Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
1 UMTS Air interface technology 3
1.1 Duplex methods 4
1.2 UMTS Frequency 6
1.3 Access method 8
2 UMTS Air interface description 13
2.1 Principle 14
2.2 Data processing 16
2.3 Codes 26
2.4 Logical, transport and physical Channels 36
2.5 Air interface protocol stack 46
3 High Speed Downlink Packet Access HSDPA 61
3.1 HSDPA performance 63
3.2 HSDPA implementation : 64
3.3 HSDPA channels 67
3.4 MAC Layer Split 68
3.5 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) Scheme : 71
3.6 Error Correction (HARQ) 72
3.7 Fast packet scheduling 74
3.8 Impact on the Iub Interface 76
3.9 Handset Capabilities 77
4 Exercises 79
5 Solution 82
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
1
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
2 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
3
UMTS Air Interface
The frequency band is split into two sub-band one for the uplink and the other for the
downlink. Then the receiver and the transmitter use two carriers at the same time.
• Advantages: Using this method we can avoid collision between uplink and
downlink.
• Drawbacks: Frequency resources are wasted
TM51103EN03GLA3
4 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
Duplex Transmission: •
•
•
FDD & TDD TDD:
Time t
UL UL / DL
duplex distance separated by
Time!
Time t
DL
UL DL
UL
DL
frequency f Frame
with n TS
FDD: UL / DL
UL
separated by frequency f
Frequency!
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
TDD: Time Division Duplex
TM511 03EN0 3GLA01
1 © Noki a Siemen s N etworks TS: Time Slot
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
5
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
6 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
850 900 950 1000 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200
UMTS TDD
UMTS FDD
UMTS TDD
UMTS FDD
UMTS SAT
UMTS SAT
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired
uplink and downlink, channel spacing is 5 MHz. An Operator needs 3 - 4 channels
(2x15 MHz or 2x20 MHz) to be able to build a high-speed, high-capacity network.
1900-1920 and 2010-2025 MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD, TD/CDMA) Unpaired,
channel spacing is 5 MHz. Tx and Rx are not separated in frequency.
1980-2010 and 2170-2200 MHz Satellite uplink and downlink.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
8 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
TS 3
TS 2
TS 1
1 2 3
frequency f
frequency f
Power co-ordination of
P time t restricted frequency resources
CDMA to different subscriber
Multiple BS & MS with common
Access knowledge according
FDMA Frequency
3
TDMA Time
2
CDMA Code
1
frequency f
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
In order to increase the capacity of the network the two previously discussed
techniques are used together.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
10 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
Power
P
time t
3
2
1
frequency f
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
The capacity of the cell is not anymore function of number of timeslots in the air
interface but it’s expressed in function of power allowed within one cell, or to be more
specific this capacity is expressed with allowed signal to interference ratio within one
cell.
Then when more subscribers acess the cell then they will add more interference level
to the cell till the interference level reach a planed level or threshold.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
12 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
13
UMTS Air Interface
2.1 Principle
The air interface is the interface located between the UE and the base station and in
the standard it is referred as Uu interface.
The transmission in the air interface is based on CDMA technology and it’s called
W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) because it’s using 3 times the bandwidth which is used
by the CDMA and then for the WCDMA we allocate 3.84 MHz effective band.
Adding the guard band the total bandwidth will reach 5 MHz.
TM51103EN03GLA3
14 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
3.84 MHz
5 MHz
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Different variants bandwidths are specified by the standard 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20
MHz, the mostly used by operators is 5 Mhz.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
15
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
16 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
DS-CDMA: +1
Air
Interface
Binary Binary
Data Wideband De- De- Data
Spreading Modulation Modulation
RB Spreading R
B
time-
RC fT RC synchronisation
!!!
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
18 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
-30 KB/s
-60 KB/s
-120 KB/s
-240 KB/s
-480 KB/s
-960 KB/s
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
19
UMTS Air Interface
The chip is the smallest logical unit in a code it means a chip is a bit in the code. The
code frequency is higher than the signal frequency so that we obtain spreading of the
signal over the bandwidth. The chip rate used is 3.84 million chips per second
(Mcps/s) and it is fixed.
The characteristics of the spreading codes will be discussed later.
