GRAMMAR (Beginner Plus) T.

Jen
NOTES

PRONOUN - replaces nouns

PRONOUN + VERB
 demonstrative – th + verb (this/these/that/those + verb)
 possessive (s)– be + mine/his/hers/theirs/yours/ours
 personal
a. subjective – I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, THEY, WE
1. be + Sp It was I.
2. be, than + Sp Sam is taller than he.
3. be, as + Sp Cindy is as pretty as she.
b. objective – me, you, him, her, it, them, us
1. action verb + Op They give her a reward.
2. state verb + Op The guests like them.
3. preposition + Op The teachers and the students are fond of him.
 interrogative (question) – wh + verb
a. people
- subject – who + av/sv/lv/hv
Cindy is the prettiest girl in my class.
Who is the prettiest girl in my class? Cindy
- object – whom + do/does/did + subject + verb
The boy calls the girls.
Whom does the boy call? the girls
b. things/animals
- specific answer(s) – what + av/sv/lv/hv
What eats the fish?
- with CHOICES/OPTIONS (or/superlative degree)
Which is better, English or Math?
Which is the shortest bridge?

 relative – n + wh
a. people – n + who + verb The man who called you is the visitor.
- n + whom + n/p The man whom I called is Mr. Park.
The man whom Mr. Lee called is Mr. Park.

b. things/animals – n + which + n/p/v The cat which Sam bought is very pretty.
The cat which he bought is very pretty.
The cat which eats the fish is very big.
 indefinite pronoun
a. singular – SENA, E, E, N + Vs
Everybody is busy.
Each of them is popular in Bangsaphan School.
 b. plural – few/some/both/several/many + V
Few get perfect score.

 intensive pronoun – n/p + iNteNsive pronoun (self/selves pronouns)

The students themselves prepare their homework.
He himself dances in front of the audience.

 reflexive pronoun – verb/prep + REflexive pronoun

The girls treat themselves.
The student is fond of himself.

 rEciprOcAl pronoun – eo/oa

a. 2 people Billy and Ted like each other.
b. 3 or more people We must love one another.

 existential pronoun – NO other NOUNS can replace

- IT and THERE here

ADJECTIVES - describe or modify nouns or pronouns

Namo is tall. He is tall.
cute – My cat is cute. It is cute.
big- The sun is big. It is big.
short – Sam is short. He is short.
round – The ball is round. It is round.
young – Grade 1 students are young. They are young.

Royal Order of Adjectives – DOSdSACOM

Adjectives
1 D Determiner ( A An The) (This That These Those) (My Our You’re his ) one two
2 O Opinion – cute, pretty, handsome smart …
3 S Size – big, small, medium large…
4 d Dimension – thick, thin
5 S Shape – round, square, triangle…
6 A Age – old, young old-new- ancient
7 C Color – white, blue, …
8 O Origin – place: Russian, Greek, American-Thai-Filipino-
Japanese- Chinese
9 M Material – paper, glass, leather rubber cotton metal plastic…
2 Kinds of adjectives
1. Limiting Adjectives-limits the function of a noun
a. articles – a, an, the
This is a bag. This is an apple. That is the sun.
b. pronominals – demonstrative Adj: this, that, these, those + noun
This cat is mine.
- possessive Adj: my/his/her/your/their/our/its + noun
His dog is very cute.
- indefinite Adj/quantitative: some, few, … + noun
- interrogative Adjectives – “wh” + noun
c. numerals –
- ordinals: 1st, 2nd, … (THE + ordinals – the first)
- cardinals: one, two, … I have two delicious big round old orange thai oranges.

2. Descriptive Adjectives- describe the noun

– OSDSACOM

order of adjectives – DOSDSACOM

Comparison of Adjectives- 3 Degrees of adjective

positive comparative superlative
a. one-syllable adjectives + er than the +est
small smaller than the smallest
tall taller than the tallest
b. adjectives ending in –y change –y into ier change –y into iest
early earlier than the earliest
pretty prettier than the prettiest
c. two or more syllable + more + most
adjectives
careful more careful than the most careful
interesting more interesting than the most interesting
d. irregular adjectives change the spelling change the spelling
good better the best
far farther/further the farthest/furthest
bad worse the worst
many more the most

