Received: 23 April 2019
DOI: 10.1002/mop.31958
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Design of MIMO antenna
to interference inherent for
ultra wide band systems
using defected ground
structure
K Vasu Babu1 | Bhuma Anuradha2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India
Correspondence
K Vasu Babu, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology, Nambur, Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh, India.
Email: vasubabuece@gmail.com
Abstract
A compact monopole ultra wide band (UWB) antenna
is analyzed and described with defect in ground plane.
By introducing four arcs at the edges of square patch is
achieved an UWB antenna ranging from 3.1 to 10 GHz.
Arranging the antenna elements in close proximity of
spatial diversity is introduced without establishing the
strong mutual coupling. The measured IBW’s (imped-
ance bandwidth’s) are 3.0 to 4.0 GHz (1000 MHz), 5.6
to 4.3 GHz (1300 MHz), and 9.5 to 8.4 GHz
(1100 MHz) occupied the bandwidth from 2.0 to
10.0 GHz which covers Bluetooth, WLAN, and ultra
wideband for VSWR ≤2. The average value of the gain
in antenna is 5.04 dBi with a small variation of
1.20
dBi for the whole entire IBW. This antenna shows bet-
ter radiation patterns like an omnidirectional with a nar-
row compact size having an area of 2100 mm2
(60 × 35 mm) and spacing between the two square pat-
ches is 0.05 λ0.
KEYWORDS
envelope correlation coefficient, group delay, impedance bandwidth,
peak gain, ultra wide band antenna
Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;1–11. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/mop
1 | INTRODUCTION
The ultra wide band (UWB) system has drawn more the
attention of academicians and researchers from the last
decades due to the advantages of wide bandwidth, high rate
of data transmission and commercial application of lower
power density spectrum. Concurrently, UWB technology in
the past decade has developed quickly owing to its better fea-
tures at lower power consumption suchlike as transmitting
higher data rates. Still, like other wireless data communica-
tion systems, UWB also suffers the problem of multipath fad-
ing. To achieve combat multipath fading as well as higher
data rates, the combination of MIMO and UWB offers an
efficient solution. For UWB communication allocated the
radio spectrum of unlicensed band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz allo-
cated by FCC in 2002. In the recent years, with the increase
of home digital entertainment and smart home wireless tech-
nology with 1 Gb/s has attracted higher transmission rate and
widespread attention. A MIMO slot antenna having dual
notch band characteristics with Y-shaped DGS for several
UWB applications1 produces S21 ≥ −15 dB and S11 =
−12 dB is observed. A compact UWB MIMO antenna hav-
ing an 18 × 34 mm occupied area with range of frequency
2.93 to 20 GHz produced dual-band characteristics of S12 less
than −22 dB and also obtained TARC, ECC, MEG.2 A slot
antenna with compact CPW3 produced band-notch character-
istics occupied 40 × 40 × 0.8 mm3 produces isolation greater
than −15 dB. In References 4-6 different MIMO antennas
with a compact sizes designed in the applications of UWB. A
diversity slot MIMO antenna has a compact size of
18 × 36 mm2 with S12 < −20 dB in the operating frequency
of 2.9 to 20 GHz.7 The frequency between the 3.0 to 12 GHz
with an area of 23 × 29 mm whose isolation is ≤ −15 dB in
Reference 8 for a compact enabled CSRR UWB system. An
isolation technique foe mu-negative filter based metamaterial
with an occupied size of 45.5 × 42 mm2 which maintained
S12 < −15 dB for analysis of MIMO systems. Using meander
line resonator10 the edge-to-edge spacing is maintained of
0.056λ and center-to-center distance is also maintained 0.28λ
at the resonant frequency is 2.8 GHz. In References 11-14
dielectric absorber with metamaterial integrated structure for
radar cross section, compact printed slot antenna, UWB-
MIMO radiator and using the technique of random rotation
of elements with a compact sizes maintained the isolation
S12 < −15 dB observed. An antenna occupies a size of 32 ×
32 mm2 15 maintained ECC is ≤2 for UWB applications
ranges 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. A UWB dual-polarized diversity
© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1
2 BABU AND ANURADHA