TM51103EN03GLA3
20 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
Spreading / De-Spreading
1 Symbol
Binary Data 1 0 1 0
+1
Bipolar
Data
SF = Rc / RS
-1
x
+1
=B/W
Spreading
Code -1
= Bit / Symbol →
+1
Spreaded modulation principle
Data e.g.:
-1 GMSK: 1 / 1 (Bit/Symbol)
x BPSK: 1 / 1
+1 QPSK: 2 / 1
Spreading
Code 8PSK: 3 / 1
-1
= B = bandwidth, spreaded
W = bandwidth, un-spreaded
+1
Bipolar RS: Symbol Rate [symb/s]
RB: Bit Rate [bit/s]
Data -1 RC: Chip Rate [chip/s]
SF = Spreading Factor
GMSK: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Binary Data 1 0 1 0 BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying
QPSK: Quadrature PSK
8PSK: Eight PSK
TM51103EN03GLA01 1 Chip
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Fig 8 Spreading
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
21
UMTS Air Interface
2.2.4 Modulation
There are several considerations that were taken into account when making the
choice for the overall format for the UMTS WCDMA modulation formats. Some of the
considerations were:
• It is necessary to ensure that the data is carried efficiently over the available
spectrum, and therefore maximum use is made of the available spectrum, and
hence the capacity of the system is maximized.
• The modulation format should be chosen to avoid the audio interference caused to
many nearby electronics equipment resulting from the pulsed transmission format
used on many 2G systems such as GSM
• As the uplink and downlink have different requirements, the exact format for the
modulation format used on either direction is slightly different.
• UMTS modulation schemes for both uplink and downlink, although somewhat
different are both based around QPSK formats. This provides many advantages
over other schemes that could be used in terms of spectral efficiency and other
requirements.
TM51103EN03GLA3
22 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
BS
QPSK
Tx
UE
OQPSK BS
Rx
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
The OQPSK is the Offset QPSK the difference with QPSK is that there is no jump
is permitted over the intermediate states.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
23
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
24 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
RAKE
Receiver
RAKE Receiver:
several „finger“ for multipath components
De-
Matched Filter MF: Spreading
measures „Pilot“ Code (t-d1) „Finger 1“ a1
„Delay“ estimation
Σ
De-
Spreading a2
Code (t-d2) „Finger 2“
Path 2 (d2, a2) a3
De-
Spreading
Path 1 Code (t-d3) „Finger 3“
(d1,a1)
Maximum
Ratio
Combining
Path 3 (d3, a3)
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
25
UMTS Air Interface
2.3 Codes
Previously we talked about spreading codes, spreading is done using a
channelization codes and scrambling codes:
TM51103EN03GLA3
26 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
different
differentBTS:
BTS:
UTRA Codes Scrambling BTS
ScramblingCodes
Codes
Spreading Code =
Channelisation Code Channelisation Code
Channelisation Code
x Scrambling Code separates DL different UE
separates DL different UE
(TS 25.201)
different
differentUE:
UE:
BTS Scrambling
ScramblingCodes
Codes
(RNC
(RNCallocated)
allocated)
Channelization Scrambling
Code Code
Channelization
ChannelizationCode:
Code:
separates
separatesphysical
physicalchannels
channels
• •DL:
DL: channelsofofthe
channels thesame
sameBTS
BTS
Data • •UL:
UL: channels of the sameUE
channels of the same UE
Scrambling
ScramblingCode:
Code:
Bit Rate Chip Rate Chip Rate separates
separatessources
sources
• •DL:
DL:separates
separatesdifferent
differentBTS
BTS
TM51103EN03GLA01
• •UL:
UL: separates differentUE
separates different UEinin11cell
cell
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
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UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
28 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
Scrambling Codes:
Code Tree • FDD: for BTS / UE „Gold Codes“;
10 ms period (1 frame = 38400 chip)
• TDD: for BTS / UE 16 Chip long,
pre-defined sequences
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 256
CC256,0
CC256,1
CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
CC256,2
CC2,0 = (1,1)
CC2,1 = (1,-1)
CC256,254
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) CC256,255
OVSF =
Channelization Codes (CCn,m) = OVSF Codes Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
29
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
30 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
31
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
32 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
Code Blocking
CC8,0 CC8,0
CC4,0 CC4,0
CC8,1 CC8,1
CC2,0 CC2,0
CC8,2 CC8,2
CC8,6 CC8,6
CC2,1 CC2,1
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
33
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
34 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
after +2 after +2
Integration Integration -2
-2
TM51103EN03GLA01
User Data 1 1 0 1 User Data 2 0 0 1
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
The characteristic of this scrambling code is that they are not orthogonal but they
have very good orthogonality propriety and they are pseudo random.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
35
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
36 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
Logical, Transport
& Physical Channels
Logical
Logical&&Transport
Transport
Channels:
Channels:TSTS25.301
25.301
Transport
Transport&&Physical
PhysicalChannels:
Channels:
TSTS25.211
25.211&&25.221
25.221
Iub Uu UE
RNC Node B
Radio
Resource
Logical Channel ≡ type of information transferred
MAC
Transport Channel ≡ how & with what characteristics
data are transferred
Physical
Physical Channel ≡
Frames
frequency, code (& TS)
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
37
UMTS Air Interface
Different channels transport channels can be mapped into one physical channel and
different logical channel can be mapped to a transport channel. This channel
organization allows signaling information to be transfer to the concerned and
appropriate protocol level in a network element.