Adjective-describe Noun and Pronoun ADVERBS- describe adjectives, verbs or other

 what adverbs
Adverb manner (verb)
beautiful beautifully
Teacher Jen is beautiful. Teacher Jen sings beautifully.
She is beautiful She sings beautifully.
smart cute careful smartly cutely carefully
She is smart. She thinks smartly.
It is cute. It plays the ball cutely.
They are careful. They sing carefully.
Adverb of Time (verb) When
Present-now today this---(time day Sunday)
Past-yesterday last---(time day Sunday)
Future-tomorrow next---(time day Sunday)
Adverb of Place (verb) Where
outside inside outdoor indoor here there
The mailman put the box outside yesterday.
Adverb of Frequency (verb) How often
always sometimes seldom never
I brush my teeth everyday
I always brush my teeth
fast fast
Namo is fast. Namo runs fast.
Namo runs very fast.
Namo runs too fast.

ADVERBS- describe adjectives, verbs or other adverbs

a. adverb of manner – answers the question how
The old man walks slowly.
(How does the man walk? (Slowly)
b. adverb of time – answers the question when
The students ate ice cream yesterday.
(When do the students ate ice cream? (Yesterday)
c. adverb of place – answers the question where
Please throw this outside.
(Where to throw? Outside)
d. adverb of frequency – answers the question how many times or how often
- always, often, sometimes, seldom, never
She sometimes brings snacks.
(How often does she bring snacks? Sometimes)
e. affirmation – positive reply (yes, absolutely, definitely)
(Yes! You are absolutely correct.)
f. negation – negative reply (I will not come today.)
g. degree – how intense the action is done/incident happen
She runs very fast.
h. relative – when/where/why/how + clause
 That is the place where you can find your favorite singer.
i. interrogative – (?) when/where/how/why
Why did you do that?

Comparison of Adverbs

positive comparative superlative

a. one-syllable adverb + er than the +est
long longer than the longest
b. adverbs ending in –y + more the + most
slowly more slowly than the most slowly
gracefully more gracefully than the most gracefully
c. to some adverbs change the spelling change the spelling
well better than the best

INTERJECTIONS
Interjections are used in speech to indicate emotion or transition. Interjections such as "yuk, ouch, eh"
are used as exclamations in conversation. (example: Eeek! I saw a rat.)

interjection meaning example

expressing pleasure "Ah, that feels good."

expressing realization "Ah, now I understand."

ah
expressing resignation "Ah well, it can't be heped."

expressing surprise "Ah! I've won!"

alas expressing grief or pity "Alas, she's dead now."

expressing pity "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"

dear
expressing surprise "Dear me! That's a surprise!"

asking for repetition "It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot today."

expressing enquiry "What do you think of that, eh?"

eh
expressing surprise "Eh! Really?"

inviting agreement "Let's go, eh?"

er expressing hesitation "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."

expressing greeting "Hello John. How are you today?"

hello, hullo
expressing surprise "Hello! My car's gone!"

calling attention "Hey! look at that!"

hey
expressing surprise, joy etc "Hey! What a good idea!"

hi expressing greeting "Hi! What's new?"

hmm expressing hesitation, doubt or disagreement "Hmm. I'm not so sure."

oh, o expressing surprise "Oh! You're here!"

 expressing pain "Oh! I've got a toothache."

expressing pleading "Oh, please say 'yes'!"

ouch expressing pain "Ouch! That hurts!"

uh expressing hesitation "Uh...I don't know the answer to that."

uh-huh expressing agreement "Shall we go?" "Uh-huh."

um, umm expressing hesitation "85 divided by 5 is...um...17."

expressing surprise "Well I never!"

well
introducing a remark "Well, what did he say?"

The ball is on the table. The pencil is under the table.

It is on the table. She is under the table.

