By

Osmar Cruz

ADJECTIVES
 ADJECTIVES Describe nouns. They have the same form in the
singular and plural.

A cheap burglar alarm –

cheap burglar alarms.

Adjectives go before the nouns they describe.

It's a pleasant day

They also go after the verbs: be, look, seem, smell, sound, feel, taste, etc.

He’s thin. He seems bored. He feels tired

There are opinion adjectives (Smart, bad, etc),

which show what a person thinks of somebody or
something, and fact adjectives (short, big, old,
etc), which give us factual information about
somebody or something, that is, they describe
what somebody or something is like in reality.
 ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
Opinion adjectives go before fact adjectives.

▪ A handsome young man.

When there are two or more fact adjectives in a sentence, they usually go in the
following order:

Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Noun

A small old oval black italian leather bag
 ▪ We do not usually use a long list of adjectives before a single noun. A noun is usually
described by one, two or three adjectives at the most.

▪ She bought an expensive French perfume.

▪ The present and past participles can be used as adjectives.

▪ The present participle describes what somebody or something is (it answers the question,
what kind? ) it's a very tiring job. (what kind of job? Tiring .)

▪ The past participle describes how somebody

feels (it answered the question, how do you feel?)
He's very tired. (how does he feel ? Tired.)
ADVERBS
 ▪ An adverb can be one

ADVERBS Word (slowly) or a

phrase (in the Street).

DESCRIBE VERBS,
ADJECTIVES OR ▪ Adverbs usually go after verbs. (Simon drives
carefully.) They can also go before verbs
(adverbs of frequency). (He rarely calls me.)
OTHER ADVERBS.
Adverbs go before
adjectives, other
adverbs and past
participles.

The test was surprisingly easy. She speaks

incredibly quickly. English is widely spoken
 FORMATION OF ADVERBS
▪ We usually form an adverb by adding – ▪ Adjectives ending in –le
ly to the adjective. drop e and take –y
Slow - slowly
probable - probably

▪ Adjectives ending in a consonant +y drop the –y and take –ily. Heavy - heavily

▪ Adjectives ending in –l take –ly. ▪ Adjectives ending in –ic usually take –ally.

▪ BUT public –publicly.

Careful - carefully tragic - tragically
Some adverbs are not formed according to the above rules. they have either a
totally different form (good - well) or the same form as the adjective (deep, early,
fast, hard, high, late, long, low, near, right, straight, wrong).

Lucy is a fast runner. (adjective)

She runs fast. (adverb)

There is a difference in meaning between the following pairs of adverbs:

She's studying hard these days. (hard = with effort)
I could hardly see in the dark. (hardly = scarcely)

The market is near our home. (near = close to)

It took her nearly a month to finish the Project. (nearly = almost )
 Katie arrived late at school again. (late not early
= not early )
I haven't seen her lately. (lately = recently )

The plane flew high above the city. (high = at a high level )
she's a highly respected manager. (highly = very )

Children enter the museum free . (free = without charge )

Nowadays, people travel freely within Europe . (freely =
without restraint )

The following words end in -ly but they are adjectives: friendly, likely, lively,
lonely, lovely, silly, ugly. We use the phrase in a… way/manner to form their
adverbs. She dances in a lively way/manner. (NOT: She dances lively.)
 ORDER OF ADVERBS
• Adverbs can describe frequency (how
often), manner (how), degree (to what
extent), place (where) and time (when).

• Adverbs of frequency go after modal verbs and the verb to be, but before main
verbs. • .
• She can never beat Kate at tennis.
• Ben is always late.
• I usually eat at home.

• Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after the auxiliary verb or at the end
of the sentence.
• He easily answered the questions in the test. He is anxiously waiting for an answer.
She opened the letter carefully.
• Adverbs of degree (absolutely, completely, totally, extremely, very, quite, rather,
etc) go before an adjective, an adverb or a main verb, but after an auxiliary verb.
• We quite enjoyed the film. I didn't completely understand what he meant. She was
extremely careful.

• Adverbs of place and time usually go at the

end of the sentence.
• Shall we meet outside? I saw him yesterday.

• When there are two or more adverbs they come

in the following order: Manner – place – time.
He worked quietly at his desk all day.

• BUT: verb of movement + place – Manner –time.

• She went home by taxi last night.