Journal of Medical Systems (2019) 43: 186

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-019-1306-5

MOBILE & WIRELESS HEALTH

An Effective Design of Wearable Antenna with Double Flexible

Substrates and Defected Ground Structure for Healthcare
Monitoring System
Ameena Banu Mustafa 1 & Tamilselvi Rajendran 1

Received: 13 March 2019 / Accepted: 22 April 2019 / Published online: 17 May 2019
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Due to the development of modern wearable mobile devices, the need of antenna with smaller size and internally flexible to fit
becomes necessary. Miniaturization of Micro Strip Patch (MSP) antenna increases its employability for communication in
different aspects. The use of flexible material for the fabrication of MSP antenna still improves its use for Wireless Body Area
Networks (WBAN) which includes devices for monitoring systems in military, surveillance and medical applications. The
devices designed specifically in Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) band are used for communication in these applications.
Defected Ground Structure (DGS) is adopted as an emerging technique for improving the various parameters of microwave
circuits, that is, narrow bandwidth, cross-polarization, low gain, and so forth. In this paper, the design of compact micro strip
patch antenna using different flexible substrate materials with DGS is proposed to resonate the antenna at 2.45GHz ISM band
which can be used as biomedical sensors. Felt and Teflon with dielectric constant 1.36 and 2.1respectively are chosen as flexible
substrate material among various flexible materials like cotton, rubber, paper, jeans etc. Using CST studio suite software, the
designed antenna is simulated and the fabricated antenna is tested with Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The performance
parameters like return loss, gain, directivity and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of the antenna are analyzed.

Keywords CST software . ISM band . WBAN . Defected ground structure . VNA . Return loss . Directivity . Gain . Flexible
dielectric materials . Teflon . Felt

Introduction can be used as Cordless phones, Near Field Communication

Antenna plays vital role in communication for transmission
and reception of electromagnetic waves in free space. The
design of an efficient antenna providing low return loss and
high gain for recent wireless applications is a major challenge.
Micro strip antennas are widely used for its low profile, easy
manufacturability, simple structure, low cost and omni direc-
tional radiation patterns [1, 2]. These features provide a great
advantage over the traditional ones. Modern mobile devices
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Mobile & Wireless Health
* Ameena Banu Mustafa
am_banu@yahoo.com; ameenabanuece@sethu.ac.in
Tamilselvi Rajendran
rts.ece@gmail.com
1
Department of ECE, Sethu Institute of Technology, Pulloor,
Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu 626115, India
(NFC) devices, Monitoring System and Wireless Computer
networks. While designing the antennas for these applications
particularly for monitoring devices, the flexibility of the ma-
terial is quite important. Hence, the substrate layer of MSP can
be designed with flexible materials like Cotton, Felt, Teflon
etc. While choosing the flexible dielectric material for antenna
design many of its characteristics are being considered like
dielectric constant, loss tangent, adhesive property, tempera-
ture coefficient, mechanical strength, recyclability etc. High
value of dielectric constant increases the level of miniaturiza-
tion at the same time increases the spurious radiation also.
Therefore, optimum value of dielectric material is preferred.
Similarly while considering about mechanical strength if it is
too rigid it cannot be used as flexible material and hence with
enough strength but be flexible is required.
These Flexible Substrate Antennas (FSAs) designed at par-
ticular resonant frequency should unaffected under bending,
stretching and twisting. Even when it is embedded with fab-
rics and bandages, they should function normally [3–6]. When
186 Page 2 of 11
Fig. 1 Wearable antenna
applications
the micro strip patch antennas made with flexible substrates,
they provide the possibility of wearing it for communication
purposes like tracking, navigation and for public safety pur-
poses [7, 8]. The design of wearable devices for medical ap-
plications having several challenges like [9].
& Safety and Reliability
& Compactness
& Power requirement
& User acceptability
& Environment where it is used like home, hospital etc.
Some of the wearable antenna applications are shown in
Figure 1 [10].
For medical applications, the antenna used as wearable
device may have dual polarization i.e. either linear polariza-
tion or circular polarization. When circular polarization is pre-
ferred, for some human beings it may cause skin diseases
when there is a radiation towards skin. As a whole, a linear
polarized antenna may be preferred for medical wearable de-
vices [11, 12].
Fig. 2 Different shapes of DGS
J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186
The main challenge of designing of this kind of antenna
is impedance matching which also sometimes confines its
applications. In order to conquer these shortcomings,
some new technologies have been introduced. One such
technique that can be used to overcome these limitations is
using Defected Ground Structure (DGS) [13–15]. As the
name Defected Ground Structure suggests, intentionally
mistakes like slots or defects integrated on the ground
layer of MSP. The structure may consist of single DGS
unit or multiple DGS unit. When multiple number of
DGS units used, they may be arranged horizontally or
vertically. Sometimes concentric circles also introduced.
The periodic repetition of unit DGS cells gives much var-
iation in the performance of the antenna. DGS exhibits
negative permittivity and permeability. These structures
are realized by etching off a simple shape defect from
the ground plane of micro strip patch antenna. The simple
shapes used as Defected Ground Structure may be circular,
rectangular, dumbbell, etc. At the same time, the structures
shown in Fig. 2 also be used based on the design require-
ments [16, 17].
J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186 Page 3 of 11 186