PREPOSITIONS + noun/pronoun
a. preposition of time
in
year, month
in 2023, in May
I will go to Korean in 2024. I am going to Bangkok in 2023.
My birthday is in October. My birthday is in March.

on specific date, specific day of the week

on August 26,2010; on Sunday
My birthday is on October 17. My birthday is on March
15,2013.
I will go to Bangkok on Sunday. I am going to school on
Monday.

at specific time
at 9:00 a.m., at night
I study English at 9:00 am. I watch TV at night.

since start
The students have been studying here since November 2011.
I have been studying here since grade 1.

until end
Some students are going to study here until April 27, 2012.
I am going to study here until 2025.
for how long
The students have studied here for 6 months.
I have studied in Bangsaphan School for 4 years.
 b. preposition of place
in city, country, continent
in Bankok, in Thailand, in Africa
I want to live in Bankok.
You like the weather in Japan.
We like to live in Antartica.
on road, avenue, street
on Cannon Road, on Taft Avenue, on Rizal Street
on Main Road, on First Avenue, on Maerampung Street
She stops the car on Main Road.
She walks on First Avenue.
They celebrate Songkran Festival on Maerampung Street.

at specific address; with numeric figure

at 113 Street, Cannon Road, Newton City
I live at marke street Bansaphan Noi Prachuap Khirikan,
Thailand.
I live at Moo 8 Banlang Maerampung Bangsaphan Prachuap
Khirikan, Thailand.

c. preposition of
direction
Under I hide under the table.
Over I take this over the table.
Below Her cat is below the chair.
Above The ball is above our heads.
Between I walk between the hospital and the clinic.
My house is between the hospital and the clinic.
Among Among 5/3 class, Monmai is the noisiest.
Along I walk along the River Street.
With I walk with my friend and my teacher.
To I like to be a runner.
Into It walks into the box.
Before I studied in Bangsaphan Noi School before Bangsaphan
Banlang school.
After I will have my lunch after this class.

CONJUNCTIONS+S + V
Coordinating conjunctions(FANBOYS)``and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet'' are used to join individual
words, phrases, and independent clauses. The conjunctions ``but'' and ``for'' can also function as
prepositions.

COORDINATINGconjunction USES
 for (because) (sentences) The student is absent for he is sick.

and (words and sentences) Ally and Sally are best friends.
(positive/good ideas) James sings and Sam dances.

nor (words) I will not call James nor Sam.

(negative ideas)

but (words and sentences) Sally is small but smart.

(positive and negative ideas) Sally can’t swim but she can run fast.

or (2 or more choices/options) Which do you prefer to eat, spaghetti or cake?

yet (sentences ONLY) Tom can play basketball yet he doesn’t like to join
(positive and negative ideas) the team.

so (so that) The students study hard so they can get good
(result/purpose) scores.

A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship
between the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating
conjunctions: "after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until,
when, where, whether and while".

Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements.

CORRELATIVE conjunction USES

either-or positive ideas (choices/options)
Either Tony or her friends bring the books.

neither-nor negative ideas (choices/options)

Neither Tony nor Ben brings the gifts.

whether-or positive and negative (choice/option)

Whether you like it or not, you should study hard.

not only-but also (and) additional information; both

She is not only the president of the class but also
the leader of the organization.
MEANING: She is the president of the class AND
the leader of the organization.

both-and (and) Both Ben and Ted are my friends.

The Rules of Subject Verb Agreement in Standard English
SUBJECT – Noun or Pronoun
1. Singular Subject + Singular Verb
The dog growls when he is angry.

2. Plural Subject + Plural Verb

The dogs growl when they are angry.

3. The intervening group does not affect the verb used in the sentence.
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.
subject + intervening group + verb

4. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject will always be placed after the verb
THERE/HERE + verb + subject
There is a tiger inside the cage.
Here are the papers you requested.

5. DO/DOES/WHERE/WHAT/WHEN + verb + subject

Does Sam cook the food?
Where are the dogs?

6. Subjects joined by and that CANNOT be joined together takes plural verb.
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.

7. Singular indefinite pronouns or singular indefinite adjective + singular verb.

Everybody wants to be loved.
No smoking or drinking is allowed.
Every man and woman is required to check in.

8. or, nor, neither/nor, either/or: the verb agrees to the closer subject.
Jessica or Christianis to blame for the accident.
Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.

9. units of measurement + singular verb

Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
Ten tons is heavy.

10. Plural pronouns (few, many, several, both) or adjectives (+noun) + plural verb
Few were left alive after the flood.
Both students get perfect score.

11. Collective nouns like herd, senate, class, crowd, etc. usually take a singular verb form.
The herd is stampeding.

12. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb.
Cinderella is a nice movie.

(second part) Teacher Ruth

13. Most + plural noun + plural verb

Most students perform well.
Most of the + plural noun + plural verb
 Most of the students get good scores.
14. A number of / Majority of / Lots of / Minority of + plural noun + plural verb
A number of students receive prizes.