TABLE 1 Comparison with previous methods

Ref. Size (mm2) S11(dB) S12(dB) Ports Peak gain (dBi) ECC fL-fH (GHz)
Zhu et al 1
80 × 40 −12 −22.4 2 3.4 <0.03 3.5-10.6
Chandel et al 2
18 × 34 −25 −22 2 3.7 <0.5 2.9–20
Jafri et al 5
40 × 37.5 −18 −26 2 2.7 0.05 3.1–10.6
Kang et al 6
38.5 × 38.5 −36 −22 2 5.4 <0.02 3.0-11.8
Chandel and Gautam7 18 × 36 −40 −29 2 3.7 <0.012 2.9–20
Khan et al 8
23 × 29 −17 −31 2 3.6 <0.027 3.0–12
Thummaluru and Chaudhary 9
45.5 × 42 −25 −32 2 4.7 <0.015 3.0–10.0
Ghosh et al 10
78 × 60 −21 −24 2 3.3 <0.07 2.8-10.0
Zhang et al 13
26 × 26 −35 −30 2 4.2 0.09 3.1–10.6
Hu et al 15
32 × 32 −15 −25 2 2.9 <0.04 3.1–10.6
Srivastava and Mohan 16
27 × 28 −20 −16 2 3.75 <0.002 3.3-8.9
Liu et al 19
55 × 58 −37 −35 2 3.67 <0.2 3.1–10.6
Deng et al20 30 × 40 −20 −52 2 2.98 <0.15 3.1–10.6
Tang et al 23
39 × 39 −28 −22 4 4.5 <0.02 2.3-13.75
Proposed system 60 × 35 −23.73 −16.53 2 3.3 <0.04 3.0–4.0
−27.43 −18.17 4.4 <0.02 4.3-5.6
−19.87 −17.95 5.04 <0.01 8.4-9.5

antenna16 having channel capacity loss is 0.4 bits/s/Hz and
ECC less than 0.5 is observed an area occupied by the
antenna 27 × 28 mm which maintained S12 < −16 dB is
observed. For broadband reduction of mutual coupling
between the UWB monopoles and a miniaturized dual-layer
structure of EBG is designed17 with an antenna size is
60 × 50 mm2 from 3.0 to 6.0 GHz maintained an isolation
< −13 dB is attained. A fractal defected ground structure
(DGS) is considered to reducing the mutual coupling18 with
a size of 180 × 70 mm2 having edge-to-edge spacing is λ0/25
produced a S11 is −40 dB and S21 is −21 dB. In References
19,20 MIMO compact antenna for portable devices and
UWB antenna for high isolation is achieved with a compact
sizes operated from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz maintained a greater iso-
lation is around −52 dB at a frequency of 4.0 GHz. A com-
pact size of 40 × 40 mm2 21 having a double sided design
antenna ranges from 4.0 to 11.0 GHz whose isolation less
than −20 dB with a peak gain of 4 dBi is observed. A Tee
crossed structure diversity antenna with microstrip fed having
a 32.6 × 46 ranges 1.8 to 12 GHz with S21 < −15 dB
observed and ECC is less than 0.2 observed in Reference 22.
A compact UWB structure MIMO antenna occupied by
39 × 39 mm2 ranging from 2.3 to 13.75 GHz produced a
gain of 4.6 dBi observed in Reference 23. A compact struc-
ture of 40 × 40 mm designed antenna ranging from 3.18– to
11.50 GHz having an efficiency more than 85% at the reso-
nant band of frequencies mentioned in Reference 24 pro-
duced isolation greater than −30 dB. In Reference 25, the
MIMO antenna ranging from 3.1 to 12.5 GHz which a occu-
pied geometry of 29 × 32 mm produced a diversity gain
higher than 9.95 dB with minimum isolation greater than
16 dB. In the present design a compact size of overall area
has 2100 mm2 (60 × 35 mm) with height is 0.8 mm. It is
interesting to observe that all the previous designs focused on
design of MIMO antenna in the applications of UWB region
but fails to explain the issue of interference inherent to UWB
systems effect due to satellite bands and WLAN. This paper
addresses these problems without disturbing the UWB per-
formance of the antenna. Moreover, in the proposed work
introducing the effect in the ground plane enhanced port
mutual coupling is achieved. The novelty in the proposed
design have insight the comparison work of recently reported
with our work listed in Table 1. The significance of Table 1
is the MIMO antenna parameters like transmission coefficient
(S12), peak gain, reflection coefficient (S11), and geometry of
the proposed structure better than the literature designed
structures. The rest of the paper describes methodology of
antenna design in Section 2 followed by results and their dis-
cussion in Section 3. Finally, Section 4 is concluded the
design.
2 | ANTENNA DESIGN
2.1 | The antenna configuration
representation
The proposed dimension of MIMO radiator is illustrated at
Figures 1 and 2. Its front view and back view of the design.
Figure 1 shows has two similar radiating elements consist a
BABU AND ANURADHA 3