Table 2 Dimensions of
proposed antenna Parameters Values in mm

Patch length L 36.27

Patch width W 36.27
Patch height h 0.035
Substrate thickness 1.6
Ground length 72.54
Ground width 72.54
Ground height 0.035

reflection S-parameter measurements are S11 and S 22

Fig. 3 Micro strip patch antenna structure
(https://www.tek.com/dokument/primer/what-vector-
network-analyzer-and-how-does-it-work).

Due to its simple structural design, this method is preferred

as compared to different feeding techniques (https://www.
researchgate.net/.../Comparison-of-PBG-EBG-and-DGS_ Related work
tbl1_313253370) like Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) and
Photonic Band Gap (PBG) to enhance the performance of the Many researchers have designed the micro strip patch antenna
antenna in terms of suppression of higher order harmonics, with flexible materials. Sankaralingam S and Gupta B [18]
mutual coupling between the nearby elements and cross- developed the MSP with wash cotton and curtain cotton as
polarization to improve the radiation characteristics. A substrate material and they have achieved the return loss of
microstrip antenna with diagonal square shaped DGS is used. −15.6 dB with wash cotton and -16 dB with curtain cotton.
Vector Network Analyzers (VNA) are used to test compo- Under bending conditions, the return loss was reduced.
nent specifications and verify design simulations to make sure Researchers Tanaka, M., Jae-Hyeuk, J [19], Santas, J.G.,
systems and their components work properly together. VNA Alomainy, A., Yang, H [20] and Corchia, L., Monti, G., De
contains both a source, used to generate a known stimulus Benedetto, E. and et al. [21], described the design of antenna
signal, and a set of receivers, used to determine changes to in which the conductive spray consists of copper with gas used
this stimulus caused by the device-under-test or DUT. The along any flexible material. Humberto C. C. Fernandes, José
stimulus signal is injected into the DUT and the VNA mea- L. Da Silva And Almir Souza E S. Neto [22] explained the use
sures both the signal that’s reflected from the input side, as of defected ground structure in design of patch antenna which
well as the signal that passes through to the output side of the resonates at around 3GHz, in which FR4 was used as substrate
DUT. It performs two types of measurements – transmission
and reflection. Transmission measurements pass the VNA
stimulus signal through the device under test, which is then
measured by the VNA receivers on the other side.
Comparatively, reflection measurements measure the part
of the VNA stimulus signal that is incident upon the
DUT, but does not pass through it. Instead, the reflection
measurement measures the signal that travels back to-
wards the source due to reflections. The most common

Table 1 List of substrate

materials with their dielectric Substrate Dielectric
constant Material Constant ɛr

Polymide 3.4
Rubber 7
PTFE/Teflon 2.1
Felt 1.36
Jeans 1.6
Paper 1.4
Fig. 4 Top view of proposed antenna
186 Page 4 of 11 J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186

availability and cost of the flexible material used should be

considered. Hence, we authors getting interested in designing
an antenna with flexible substrate material such as Felt, Teflon
and Jeans as dielectric substrate which can extend its use for
wearable applications and combination of different substrate
materials as single substrate layer to enhance the performance
of the antenna at the desired resonant frequency.