15. The number of + plural noun + singular verb

The number of students is high.

16. Lots of / A lot of + uncountable noun + singular verb

A lot of salt is not good to our body.

17. Final Rule – Remember, only the subject affects the verb!

VERBS e
a. Main Verbs (MV) (there is one (1) verb in the sentence)
The man walks.
(subject) (verb)
Sheis cute.
1. action verbs - show action or movement, activities or happenings (example: write, walk, jump,
study)
2. linking verb – no action
- tell what someone or something is
- be verbs (is, are, am, was, were)
- appear, become, get, keep, look, make, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste,
turn
The soup smells good. (The soup is good.)
The bread looks delicious. (The bread is delicious.)
3. state verb - shows emotion/feelings; mental activity; preference/likes; ownership

b. Helping Verbs (HV) or Auxiliary Verbs (there are two (2) verbs in the sentence)
- used to make different tenses or to express ideas such as possibility, necessity
and permission
1. primary auxiliaries – bhd + main verb-
be (am, is, are + verb+ing): I am singing.
have (has, have, had + past participle): He has visited Seoul.
do (do, does, did + verb): I do like spaghetti.

2. modals – C2MWS(can/could, must, may/might, will/would, shall/should)+ MV

The students should study hard.

modal + verb (base form of the verb)

2.1 can – ability: She can sing well.

- permission: Can I sit here?
- request Can I borrow your book?

2.2 could – general ability: She could speak five languages.

- give suggestion: You could do this if you like.
2.3 must – obligatory: People must eat food in order to live.
2.4 may – permission (formally): May I help you?
- wish/hope/desire: May God bless you always.

2.5 might – possibility: The clouds are dark. It might rain.

2.6 will – willingness (like/want) The students will go to the mall. (not sure)
- ask someone to do something Will you bring these books to the library?

2.7 would – offering something: Would you like some coffee?

- suggestion/opinion: It would be better if you do this now rather than wait for so long.

2.8 shall – I and We (subject, normally)

- advice or intention (more forceful/formal order or regulation)
You shall not kill.

2.9 should – suggestion/recommendation The students should study hard.

Simple Tenses – only 1 verb

1. Simple Present
– repeated action/habitual action: happen eoasr (every day/week/month/season/year,
often, always, sometimes, and regularly)
The students always study.The boys playevery day.
- general fact (always true): The earth is round.
- opinion/mental activity (appreciate, believe, feel, think, guess, like)
I think you are cute.
- schedule/timetable (cannot be changed; beyond our control)
- train schedule, class schedule, flight schedule, movie

2. Simple Past – used for actions that happened/finished/completed already at a particular time in
the past (yesterday, last night/week/month/season/year, two days ago).
(example: Jack got sore eyes last week.)
- consider the past tense of the regular and irregular verbs

a. regular verbs just add –d/ed to make the past tense of the verb

present tense past tense / past participle

walk walked
play played
climb climbed

b. irregular verbs change the spelling of the past tense of the verb; last letter is t/n/e
present tense past tense past participle
write wrote written
come came come
teach taught taught
3. Simple Future – used for actions that will or may happen in the future time.

will + verb may or may night happen in the future

(example: The students will pass the vocabulary test.)
- not sure to happen (Sofia will get perfect score)
- willingness/want to do things (“want to do”) (She will eat spaghetti tonight.)
- command/request (You will come with me. Will you come with me?)
- prediction based on opinion (She is smart. I think she will get perfect score today.)

going to + verb planning to do; arranging something

(example: The students are going to take level test on May 1, 2012.)
- prediction based on evidence (The sky is dark. It is going to rain tonight.)

Continuous Tenses

present participle – verb + ing

- reading, writing, teaching, studying

continuous tense – be + present participle

is/are/am/was/were + verb + ing

a. Present Continuous Tense – is/are/am + verb+ing

1- actions happening at the time of speaking
(now, at the moment, at present, presently; listen, look)
She is writing. They are writing.

I am studying English with teacher Jen.