two ground planes arranged side by side at the backside of

F I G U R E 1 UWB design using defected ground structure
front view [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 2 UWB design using defected ground structure
back view [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
the ground plane. The overall area of dimensions only
60 × 35 mm = 2100 mm2 or 0.55 × 0.95λ0, where λ0 repre-
sents the free space wavelength. The proposed antenna is
designed a rectangular shape (W × L) and cut a half circles
on all the edges of the patches on MIMO structure with rep-
resented a parameters of r1, r2, r3, and r4. The ground plane
of the antenna cutting on backside of the patch with a half
circle to two similar radiating patches. Furthermore, it is
slightly modified in the ground plane cutting a semi-arc
shape on both sides of the patches depicted in Figure 2. The
UWB MIMO radiator is fabricated with FR4 lossy substrate
having thickness 1.6 mm, dielectric loss-tangent 0.02 and
permittivity is 4.4. Table 2 shows the distinct parameters of
the proposed structure. The different geometries of step-by-
step analysis are depicted in Figure 3. In (antenna @ 1) a
square rectangular patch is considered then it operates at a
UWB range of frequencies (shown in Figure 4). At the sec-
ond stage (antenna @ 2) cutting half arc at the edge of the
patch right side of the top patch. Similarly at the antenna
stages of (antenna @ 3, antenna @ 4, and antenna @ 5). At
stage of antenna @ 5 developed proposed antenna structure
resembles that produce a single antenna and then at stage
6 (antenna @ 5) resembles the UWB antenna. Each the
stages observed MIMO antenna produces an UWB antenna
at three resonant frequencies form 3.0 to 10 GHz. From the
Figure 1 considered the length, width of the patches repre-
sent with L and W, LP and Wp represents the length, width of

TABLE 2 Design parameters dimensions of proposed structure of antenna

Parameters L W Lp Wp Ls Ws d r1 r2 r3 r4 hg rg hrg
Unit (mm) 35 60 25 25 6 3 5 2 2 2 2 12 1.8 23

