Pre-Intermediate Teacher Jenel

 8 PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS

PRONOUNS

VERBS
a. Main Verbs (MV) (there is one (1) verb in the sentence)
The man walks.
(subject) (verb)
She is cute.
1. action verbs - show action or movement (example: write, walk, jump, study)
2. linking verb – tell something about the subject (example: be, looks, smells,…)
The soup smells good. (The soup is good.)
The bread looks delicious. (The bread is delicious.)
3. state verb – opinion/thinking/emotion/preference/ownership
I feel happy today. I have a new car. I like white spaghetti.

b. Helping Verbs (HV) or Auxiliary Verbs (there are two (2) verbs in the sentence)
1. primary auxiliaries – bhd - be (am, is, are), have (has, have, had), do (do, does, did) + MV
I am singing.
HV MV
2. modals – C2MWS (can/could, must, may/might, will/would, shall/should) + MV

The students should study hard.

modal + verb (base form of the verb)

ADJECTIVES - words that describe or modify nouns

ADVERBS - words that describe or modify verbs

PREPOSITIONS + noun/pronoun

CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)``and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet'' are used to join individual words,
phrases, and independent clauses. The conjunctions ``but'' and ``for'' can also function as prepositions.
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship between
the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating conjunctions: " after,
although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether and while".
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most
common correlative conjunctions: "both... and, either...or, neither...nor, not only.., but also, so...as, and
whether...or." Usually correlative conjunctions consist of a coordinating conjunction linked to an adjective or
adverb.

INTERJECTIONS
Interjections are used in speech to indicate emotion or transition. Interjections such as "yuk, ouch, eh" are used
as exclamations in conversation. (example: Eeek! I saw a rat.)
  SENTENCE ELEMENT
1. SUBJECT – what is being talked about in the sentences
Swimming early in the morning is a very exciting hobby.
2. VERB – what something/somebody does (a) or what something/somebody is (b)
a. They are studying hard so they can get good scores. (action/movement)
b. They look cute today. (linking verb)
3. PREDICATE – all the remaining words, excluding the subject
The man in the cafeteria announced the good news.
4. VOCATIVE – used to address someone/something directly
Come with us, Bill.
5. ADVERBIALS – answers the questions WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW (modify the verb)
6. OBJECT – (object of the verb) receives the action of the verb
DO – direct object: directly receives the action of the verb; answers the question what/whom/who
- there is only one object in the sentence: They are singing the song.
IO – indirect object: indirectly receives the action of the verb; answers the questions to whom/what or
for what/whom: They gave them nice dinner.
7. APPOSITIVE – tell/define what the subject or the object is
His favorite actress, Angelina Jolie, is very kind and humble.
He always likes to talk about his favorite actress, Angelina Jolie.
8. EXCLAMATIONS – interjections showing deep emotion

 The Rules of Subject Verb Agreement in Standard English

SUBJECT – Noun or Pronoun
1. Singular Subject + Singular Verb
The dog growls when he is angry.
2. Plural Subject + Plural Verb
The dogs growl when they are angry.
3. The intervening group does not affect the verb used in the sentence.
The manager, along with his friends, goes in a most expensive restaurant.
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.
subject + intervening group + verb
4. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject will always be placed
after the verb, so care needs to be taken to identify it correctly.
There is a tiger inside the cage.
Here are the papers you requested.
5. If the subjects are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also the
verb agrees with the closer subject (normally the subject after nor/or).
Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.
6. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement, title of the book/story/movie,
uncountable nouns, singular collective nouns, disease, subjects of studies, singular indefinite pronouns
or sports.
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
Ten tons is heavy.
Be careful! A herd of elephants is coming.
Titanic gives many lessons.
Aerobics is a nice exercise.
Everyone does his best.
7. Most + plural noun; Most of the + plural noun
8. The number of, A number of, Lot of Lots of + plural noun
7. Final Rule – Remember, only the subject affects the verb!
  TRANSITIVE and INTRANSITIVE verbs
a. transitive verbs – there is object (can be a noun or a pronoun)in the sentence that
receives the action of the verb
Tom reads the book

subject + verb + object

1. monotransitive verb – has DIRECT OBJECT only (only one object of the verb)
She called the students.

2. ditransitive verb – has INDIRECT and DIRECT OBJECT (two objects of the verb)
He gave him many gifts. (gave what: many gifts; to whom: him)

3. complex transitive verb – has DIRECT OBJECT and OBJECT COMPLEMENT

The workers painted the wall green.
(painted what: the wall; OC- describes the DO: grees)

b. intransitive verbs – there is NO object in the sentence.