He is teaching.
2- definite arrangement/arranged plan
Many students are going back to Korea in February.
I am going to do my homework after your class.
3- annoyance (irritating bad action)
Bill is always biting his finger nails.
Satu is always playing with Porsche in the class.

b. Past Continuous Tense - was/were + verb+ing

- shows action without known beginning or known end
She was writing a poem.
- shows action that was happening in the past when another action happened
past continuous tense + WHEN + past tense
She was dancing when we arrived.
 Your dog was barking when you came.
WHILE + past continuous tense + past tense

While the students were playing, the bell rung.

While the teacher was teaching, the students got hurt.

- something that started before the stated time and continued after it
She was making her tests at 9p.m.
I was doing my Art Project at 1 p.m.
I was fixing my ball at 7 p.m.

c. Future Continuous Tense

will be + verb+ing They will be writing their essay.
She will be singing a song.

Perfect Tenses

Past participle –

a. regular verbs just add –d/ed to make the past tense of the verb

present tense past tense / past participle continuous

walk walked walked walking
play played played
climb climbed climbed

b. irregular verbs change the spelling of the past tense of the verb; last letter is t/n/e
present tense past tense past participle continuous
write wrote written writing
come came come
teach taught taught

Perfect tense – have + past participle (the SUBJECT can do the action)

a. Present perfect tense – S +has/have + past participle

She has written the poem.
- experience (I have visited China.)
I have visited Bangkok. I have visited Japan and Korea.
He has visited Bangkok. I have tasted some crocodile meat.

- action that has happened and has result now (He has lost his wallet.)

I have lost my books.

- state (They have taught for years.)
 I have taught in Bangsaphan school for 4 years.
I have studied in Bangsaphan school for 5 years.
- recent or new happenings (Somebody has invented a new type of printer.)
- how much, how many, how many times

b. Past Perfect Tense –– S + had + past participle

She had passed it yesterday.
I had studied at school yesterday.

c. Future Perfect Tense – S + will have + past participle

I will have submitted it before you come.

Present perfect tense – S +has/have + past participle

1
2

Past perfect tense – S +had + past participle

1
2

Future perfect tense – S +will have + past participle

1
2

6. Perfect Continuous Tenses (PCT) – have been + present participle

a. present PCT – has / have + been + present participle

b. past PCT – had + been + present participle

c. future PCT – will have + been + present participle

VERB FORMS

Verb Forms

a. regular verbs just add –d/ed to make the past tense of the verb

present tense past tense

walk walked
play played
climb climbed

b. irregular verbs change the spelling of the past tense of the verb
present tense past tense
write wrote
 come came
teach taught

same spelling of the past tense of the verb

present tense past tense
cut cut
read read
put put

TRANSITIVE and INTRANSITIVE verbs

a. transitive verbs – there is object (can be a noun or a pronoun)in the sentence that receives the
action of the verb

Tom reads the book

subject + verb + object

1. monotransitive verb – has DIRECT OBJECT only S-V-O / S-V-DO / S-V-O-A

She called the students.
2. ditransitive verb – has INDIRECT and DIRECT OBJECT S-V-IO-DO
He gave him many gifts.
3. complex transitive verb – has DIRECT OBJECT and OBJECT COMPLEMENT
S-V-DO-OC
The workers painted the wall green.
b. intransitive verbs – there is NO object in the sentence.

Cindy slept.

subject + verb

- sometimes there is preposition S-V-A (A – adverbial: answers the questions

when/where/to whom/for whom)

Cindy slept on the bed.

subject + verb + preposition

OBJECTS
1. direct object (DO) – answers the questions what and whom
They called the students.
 2. indirect object (IO) – answers the questions to/for what and to/for whom
The farmers give them some milk.
3. object of preposition (OP) – the noun/pronoun after the PREPOSITION
They always want to go TO the mall.

Participles
a. Present Participles – verb + ing
Functions:
a. Part of the verb – continuous tenses ( be + verb+ing)
She is singing.

b. Adjective – verb+ing + NOUN; NOUN + verb+ing

I saw a crying baby. The boy walking hurriedly is Steve.

c. Noun (gerund) – used as SUBJECT or OBJECT in the sentence

Subject: Reading is my favorite subject.
Direct Object – I like reading.
Complement (SC) – describes the subject: Her hobby is reading comic
books.
Object of Preposition – She is fond of reading comic books.
Appositive – defines the subject or the object:
His hobby, reading comic books is fun.
Indirect Object – I give reading a lot of time.