Antenna @ 1 Antenna @ 2 Antenna @ 3 Antenna @ 4

Antenna @ 5 Antenna @ 6

FIGURE 3 Step-by-step analysis procedure to UWB design [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
4 BABU AND ANURADHA
FIGURE 4 Evolution stages of UWB antenna [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 5 Distances comparison of S11 UWB design [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
the square patches. Ls and Ws indicates the length, width of
the strip assigned to the patch and r1, r2, r3, and r4 indicates
the cutting the semi arcs on the both the patches of similar
radiating antennas with a radius of 2 mm. From Figure 2 rep-
resents the back view of the proposed structure having defect
in ground plane considered with a parameters hg and hrg are
12 and 23 mm. In the ground plane at the strip of the design
in back side cutting a small arc has a radius of 1.8 mm on
both the radiating patches.
2.2 | Performance of ground plane effect
The effect of ground plane plays a remarkable role in
prescribed UWB MIMO analysis of radiator. The antenna
not only used for good impedance matching, but also
used for better enhancing the parameter of isolation
between radiating patches. As the antenna elements of
both are identical then S11 and S12 is equal to the S22 and
S21. By cutting the ground plane at the strip of the square
patch on both sides of isolate ports that influences the
change of the parameter S12 greatly minimizes the inter-
ference between the patches.
2.3 | Parametric analysis
A parametric report was considered out which explains the
effect of performance of various parameters of UWB printed
antenna effectively. This design provides strong resonant
bands when the strip is located near the feeding line. It is
noticed that the important parameter to reducing the mutual
coupling (S12) between the two isolated radiators by chang-
ing the distances d = 2 mm to d = 3.5 mm at different
approaches is depicted in Figures 5 and 6. The distance at
d = 2 mm for the design parameters of S11 is equal to around
−29 dB and S12 is −16 dB, the second case consider the dis-
tance at d = 2.5 mm for the design parameters of S11 is equal
to around −70 dB and S12 is −18 dB, the third case consider
the distance at d = 2.8 mm for the design parameters of S11
is equal to around −50 dB and S12 is −20 dB, the fourth case
consider the distance at d = 3.1 mm for the design parame-
ters of S11 is equal to around −45 dB and S12 is −32 dB, the
fifth case consider the distance at d = 3.3 mm for the design
parameters of S11 is equal to around −49 dB and S12 is
−35 dB, finally consider the distance at d = 3.5 mm for the
design parameters of S11 is equal to around −41 dB and S12
is −29 dB. These are different parametric analysis observed
for reduction of mutual coupling in the UWB design.
To determine the characteristics of wideband and com-
pactness of MIMO design antenna, the parameter bandwidth
dimension ratio (BDR) is evaluated by Equation (1).
%Bandwidth
BDR = ð1Þ
λlength × λwidth
Where λ = operating frequency at lower side.
BABU AND ANURADHA 5

FIGURE 6 Distances comparison of S12 UWB design [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Front-view of the design Back-view of the design

(A) (B)

FIGURE 7 Fabricated UWB design [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 8 S-parameters of UWB design comparison [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

The designed MIMO structure having a BDR maintains
2100, which recognize its compactness.
3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 | The impedance performance
The fabricated designed structure is depicted in Figure 7.
After performed the various studies of parametric analysis the
proposed structure parameters are finalized and then listed in
Table 2. The designed structure prototype S-parameters are
measured using Agilent N5234A PNA-L. In this case, a com-
pact UWB antenna results in a tri-band characteristics pres-
ented here. Figure 8 demonstrates the measured as well as
simulated curves as a function of its frequency, where a good
compatibility between the measured and simulated results are
identified. Measured IBW’s of proposed structure from 3.0 to
10.0 GHz, for the case of VSWR < 2 with tri-band in the
range of frequencies of 3.0 to 4.0 GHz, 4.34 to 5.07 GHz,
and 8.20 to 9.75 GHz, for remaining cases VSWR > 2. Due
to the arrangement of SMA connectors at the feeds point and
6 BABU AND ANURADHA

FIGURE 9 VSWR of UWB design [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

3.5 GHz port 1 excited 3.5 GHz port 2 is excited

(A) (B)

4.8 GHz port 1 is excited 9.0 GHz port 2 is excited

(C) (D)
FIGURE 10 Surface current distribution at 3.5, 4.8, and 9.0 GHz [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 11 UWB MIMO design impedance characteristics [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
BABU AND ANURADHA 7

measurement of parallax error in the observation a small vari-

F I G U R E 1 2 UWB design group delay [Color figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
ations is notified. Figure 9 shows the VSWR measurement of
proposed antenna. Figure 10 shows the distribution of surface
currents of proposed structure MIMO antenna at 3.5, 4.8, and
9 GHz when the first port means (port 1) is excited and sec-
ond port means (port 2) is terminated by a characteristic
impedance of 50 Ω. From Figure 10A. It is noticed that port
1 of the terminal is more excited than the antenna is disturb
into the feeding point as well as ground plane and is coupled
to port 2, an increase in mutual coupling in the middle of the
antennas over the entire bandwidth. From Figure 10B is also
noticed that distribution of surface current is maximum at