Cindy slept.

subject + verb

- sometimes there is preposition

Cindy slept on the bed.

subject + verb + preposition

 OBJECTS
1. direct object (DO) – answers the questions what and whom
They called the students.
2. indirect object (IO) – answers the questions to/for what and to/for whom
The farmers give them some milk.
3. object of preposition (OP) – the noun/pronoun after the PREPOSITION
They always want to go to the mall. (after the preposition to)
OP does not include the preposition- only the noun or pronoun after the preposition

 VERBS
a. action verb – shows action/movement; shows what someone or something does
They kicked the ball.
2. linking verb – no action; shows what someone or something is
He looked handsome yesterday.
3. helping verb – with 2 or more verbs (hv+mv, hv+hv+mv)
She is constantly cleaning her room.
 COMPLEMENTS
– say something about the subject or about the object in the sentence
1. subject complement (SC) - say something about the subject in the sentence;
- after a linking verb
She is very smart.
2. object complement (OC) - say something about the object in the sentence
She named her pet Cutie. (Cutie describes the DO her pet)

a. can be an adjective
SC – She is very wise.
OC – She colored the paper pink.
b. can be a predicate nominative (noun)
SC – She is the new president of the company.
OC – They elected her the new president of the club.

 ADVERBIALS
1. adjunct – answers the questions when, where, how, to/for what, to/for whom, with what
The faculty will bring the books inside this afternoon.
They will go to the mall in the afternoon.
2. disjunct – opinion/point of view
Frankly, she is very glamorous today.
3. conjunct – links sentences
You are very meticulous. Therefore, you should choose your own things.

 SENTENCE STRUCTURES
a. declarative – statement
S-V She studies.
S-V-C She is graceful.
S-V-A She studies outside. She studies hard.
S-V-O She answered the test.
S-V-O-A She answered the e gave test in the cafeteria.
S-V-IO-DO She gave him pens.
A-S-V-C Frankly, he is very rude.
A-S-V-O Honestly, she made the test.

b. imperative – order/command; request

V Stop.
V-A Run fast.
V-C Be quiet.
V-O Answer your homework.
V-O-A Answer your test in the library.
V-IO-DO Give your classmates the homework.

c. exclamatory – deep feelings / strong emotions

C-S-V What a handsome boy you are!
O-S-V What a wonderful bag you have!
C What a nice day!
PHRASES ACCORDING TO FORM
 VERBAL + OBJECT
 VERBAL + ADVERBIAL
 VERBAL + OBJECT + ADVERBIAL

a. GERUND phrase – the head is a GERUND (verb+ing as a NOUN only)

1. GERUND PHRASE as Subject - Reading newspaper early morning is her morning routine.
2. GERUND PHRASE as Object (object of the verb)– I like reading books in front of TV.
3. GERUND PHRASE as Object of Preposition- I am fond of reading books in front of TV.
4. GERUND PHRASE as Complement (SC) – Her hobby is reading comic books inside her
room.
5. GERUND PHRASE as Appositive – Her hobby, reading comic books inside her room, is a bit
boring.

b. PARTICIPIAL phrase – the head is a PARTICIPLE that acts as ADJECTIVE

- there is always a NOUN/PRONOUN that the participial phrase describes
- can be present participle or past participle
N/P + participial phrase: The man driving the car fast suddenly sees a cat walking across
the road.
The girl annoyed by the noises of her classmates suddenly went
out of the room.
participial phrase + N/P: Driving the car fast, the man didn’t see the cat walking across
the road.
Annoyed by the noises of her classmates, she went out
immediately.

c. INFINITIVE phrase – the head is INFINITIVE (to+verb)

1. NOUN – answer the question WHAT
1.1. INFINITIVE PHRASE as Subject – To study hard early in the morning is very
exciting.
1.2. INFINITIVE PHRASE as Object – The farmers like to give gifts to their
children.
1.3. INFINITIVE PHRASE as Complement – His biggest desire is to finish his studies
in the famous university.
1.4. INFINITIVE PHRASE as Appositive – (define/specify) His biggest desire, to study
in a famous university,
is about to happen now.
2. ADJECTIVE – describe the NOUN
- N/P + infinitive phrase
The person to ask about the important matters is the principal herself.

3. ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT – adjective + to-infinitive

- completes the idea
She is very keen to travel around the world.
(keen + to travel: keen of travelling)

4. ADVERB – answers the question WHY

The students studied hard to get good score in the test

d. PREPOSITIONAL phrase – the head is a PREPOSITION

1. adverbial
1.1 Adjunct – when, where, how, how often, to/for what, to/for whom, with what
The students study in the cafeteria in the afternoon.
 1.2 Disjunct – opinion, thinking, point of view
To her relief, the boy found her lost wallet.
In my opinion, she is very knowledgeable on that.
1.3 Conjunct – links sentences
For example, you can use water to wash the dishes.

2. Complement (OPTIONAL; depends on the ability of the students

2.1 subject-complement – say something about the subject (describe)
The topic is of big importance.
2.2 object-complement – say something about the object (describe the object)
They treated the project of big importance.
2.3 noun complement – say something about the NOUN (define/specify)
They use better methods of teaching.
2.4 verb complement - say something about the VERB (define/specify)
They insisted on that vote.
2.5 adjective complement - say something about the ADJECTIVE (define/specify)
They are very constant in getting good scores.
2.6 adverb complement - say something about the ADVERB (define/specify)
Please move away from that wall.

2.3 Noun modifier – describe the NOUN

noun + prepositional phrase: The man in the cafeteria is the newly hired manager
of the company.

PHRASES ACCORDING TO USE

1. NOUN PHRASE – the head is a NOUN
- adjective + noun: a pretty red Italian ROSE
- (noun + noun) + noun five-minute BREAK
Uses:
1. Noun phrase as SUBJECT An extremely old man drove the car.

2. Noun phrase as DO The girl called the old man.

3. Noun phrase as IO The girl gave the old man some food.

4. Noun phrase as SC The manager is an extremely old man.

5. Noun phrase as OC The girl called his brother a silly boy.

6. Noun phrase as APPOSITIVE The manager, an extremely old man, is very smart.

7. Noun phrase as an OP The manager talks about an extremely old man.

8. Noun phrase as an ADVERBIAL

- noun + noun (WHEN) The meeting will be held tomorrow morning.

2. ADJECTIVAL PHRASE - acts as an ADJECTIVE (what kind?)

1. descriptive adjectives (DOSdSACOM)

2. prepositional phrase
a. noun modifier: The man in the cafeteria is the new president of the company.
b. noun complement The jug of water is new.

3. noun phrase – hyphenated: They enjoyed their five-minute break.

 4. adverbial phrase (from where?) LV + adverbial phrase
He is from Boston.

5. infinitive phrase as an adjective NOUN + INFINITIVE PHRASE

The man to discuss the agenda is the new president.
6. participial phrase NOUN + PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
The man driving the car fast is old.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE + NOUN

Annoyed by his classmates, the boy went outside.

7. ADJECTIVE phrase – ADVERB + ADJECTIVE extremely old

3. ADVERBIAL PHRASE – acts as an ADVERB

1. adverb phrase – ADVERB + ADVERB very gracefully

2. prepositional phrase -
a. ADJUNCT - WHEN, WHERE, HOW, WHY
- in the morning, in the cafeteria, in silence
b. DISJUNCT – opinion
- to his belief
c. CONJUNCT – joins sentences
- In addition, On the contrary
3. noun phrase (WHEN)
tomorrow morning

4. infinitive phrase - answers the question WHY

The students studied hard to get good score in the test
- say something about the ADJECTIVE
They are very keen to look for many answers to their homework.

4. VERB PHRASE – 2 or more verbs

- helping verb (hv) + main verb (mv) / hv + hv + mv
Primary helping verb:
a. continuous tenses – be + present participle
- is/are/am/was/were + verb+ing
b. perfect tenses – have + past participle
- has/have/had + [(d/ed) or (t/n/e)]
c. perfect continuous tenses – have + been + present participle
- has/have/had + been + verb+ing
Modals:
C2MWS + main verb
can/could,must,may/might,will/would,shall/should + main verb
5. PHRASAL VERBS – more on expressions that gives different meanings
Examples of Phrasal Verbs
think up imagine
take off depart
work out solve
put out extinguish
put off postpone
break out erupt, escape
wake up
call up
grow up
hurry up fast
shut up quiet
add to increase
catch on become popular
go away leave
look after take care of
shake off get rid of
put up offer accommodation
rabbit on talking at great strength
wipe out kill
butter up flatter
drop by visit
feel for have great sympathy for
fall for fell in-love with
cook up invented
hang on wait
pick up fetch/get

CLAUSES
1. MAIN CLAUSE – (INDEPENDENT CLAUSE) has complete thought/idea
The man in the yard owns this big village.
2. COORDINATE CLAUSE – independent clauses joined by COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS and, nor or
but: The students studied hard so they get good scores.
3. SUBORDINATE CLAUSE – introduced by SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
The students studied hard because they wanted to get good scores.
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship between
the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating conjunctions: " after,
although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether and while".

4. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE/RELATIVE CLAUSE – introduced by RELATIVE PRONOUN (who/whom/which/that)

or RELATIVE ADVERB (when/where/why/how)
- describes a NOUN The house where I was born is being renovated.
The house that was 100 years old is being renovated.
5. NOUN CLAUSE – subordinate or dependent clause formed by relative clause that functions as a
noun phrase
 THAT clause
 WH clause (who, whose, what, which, whatever, whoever, whichever)

Functions of a NOUN CLAUSE

 1. SUBJECT (S)
Noun Movies are shown in the theater.
Noun Phrase The most interesting movies are shown in the theater.
Noun Clause What he likes to watch is shown in the theater.
2. SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (SC) (predicate nominative) – S + LV + SC
Finishing his studies is what he always dreams of.
3. DIRECT OBJECT (DO) – S + AV + DO
She likes whatever she sees.
4. ADJECTIVE COMPLEMENT (AdjC) – adjective + noun clause
She is pleased that she can understand the lessons well.
5. OBJECT OF PREPOSITION (OP) – after the preposition
She is fond of whatever she sees new.

6. ADVERB CLAUSE – subordinate clause

a. adverb clause of TIME – subordinate clause answering WHEN
- after, as, as soon as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while
You can come here whenever you like.
b. adverb clause of MANNER – subordinate clause answering HOW
- as if, as though, how, like
Apologize as if you meant it.
c. adverb clause of PLACE – subordinate clause answering WHERE
- where, wherever
Go wherever you want.
d. adverb clause of REASON (cause) – subordinate clause answering WHY
- because, in case, seeing, since
They studied hard because they wanted to get perfect score.
e. adverb clause of PURPOSE (aim/objective) – subordinate clause answering FOR WHAT
- so that, so, in order that
They studied hard so that they can get good score.
f. adverb clause of RESULT (cause and EFFECT) – subordinate clause answering WHAT
HAPPENED / WHAT COULD HAPPENED
- so…that, such…that
They studied so hard that they get good scores.
g. adverb clause of CONCESSION (contrast)
- although, even though, however, no matter what/who/where, though, while, whether…or
Even though he is a doctor, he is teaching now.
h. adverbial clause of COMPARISON – adverb of manner…than
She danced more gracefully than her sister.
i. adverbial clause of PROPORTION (equality)
- as…the, as…so as, the…the
As she studies harder, the more chances she can get good score.

j. adverb clause of CONDITION

REAL CONDITIONALS
j.1. zero conditionals – IF + simple present + simple present (always true) (SCIENTIFIC)
If you put ice under direct sunlight, it melts.
 j.2. first conditionals - IF + present tense + WILL/MAY/CAN + verb (will/may happen)
(possible)
If she studies hard, she will get good score.
- UNLESS + present + WILL NOT (won’t) + verb
(unless – if not)

j.3. second conditionals – IF + past + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + verb

- IMPOSSIBLE AT THE MOMENT (but there is possibility for it to
happen)
If you lived in Canada, you could have your own house there.

j.4. third conditionals – would have happened but didn’t happen

- IF + past perfect + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + HAVE + PP
If you had studied hard, you could have passed the test.
- IF + past perfect + WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + HAVE + BEEN + verb+ing
If you had studied hard, you could have been getting good score.

- wish + past perfect - regret (can’t be changed anymore)

I wish I had hugged my aunt before she died.

UNREAL CONDITIONAL
j.5. impossible/imagination
- simple past, WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + verb
If I had wings, I could fly around the world.
- wish / were + simple past
I wish I made the Statue of Liberty.
If I were a butterfly, I had beautiful wings.