TM51103EN03GLA3
38 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
TDD:
TDD:
• •identical
identicalLogical
Logical&&
FDD Mode (DL) Transport
TransportChannels
• •Physical
Channels
PhysicalChannels:
Channels:
no CPICH, AICH
RNC no CPICH, AICH UE
Logical Channels: Control Channels Traffic Channels
P-CCPCH
CPICH Primary
S-CCPCH PICH PDSCH
Common Common Page Physical DL
Pilot SCH Control Secondary Indication AICH Shared DPCH
Channel Physical Common Channel Acquisition Channel Dedicated
Synchronisation
Channel Control Indication Physical
Channel
Physical Channel Channel
Channel Physical
Channels
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel FACH: Forward Access Channel
PCCH: Paging Control Channel DTCH: Dedicated Traffic Channel DSCH: DL Shared Channel
TM51103EN03GLA01 CCCH: Common Control Channel CTCH: Common Traffic Channel DCH: Dedicated Channel
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
Common Dedicated
RACH CPCH DCH
Transport Transport
Channels Channels
PRACH DPCCH
Physical PCPCH Dedicated DPDCH
Physical Random Physical Physical Dedicated
Access Common Control Physical
Channels Channel Packet Channel Data
Channel Channel
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
39
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
40 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
UTRA
time structure
• shortest information unit in CDMA
Chip 1/3.840.000 s ≈ 260.4 ns
2/3 ms
720 ms
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
41
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
42 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
• Broadcast channel BCH: This downlink channel is used to transmit cell specific
information to the mobile. This information is contained on the BCCH which is itself
mapped to BCH.
• Forward Access channel FACH: This channel is used to transfer a small amount
of user data or signaling over the air interface and also to grant access to the
mobile during initial access procedure after receiving second preamble of the
RACH.
• Dedicated channel DCH: This channel to carry user data traffic different logical
channel can be mapped over this channel (DCCH or DTCH).
• Data Shared Channel DSCH: In UMTS, the Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) is
used to transmit data packets from the Node B to the User Equipment (UE). Each
DSCH is associated with a Dedicated Channel (DCH) which is used for power
control, channel estimation and transmission of associated control information for
the DSCH.
• Common pilot channel CPICH: This channel is used in UMTS to enable channel
estimation. The CPICH uses a pre defined bit sequence. It has a fixed rate of
30Kbps with a SF (Spreading Factor) of 256. This allows the UE (User Equipment)
to equalize the channel in order to achieve a phase reference with the SCH
(Synchronization Channel) and also allows estimations in terms of power control.
The same channel code is always employed on the Primary CPICH.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
43
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
44 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
SMS Voice
RNC UE
Logical Channels: Control Channels Traffic Channels
P-CCPCH
CPICH Primary
S-CCPCH PICH PDSCH
Common Common Page Physical DL
Pilot SCH Control Secondary Indication AICH Shared DPCH
Channel Physical Common Channel Acquisition Channel Dedicated
Synchronisation
Channel Control Indication Physical
Channel
Physical Channel Channel
Channel Physical
Channels
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel FACH: Forward Access Channel
PCCH: Paging Control Channel DTCH: Dedicated Traffic Channel DSCH: DL Shared Channel
TM51103EN03GLA01 CCCH: Common Control Channel CTCH: Common Traffic Channel DCH: Dedicated Channel
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
UE RNC
Logical Channels: Control Channels Traffic Channels
Common Dedicated
RACH CPCH DCH
Transport Transport
Channels Channels
PRACH DPCCH
Physical PCPCH Dedicated DPDCH
Physical Random Physical Physical Dedicated
Access Common Control Physical
Channels Channel Packet Channel Data
Channel Channel
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
45
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
46 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
BMC
2
Radio Link Control
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Layer
1
Physical Channels
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
47
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
48 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
• Traffic volume monitoring. MAC receives RLC PDUs together with status
information on the amount of data in the RLC transmission buffer. MAC compares
the amount of data corresponding to a transport channel with the thresholds set by
RRC. If the amount of data is too high or too low, MAC sends a measurement
report on traffic volume status to RRC. The RRC can also request MAC to send
these measurements periodically. The RRC uses these reports for triggering
reconfiguration of Radio Bearers and/or Transport Channels.