xz- plane yz-plane

co polarization simulated cross polarization simulated

co polarization measured cross polarization measured
FIGURE 13 Radiation patterns at 3.5, 4.8, and 9.0 GHz [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
8 BABU AND ANURADHA
F I G U R E 1 4 Realized gain of the proposed structure [Color figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 1 5 Radiation efficiency of proposed structure [Color
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
F I G U R E 1 6 Radiation patterns at 3.5, 4.8, and 9.0 GHz [Color
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
FIGURE 17 Diversity gain of UWB MIMO design [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
feeding at the strip point when port 2 is excited. Similarly
at the frequencies of 4.8 GHz port 1 is excited and 9.0 GHz
port 2 is excited the distribution of surface currents are
maximum at that patch lower side of the ground plane as
well as feed points are depicted in Figure 10C,D. Figure 11
shows that triband resonant frequency characteristics are
easily understood from input impedance graph of the pro-
posed design structure. It is noticed that from the represen-
tation of impedance curve at resonant frequencies (3.5, 4.8,
and 9 GHz), the real component represents the resistive
component is too high and the imaginary component
noticed parallel resonance. The parallel resonant circuit
having parameters like resonant frequency and bandwidth
is evaluated using Equations (2) and (3) at different values
of Li, Ci, and Ri.
1
ω0 = pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ; i = 1, 2, 3 ð2Þ
Li C i
1
BW = ; i = 1, 2, 3 ð3Þ
Ri C i
3.2 | Analysis of time-domain
When exciting two similar antennas placed in the region of
far-field distance it’s corresponding to measure lowest fre-
quency in side by side and face to face orientation is called
the parameter group delay. In both of the orientation, the
first port (port 1) is excited and second port (port 2) is ter-
minated by a characteristic impedance of 50 Ω load. From
Figure 12, the parameter group delay is nearly constant at
both the orientations except the three resonant frequencies
is observed. For similar transmitting and receiving radiator
systems pulse fidelity factor (PFF) is evaluated side by
side and face to face additionally. To calculate PFF, the
factor correlation is evaluated between transmitting
antenna input signal at the input terminals and receiving
antenna at the output signal. If S1(t) indicates the input sig-
nal, S2(t) indicates the output signal are expressed in
Equation (4)
BABU AND ANURADHA
(Ð )
s1 ðt Þs2 ðt − τÞdt
ρ = max pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
s21 ðt Þ s22 ðt Þ
Pulse preserving capability is better in both side by side
orientation and face to face representation of transmitter-
receiver radiator system with the correlation factors are
0.7923 and 0.7523, respectively.
3.3 | The radiation characteristics
UWB MIMO antenna radiations pattern are measured here
exciting port 1, port 2 terminated by a characteristic imped-
ance 50 Ω. From Figure 13 radiations pattern are measured
at 3.5, 4.8, and 9.0 GHz are plotted and observed that stable
radiation patterns throughout the entire band. When port 1 is
excited and port 2 is terminated a characteristic impedance
50 Ω, the patterns are in yz-plane. While the radiation pat-
terns in the xz-plane are observed while port 2 terminal is
excited. The realized gain of the two antennas are almost
identical due to the symmetry of the structure. In order to
measuring the realized gain of the antenna the terminal of
port 1 is excited and the terminal of port 2 terminated with
F I G U R E 1 8 Snapshot for measurement using VNA UWB MIMO
design [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
TABLE 3 Advantages of proposed structure comparing to reported structures
S.No. Parameter (Advantages)
1 Simplicity
2 Improved gain
3 Compact size
4 interference
5 Radiation efficiency
6 Radiation patterns
7 Wireless ranges
8 Impedance matching
9
characteristic impedance of 50 Ω. Peak gain of the design
ð4Þ structure is around 5.04 dBi (simulated and measured com-
parison) is depicted in Figure 14. From Figure 15 plotted the
measured and simulated efficiency are observed. It is noticed
that the entire operational bandwidth the efficiency is greater
than around 78%. The measurement procedure for efficiency
using directivity/gain method which gives the accurate effi-
ciency results. The antenna under test (AUT) is connected to
the SMA connector and attached to the ground plane with a
width of 3 mm. Using Agilent 2-port connected PNA-L Net-
work Analyzer measured the input impedance of in free
space of AUT Zin. Next step is fixing the screws to the gro-
und plane and attaching the cap measured the impedance of
Zwc enclosed AUT using the Vector Network Analyzer.
Finally the ratio of real part differences of Zin and Zwc to the
real part of Zin got the radiation efficiency. It is noticed that
there is an increase in the frequency cross-polarized magni-
tude is also increases because of horizontal components
increases. Placing of monopoles with a proper placement
maintaining λ/2 separation realized that the configuration of
antenna structure reduces the mutual coupling.
3.4 | Element rotation technique
The circular polarization is obtained in different ways for a
patch array antenna using a source of single feed, create an
asymmetry of the given patch, adding vias, producing a cham-
fer edges, and adding diagonal slot. In the case of dual feed-