Antenna design

A micro strip patch antenna consists of ground layer, substrate

Fig. 5 Bottom view of proposed antenna with DGS
material. They have achieved the return loss of -19 dB at
3.3GHz and also resonate at multiple frequencies.
H. Elftouh and et al. [23] developed a patch antenna with
one unit and double unit DGS for resonating at 5.7GHz, where
FR4 is used as substrate. But, the fabricated antenna resonated
at 3.3GHz with one unit DGS and at 3GHz with double unit
DGS. Alix rivera and Balanis [24] inserted a ferrite ring at the
mid of substrate so that substrate layer was divided in to two
layers of dielectric-ferrite and ferrite-dielectric. Even the per-
formance of the antenna was satisfied at the specified frequen-
cy, the cost and design complexity of the antenna was in-
creased due to the use of ferrite materials. Sumit Majumder,
Tapas Mondal and M. Jamal Deen [25] described the progress
in low-power, compact wearables (sensors, actuators, anten-
nas,) used for monitoring the different parts and functions of
the body pave the way for low-cost, unobtrusive, and long-
term health monitoring system.
The above studies on design of micro strip patch antenna
with different materials and different techniques elaborated
the advantages of use of flexible and multiple substrate mate-
rials. When the FR4 is used for fabricating the antenna, the
flexibility became questionable at the same time the
layer and conducting layer. The ground and conducting layers
are normally copper and for substrate layer, a material with
low dielectric constant is preferred to improve the radiation
property of the antenna. The dimensions of all the three layers
were calculated for the preferred resonant frequency and di-
electric constant of the substrate material. The basic structure
of micro strip patch antenna is presented in Fig. 3 which con-
sists of ground, substrate and radiating patch.
While designing the antenna, initially the resonant frequen-
cy was chosen according to the frequency band of operation.
Since, we aimed for ISM band applications, the resonant fre-
quency was chosen as 2.4GHz.The patch dimensions width
and length is calculated as below [26].
Width
The width of the patch is calculated by using eq. (1)
C
W¼ rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ½mm ð1Þ
ð∈r þ 1Þ
2f 0
2
where C is the velocity of light in free space, fo is the resonant
frequency and εr is the dielectric constant of the substrate
material.
Length
The length of the patch is calculated by using eq. (2)
L ¼ Lðeff Þ−2ΔL ½mm ð2Þ

Table 3 Dimensions of diagonal square in ground layer where

C
Parameters Values in mm Lðeff Þ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ½mm ð3Þ
2f 0 ∈ðreff Þ
Length of the upper square 10
Width of the upper square 10 and
Length of the lower square 10
 −1 =
Width of the lower square 10 ∈r þ 1 ∈r−1 12h 2
∈rðeff Þ ¼ þ 1þ ð4Þ
Height of the two squares 0.035 2 4 W
J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186 Page 5 of 11 186

Fig. 6 a Front view b Back view

c Back view with square DGS

where h is the height and W is the width of the patch.
The patch antenna dimensions L and W are obtained for
the resonating frequency of 2.45GHz. The length of the
patch is calculated with the aid of effective dielectric
constant εr(eff) which is lower than the actual dielectric
constant of the material, since it includes the fringing
effect also. The height hof the patch and the ground is
kept as 0.035 mm.
Substrate
For flexible antenna [27], Cotton, Polyester, Jeans, Felt,
Teflon etc. may be used as substrate material. Some of the
flexible substrate materials and their relative permittivity (di-
electric constant) are given in Table 1.
While choosing the dielectric material for substrate, the
clear understanding of effect of dielectric constant ɛr on
radiation efficiency is required. If a material with high di-
electric constant is preferred, the antenna size may get re-
duced at the same time the radiation efficiency also gets
reduced. When the antenna used as an implantable device
for WBAN networks, the size must be small and its effi-
ciency should be high. Hence in this proposed design, the
materials with moderate dielectric constant like felt and
Teflon with ɛr = 1.36 and 2.1 respectively are preferred
for substrate. The thickness of each substrate material is
1.6 mm for single substrate design and 0.8 mm each for
double substrate design [28–32], with the dimension of
36.27(L) × 36.27(W) mm2.
Dimensions of the ground plane and substrate layer are
generally taken as 2 times the dimension of the patch to avoid
the finite ground effect. The thickness of the ground plane and
patch are taken as 0.035 mm. The dimensions of the antenna
are given in Table 2.
Finally the Defected Ground Structure is being implement-
ed with diagonally opposite squares in the ground layer of the
antenna. Now the antenna consists of ground layer of Copper
with DGS, substrate of Teflon, substrate of Felt and
conducting layer with patch of Copper. According to the res-
onant frequency and the selected dielectric constants of the
substrate materials, the length and width of the patch were
same. The top view of the antenna was explicitly given in
Fig. 4 and the bottom view of antenna with DGS of diagonally
opposite squares is shown in Fig. 5.
Table 3 below shows the diagonal square dimensions in-
troduced in ground plane as defect.
Feed point
The feed point was placed at mid point along either side of the
antenna to produce linear polarization. Regarding polariza-
tion, since the device is to be attached with the human body,
the back radiation towards human body should be avoided and
hence circular polarization is not preferred. For impedance
matching, the location of feed point can be optimized. When
the antenna was designed using CST software, the above mea-
surements were used to fix the dimension of the antenna and
the simulated structures were given in Fig. 6.