b. Past Participles – consider regular and irregular verbs

a. part of the verb – perfect tenses
have + past participle
She had brokenhis arm.
b. adjective
past participle + noun; noun + past participle
He has a broken leg. The treasure hidden under that tree was found yesterday.
Infinitive
a. Bare infinitive – without to
- written after the causative verbs CV (help, make, let, get, have)
Don’t let her go out late at night.
S – CV – DO – bare infinitive

b. To – Infinitive
Functions:
a. Noun – used as SUBJECT or OBJECT in the sentence
a.1. Subject – To fix a car is a hard work.
a.2. Object - They called to finish your test.
a.3. Complement (SC) – To see is to believe.
a.4. Appositive – (App) – His dream to finish his studies is very encouraging.

b. Adjective – describes the noun (NOUN + INF)

The boy to finish his studies in this university is Tony.
c. Adjective Complement – completes the idea of an adjective
It is better to study early.
d. Adverb - answers the question WHY
 She studies hard to get good score.

Kinds of Sentences
a. Declarative – ordinary sentence. The girl is beautiful.
b. Interrogative – questions. Do you like her?
c. Imperative – command or request. Answer your test. Please get those things.
d. Exclamatory – with emotions. Bravo! You are really good.
e. Optative – prayer/dream/hope: May God bless you.

SENTENCE STRUCTURES
a. declarative – statement
S-V She studies.
S-V-C She is graceful.
S-V-A She studies outside. She studies hard.
S-V-O She answered the test.
S-V-O-A She answered the e gave test in the cafeteria.
S-V-IO-DO She gave him pens.
A-S-V-C Frankly, he is very rude.
A-S-V-O Honestly, she made the test.
b. imperative – order/command; request
V Stop.
V-A Run fast.
V-C Be quiet.
V-O Answer your homework.
V-O-A Answer your test in the library.
V-IO-DO Give your classmates the homework.
c. exclamatory – deep feelings / strong emotions
C-S-V What a handsome boy you are!
O-S-V What a wonderful bag you have!
C What a nice day!

Voices of the Verbs

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

- the SUBJECT is the DOER of the - the SUBJECT is the RECEIVER of the
 action action
- the DOER of the action is not so
important
- DOER is preceded by BY

SIMPLE TENSES
a. simple present a. present passive - is/are/am + pp
She cooks the food. The food is cooked (by her).

b. simple past b. past passive - was/were + pp

He cooked the food. The food was cooked.

CONTINUOUS TENSES (be + present participle)

a. present continuous a. present continuous passive
- is/are/am + verb + ing - is/are/am + being + pp
She is cooking the food. The food is being cooked.

b. past continuous b. past continuous passive

- was/were + verb + ing - was/were + being + pp
She was cooking the food. The food was being cooked.

PERFECT TENSES (have + past participle, pp)

a. present perfect tense a. present perfect passive
- has/have + pp - has/have been + pp
He has lost his wallet. His wallet has been lost.

b. past perfect tense c. past perfect passive

- had + pp - had + been + pp
He had lost his wallet. His wallet had been lost.

 SENTENCE ELEMENT - parts of the sentence

1. SUBJECT – what is being talked about in the sentences

Swimming early in the morning is a very exciting hobby.

2. VERB – what something/somebody does (a) or what something/somebody is (b)

a. They are studying hard so they can get good scores. (action/movement)
b. They look cute today. (linking verb)

3. PREDICATE – from the verb upto the last word in the sentence
- all the remaining words, excluding the subject
The man in the cafeteria announced the good news.
She is the most intelligent student in the class.

4. VOCATIVE – used to address someone/something directly

Come with us, Bill.
5. ADVERBIALS – answers the questions WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW (modify the verb)
She eats in the cafeteria.

6. OBJECT – (object of the verb) receives the action of the verb

DO – direct object: directly receives the action of the verb; answers the question
what/whom/who
- there is only one object in the sentence: They are singing the song.
IO – indirect object: indirectly receives the action of the verb;
answers the questions to whom/what or
for what/whom: They gave them nice dinner.

7. APPOSITIVE – tell/define what the subject or the object is

SUBJECT - His favorite actress, Angelina Jolie, is very kind and humble.
OBJECT - He always likes to talk about his favorite actress, Angelina Jolie.

8. OBJECT OF THE VERB – after a preposition: She is fond of her.

9. EXCLAMATIONS - interjections