SENTENCE – has complete thought/idea

FRAGMENT – no complete idea/thought

a. subordinate clause
b. adjective/relative clause
c. noun clause
d. phrases according to form or use

KINDS OF SENTENCES
1. declarative sentence – statement
2. interrogative sentence – question
3. imperative sentence – order/command
4. exclamatory – emotions/feelings
5. optative sentence – prayer/wish

FORMS OF SENTENCES
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE – expressing one complete thought/idea
a. simple S + simple predicate Some students like to study in the morning.

b. simple S + compound predicate The children go to the library and study every day.
 c. compound subject + simple predicate Mother and her daughter clean the garden.

d. compound S + compound predicate The boys and the girls get the books and read their
homework.
2. COMPOUND SENTENCE – 2 COORDINATE CLAUSES
- main clause, + coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS)
Iris tried to speak French, and her friend tried to speak Spanish.
3. COMPLEX SENTENCE
a. 1 MAIN CLAUSE + 1or2 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES / RELATIVE CLAUSES
Main Clause – with complete thought/idea
Subordinate Clause – NO complete thought/idea
- introduced by subordinating conjunctions (adverbial clause)
The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
main clause subordinate clause (adverbial clause of TIME)

A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship between
the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating conjunctions: " after,
although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether and while".

4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE – 2 MAIN CLAUSES/COORDIANTE CLAUSE + 1or 2

SUBORDINATE or RELATIVE CLAUSE(S)
The man who called this meeting came to visit this place so he could give necessary advice for better
improvement of this firm.

DIRECT SPEECH – (or quoted speech) the actual words of the speaker are quoted (“…”)

INDIRECT SPEECH – (reported speech) report what the speaker said

General Rules

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Declarative Sentence – said + that clause

1. simple present - simple past tense

He said, “I am well.” He said that he was well.

2. present continuous tense (is/are/am + verb+ing) - past continuous tense

He said, “My mother is writing a letter.” He said that he was writing a letter.

3. present perfect tense (has/have + pp) - past perfect tense

He said, “I have passed the examination.” He said that he had passed the examination.

4. present perfect continuous tense - past perfect continuous tense

(has/have + been + verb+ing) (had been + verb+ing)
He said, “I have been studying here for years.” He said that he had been studying here for
years.

5. simple past - past perfect tense (had + pp)

He said, “My horse died last night.” He said that his horse had died the night
before.

6. past continuous tense (was/were + verb+ing) - past perfect continuous tense (had been + verb+ing)
She said, “I was watching TV.” She said that she had been watching TV.
7. past perfect tense (had + pp) - NO CHANGE

The boy said he had visited China.

The boy said, “I had visited China last year.”

8. past perfect continuous tense - NO CHANGE

(had been + verb+ing) - past perfect continuous tense
(had been + verb+ing)
The lady said, “I had been looking for the The lady said that she had been looking for the
lost treasure for years.” lost treasure for years.

B. Interrogative Sentence

1. question with DEFINITE answer - use asked/inquired + WH/H clause

He said to me, “What are you doing?” He asked me what I was doing.

2. question that can be answered by YES or NO - use asked/inquired + IF/WHETHER clause

He said to me, “Will you listen?” He asked me if I would listen.
He asked me whether I would listen or not.

C. Imperative Sentence

1. command - use of ordered + to+verb

Raja said to Jay, “Go away.” Raja ordered Jay to go away.

2. request - use of requested + to+verb

He said to Jinny, “Please wait here till I return.” He requested Jinny to wait there till he
returned.

D. Distance
now then
here there
ago before
thus so
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the day before
last night the night before
this that
that those
Voices of the Verbs

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

- the SUBJECT is the DOER of the action - the SUBJECT is the RECEIVER of the action
- the DOER of the action is not so important
- DOER is preceded by BY
SIMPLE TENSES
a. simple present a. present passive - is/are/am + pp
She cooks the food. The food is cooked (by her).

b. simple past b. past passive - was/were + pp

He cooked the food. The food was cooked.

CONTINUOUS TENSES (be + present participle)

a. present continuous a. present continuous passive
- is/are/am + verb + ing - is/are/am + being + pp
She is cooking the food. The food is being cooked.

b. past continuous b. past continuous passive

- was/were + verb + ing - was/were + being + pp
She was cooking the food. The food was being cooked.

PERFECT TENSES (have + past participle, pp)

a. present perfect tense a. present perfect passive
- has/have + pp - has/have been + pp
He has lost his wallet. His wallet has been lost.

b. past perfect tense c. past perfect passive

- had + pp - had + been + pp
He had lost his wallet. His wallet had been lost.