Table 4 Return loss with single substrate (Simulation Results)

Results and discussion
Substrate DGS Frequency (GHz) Return loss S11 (dB)

Felt without 2.9 −9 The performance of designed patch antenna with single and
Felt with 2.95 −9.7 double substrate (with and without DGS) is analyzed using
Teflon without 2.48 −3.7 CST studio suite software. The antenna parameters Return
Teflon with 2.40 −20 lossS11, VSWR, Directivity and Gain are observed from the
plots and compared.
186 Page 6 of 11 J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186

Table 5 Gain and directivity with single substrate (simulation results)

Substrate DGS Gain (dB) Directivity (dB)

Felt without 2.83 7.21

Felt with 2.41 5.8
Teflon without 5.9 6.4
Teflon with 6.38 7.11

Table 4 shows the value of resonant frequency and return loss

for single substrate antenna with and without square DGS and
Table 5 shows the gain and directivity under the same conditions.
Based on the simulated results of the antenna with single
flexible substrate material with and without square DGS, the
return loss of around -10 dB was achieved. While taking into
consideration, the values of gain and directivity are satisfied
for an antenna. For further improving the performance of the
antenna in terms of return loss at the specified resonant fre-
quency, the double substrate method is introduced. Figure 7
shows the return loss graph of proposed antenna without DGS
and Fig. 8 shows the same when square DGS is used. From
this Fig. 7, it is observed that the antenna resonated at 2.4GHz
and the return loss was around -4 dB.
Fig. 9 Back view of antenna with doll shaped DGS
From Figs. 7 and 8, it is observed that the return loss
of the antenna was improved to -23 dB when square
DGS is introduced at the ground plane ant it resonates
at the frequency of 2.42GHz. To emphasize the impor-
tance of introduction of DGS in antenna design, a doll
like different structure as in Fig. 9 is used and analyzed
as earlier.
The following Fig. 10 shows the return loss characteristics
of the antenna with doll shaped DGS.

Fig. 7 Return loss graph of

proposed antenna without DGS

Fig. 8 Return loss graph of

proposed antenna with Square
DGS
J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186 Page 7 of 11 186

Fig. 10 Return loss graph of

proposed antenna with Doll
shaped DGS

Table 6 Simulation results with

double substrate (Teflon & Felt) Substrate DGS Freq. (GHz) Return loss S11 (dB) VSWR

Felt & Teflon without 2.40 -4 4.79

Felt & Teflon with Square DGS 2.42 -23 1.143
Felt & Teflon with Doll DGS 2.42 −19 1.245

Fig. 11 Gain for double substrate

antenna without DGS

Fig. 12 Gain for double substrate

antenna with DGS
186 Page 8 of 11 J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186

Fig. 13 Directivity for double

substrate antenna without DGS

Fig. 14 Directivity for double

substrate antenna with DGS

Table 7 Simulation results with

double substrate (Jeans & Felt) Substrate DGS Freq. (GHz) Return loss S11 (dB) VSWR

Felt & Teflon with Square DGS 2.42 −23 1.143

Felt & Jeans with Square DGS 2.87 −18 1.296

Fig. 15 Gain for double substrate

antenna with DGS (Jeans & Felt)
J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186 Page 9 of 11 186

Fig. 16 Directivity for double

substrate antenna with DGS
(Jeans & Felt)