ing sources the feed on phase rotated by 90 and used a
square patch. Slotting in a patch and truncating stubs also cre-
ate a circular polarization using element rotation technique.
At the corner edges of the square patch of the proposed design
all the four corners are truncated to achieve the good polariza-
tion and reduce the interference between the patches.
3.5 | The diversity characteristics
In order to evaluating the parameter of diversity performance
it dependence on the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC).
This parameter gives channel isolation in wireless communi-
cations system. The ECC can be calculated by Equation (5)
Proposed Structure Reported Structures
Easy to implement Complex structure12
5.04 dBi 3.84 dBi19
2
60 × 35 mm 78 × 60 mm2 10
Less More18
92% 78%15
Stable Unstable8
Used wireless ranges Not used in wireless ranges6
Better Good14
10
 2
Ð Ð  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 ½E 1 ðθ,φÞ*E 2 ðθ, φÞdΩ
 
ECC = Ð Ð 4π Ð Ð
jE1 ðθ, φÞj2 dΩ jE 2 ðθ, φÞj2 dΩ
4π 4π
Where Ei(θ, φ) = complex 3-D radiated field pattern.
The more generalized expression for measuring of corre-
lation coefficient using Equation (6)
 Ð Ð *  
 S S21 + S* S22 
 11 21
 4π
ECC = h       i
 1=2 
 1 − jS11 j2 + jS21 j2 1 − jS22 j2 + jS12 j2
From Figure 16 observed that ECC of proposed structure
is calculated using Equations (5) and (6) are plotted. It is
noticed that the parameter ECC satisfies the diversity/
MIMO criterion within the acceptable limit.
The diversity gain parameter is evaluated using the math-
ematical relation is
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
DG = 1 − jρc j2
The above equation represents the there is a relation
between correlation coefficient and diversity gain. At the
three resonating band of frequencies the ECC, DG are
0.0035 and 9.9994, 0.00031 and 9.9996, 0.000985 and
9.9999, respectively. Figure 17 shows the diversity gain of
UWB MIMO structure radiator is more than 9.999 noticed
which is approximately equal to the required value in three
resonant bands. Figure 18 shows the snapshot for measure-
ment using vector network analyzer of proposed designed
structure. Table 3 shows the advantages of proposed struc-
ture comparing to literature designed structures.
4 | CONCLUSION
A compact diversity/MIMO UWB radiator is demonstrated
in this article. The proposed structure has tri-band character-
istics from 3.0 to 10.0 GHz. The designed structure is having
a size of 60 × 35 × 1.6 mm. By the arrangement of etching
a small arc into the ground plane at the back side in the strip
point attached from the main patch enhanced the mutual
coupling. The proposed structure has an IBW that ranges
from 3.0 to 10.0 GHz. The entire operating bandwidth
region produced stable radiation patterns. Additionally
impedance characteristics for real, imaginary parts, and
group delay parameter is also observed here. ECC is also
evaluated from S-parameters and far-field patterns is
observed. To keep the channel capacity high, the proposed
structure have the parameter ECC maintain within 0.25.
Thus this structure of designed MIMO antenna applicable
for UWB applications.
BABU AND ANURADHA
The authors would like to acknowledge and convey their
ð5Þ sincere thanks to Prof. Bratin Ghosh, of Indian Institute of
Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal, India for pro-
viding necessary facilities of measurement lab to complete
this research work.
OR C ID

 K Vasu Babu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2602-2825



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How to cite this article: Babu K Vasu, Anuradha B.
Design of MIMO antenna to interference inherent for
ultra wide band systems using defected ground struc-
ture. Microw Opt Technol Lett. 2019;1–11. https://doi.
org/10.1002/mop.31958