – the most

̀ 5. Inversion after the adverbs

Sometimes, the normal subject - verb order in a sentence reversed if a sentence
begins with an adverb:
 5.1. After “Here”, “There” and after adverb particles such as back, down, off,
up,...the noun subject comes after the verb. This is common with verbs of motion

E.g: Here comes a taxi

There goes the last train.

- This kind of inversion is common after “be” when we are offering things or
identifying location.
E.g: Here is your birthday cake.
There are a lot of candies.

- This kind of inversion is NOT USED when the subject is A PRONOUN

E.g: There she goes.

5.2. After some adverbs of place, the noun subject can follow the verb (not the
pronoun subject)

Eg: At the top of the hill stood the tiny house

In the distance could be seen the mountains.

5.3. After negative or near-negative adverbs, often of time and frequency and
the combination of “only”, “so”, “such”, the subject goes AFTER the auxiliary
verbs.

E.g: Rarely does he come to the party.

Only then did he realize the danger of the accident.

II, Adverbial clause

1. Definition
- A subordinate clause/ dependent clause with a subject and a verb
- May come before or after the main clause/ independent clause.

* When it comes before the main clause or at the beginning, it is usually separated
from the main clause by a comma.

Eg: After the party ended, we still heard music blasting out from his house.

2. Classification of adverbial clauses

2.1. Clause markers indicating time (when, while, as soon as, by the time,...)
E.g: I was studying in the library when she called.
2.2. Clause markers indicating concession (though, although, whereas, despite, in
spite of,...)
E.g: The plan is still continuing despite the bad condition.
2.3. Clause markers indicating cause and effect (since, for, because, so,...)
E.g: I was late for school because of the storm.
2.4. Clause markers indicating results (so that, such… that)
E.g: She worked all the tasks so that he could go home soon.
2.5. Clause markers indicating purposes (in order to/that, so, so that,...)
E.g: I will get the scholarship in order to improve my knowledge.
2.6. Clause markers indicating manner (as, as if, as though, just as like,...)
E.g: I loved her as if she was my own child.
2.7. Clause markers indicating place (where, wherever, everywhere,...)
E.g: This is the village where I was born.
2.8. Clause markers indicating conditions (if, only if, provided, providing, unless,...)
E.g: You'll be sick unless you stop eating.