Fig. 17 a Top view of the

fabricated antenna b Bottom view
of the fabricated antenna with
DGS

Table 6 shows the resonant frequency, return loss and the antenna is acceptable. The gain achieved by double
VSWR of double substrate MSP with and without DGS. substrate patch antenna without DGS is shown in Fig. 11
When the values of return loss and VSWR were compared, and with DGS is shown in Fig. 12.
it is observed that both the parameters have been improved as From the above 3D gain plots Figs. 11 and 12, the change
compared without using DGS. But still when different design in the gain of the antenna with DGS is experimentally recog-
DGS were considered, the antenna with square DGS produced nized. When the antenna has regular ground structure, it has
better performance with simple design, and hence the other negative gain, but when defect is introduced in the ground the
parameters were analyzed for the same design. gain has been improved well. The directivity of double sub-
The 2D Polar plots and 3D patterns of gain (dB) and strate patch antenna without DGSis shown in Fig. 13 and with
directivity (dB) of the antenna with Square DGS are sim- DGS is shown in Fig. 14.
ulated with CST. If the value of gain and directivity is From the above directivity plots Figs. 13 and 14, it is ob-
greater than one, it is said to be that the performance of served that the directivity of the antenna is maintained in the
positive level even when defect is introduced in the ground plane.
Table 8 Double substrate MSP antenna with Square DGS (comparative The MSP with multilayer substrate in which Teflon and
results) Felt are used as dielectric material, the performance is satis-
fied. Even it is satisfactory, to describe the effect of material
Parameter Simulated Values Measured Values
chosen for substrate layer, Teflon can be replaced by Jeans and
Resonant Frequency 2.42GHz 2.4GHz the performance is analyzed with the help of CST software.
Return Loss -23 dB -18 dB The results obtained with this combination of substrate mate-
VSWR 1.143 1.86 rials are given in Table 7. Figures 15 and 16 show the gain and
directivity plots for this case.
186 Page 10 of 11
Fig. 18 Simulated Vs measured
Return Loss in dB
return loss S11 in dB
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
While comparing the results of the MSP (Jeans and Felt)
with the results of MSP (Teflon & Felt), the later type pro-
duced better performance in terms of return loss, VSWR, gain
and directivity. Hence, the antenna was fabricated with the aid
of copper as ground layer with DGS and Teflon and Felt as
substrate layer based on the design procedure. The feed point
was connected at the midpoint and it is important that the air
gaps should be avoided. The following Fig. 17a shows the top
view of the antenna in which felt material is used as top layer
of the substrate and Fig. 17b shows the bottom view of the
antenna with diagonally opposite two square defects in ground
layer which is below the Teflon material.
In order to evaluate the values of performance parameters
obtained with the simulation of the designed antenna, the fab-
ricated antenna was linked with the Vector Network Analyzer
for return loss and VSWR measurement. A Vector Network
Analyzer is the test system that enables the analysis of perfor-
mance of RF and microwave devices in terms of network
scattering parameters.
Table 8 shows the comparative values of simulated and
measured results of the parameters of double substrate micro
strip patch antenna with DGS.
Figure 18 shows the comparison of simulated and mea-
sured values of the return loss. From the graph, it is observed
that the fabricated antenna resonate at 2.4GHz with return loss
of around -18 dB.
Conclusions
The performance parameters of the antenna like return loss,
VSWR, gain and directivity are obtained with the use of CST
software under different conditions. The antenna with differ-
ent substrate material, combination of materials to form sub-
strate layer and the development of defected ground structure
are considered for the analysis. It is observed that from Fig. 8
and Table 6, as compared to single substrate patch antenna
(with and without DGS), the double substrate patch antenna
with square DGS has improved return loss of around −23 dB
at the frequency of 2.42 GHz. These simulated results are then
compared with measured values of the parameters obtained
with the help of Vector Network Analyzer. The comparative
J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186
5
0
Measured
Simulated
2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Frequency in GHz
study proven that the performance of the micro strip patch
antenna using DGS with double flexible substrate material
was improved.
The parameter VSWR is a measure that numerically de-
scribes how well the antenna is impedance matched to the
radio or transmission line it is connected to. If the VSWR is
smaller, it depicts that the antenna is perfectly matched to the
transmission line and more power is delivered to the antenna.
Also the return loss is the loss of power in a signal that can be
reflected back by the transmission line. The lower the return
loss, it is said that the devices and lines are properly matched.
When the typical values of return loss and VSWR considered
for satisfactory working of an MSP antenna, the proposed
double substrate antenna exhibits improved performance
which is resonated almost at the specified frequency.
When the antennas are used for Wireless Body Area
Networks as sensors for security and as health monitoring
device for biomedical applications, the primary requirement
of the antenna is that it should have linear polarization to avoid
the back radiation towards human or animal body which in
turn increases the radiation efficiency in terms of low return
loss. The antenna design proposed here produces very much
appropriate grades in this aspect and hence this may be used
for wearable applications. Also the issues on using wearable
devices such as cost, acceptability with human body, recycling
property of the material used for fabrication are considered.
Future scope
The growth of advanced techniques in the field of medical
image processing, health monitoring system and so on in-
creases the interest on research of design of wearable devices
for such applications. At the same time, the study on material
selection, design methods also becoming significant to make
simpler the usage of such devices.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of interest The Authors and Co-Authors have no conflicts of
Interests. The Paper is not submitted to any other Journals. This is solely
submitted to this Journal.
J Med Syst (2019) 43: 186
Ethical approval (involving human participants and/or animals) This
article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent No humans or animals were involved. All applicable
international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use
of animals were followed.
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