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
49
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
50 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
51
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
52 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
53
UMTS Air Interface
TM51103EN03GLA3
54 © 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
UMTS Air Interface
End-to-end Bearer
Radio Iu
Bearer Bearer
TM51103EN03GLA01
1 © Nokia Siemens Networks
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TM51103EN03GLA3
© 2010 Nokia Siemens Networks
55
UMTS Air Interface
When the mobile and the network agree to set up a data stream, the system first
implements it using a UMTS bearer. This carries information such as voice or packet
data between the mobile termination and the far end of the core network (MSC,
GMSC or GGSN). If the MT and TE are implemented as two different devices, then
another bearer transports information between them. However, this bearer lies
outside the scope of UMTS, so we will not consider it further. The same applies to the
bearer that lies beyond the far end of the core network.
The UMTS bearer is associated with a number of QoS parameters. These describe
the service that the user expects to receive, using parameters such as the required
data rate, error rate and delay.
The system cannot supply this quality of service right away, because the UMTS
bearer spans different interfaces that use different transport protocols. It therefore
breaks the UMTS bearer down into bearers that have a smaller scope. A CN bearer
handles the path over the core network, while a radio access bearer (RAB) handles
the path between the mobile and its first point of contact there. In turn, the radio
access bearer is broken down into an Iu bearer between the core network and the
SRNC, and a radio bearer between the SRNC and the mobile. Each bearer is then
implemented using the transport protocols that are appropriate for the corresponding
interface, which provide the user with the quality of service expected. On the air
interface, for example, the radio bearer is implemented using the RLC, MAC and
physical layer protocols.
Five special radio bearers carry signaling messages between the mobile and it’s
serving RNC. They are known as signaling radio bearers (SRBs), and they are:
• RB0 – for all CCCH messages (RLC unacknowledged mode and RLC transparent
mode)
• RB1 – for DCCH signaling using RLC unacknowledged mode
• RB2 – for DCCH signaling using RLC acknowledged mode (except those carrying
NAS signaling)
• RB3 – for DCCH signaling using RLC unacknowledged mode and carrying NAS
signaling. (Optionally RB4 also)
• RB5 RB31 – for DCCH signaling using RLC transparent mode.
Each of them is implemented in a particular way that is appropriate for a particular
type of message. RB 0 is used to set up signaling communications between the
mobile and the network; the other signaling radio bearers handle all subsequent
communications.
RBs 1 and 2 carry RRC messages between the mobile and it’s serving RNC, the
main difference between them being in the configuration of the RLC protocol. RBs 3
and 4 are used to forward non-access stratum messages that begin or end in the
core network. RB 4 is optional, but if it is implemented, then RB 3 is used for high
priority messages, and RB 4 is used for low priority ones.
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PDCP BMC
Mapped to TRM SAP/UM SAP/AM SAP
TRM SAP UM SAP AM SAP
2
Radio Link Control
Logical Channels
Transport Channels
Physical Layer
1
Physical Channels
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Fig 24 Bearers
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Radio Radio Iu Iu
Protocols Protocols Protocols Protocols
Access Stratum
UE UTRAN CN
Radio (Uu) Iu
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Feature HSDPA
MAC layer split Functionality moved to Node B to
improve efficiency of packet scheduler
and retransmissions
Downlink frame size 2ms TTI (3 slots)
Channel feedback Channel quality reported at 2ms rate
(500 Hz) for CQI (channel quality
indication), ACK (acknowledged)/ACK,
TPC (transmission power control)
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) QPSK and 16-QAM mandatory scheme
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In addition to accelerating service access for users and improving data transfers, this
reduced TTI allows the system to adapt itself faster to changing conditions. The
uplink data transmission of the HSDPA user initially relies on release 99 DCH with
different available rates (i.e. 64, 128 or 384 kbps).
A new MAC-hs entity in added on the BTS to handle all these new features needed
for HSDPA traffic, as shown in Figure B.1. Layers above MAC-hs (for the high speed
downlink shared channels), such as
MAC-d (for the dedicated transport channels) and RLC are similar to those in the
release 99 networks.
The adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique is used in order to
compensate for variations in radio transmission conditions, while the transmission
power remains constant. HSDPA-enabled user equipment sends channel quality
reports to the base station at 2ms intervals, which are used to adapt the modulation
or resources accordingly. At layer 1, the hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ)
with a Stop and Wait (SAW) Protocol is used as a retransmission mechanism. Unlike
the UMTS R99, the HARQ is processed directly in Node B, which allows a faster
response, instead of being handled by the RNC.
The fast scheduling feature is also implemented in Node B, compared to UMTS R99,
where the scheduler is located in the RNC. The scheduler determines to which
terminal the transmission in HSDSCH will be directed and, depending on the AMC, at
what data rate.
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RLC RLC
MAC-d flow
MAC-d MAC-d
HS-PDSCH
Physical Physical TNL TNL
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Fig 27 HARQ
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Changes to the
signaling between the
RNC and UE in layer
2 and 3
UE BS RNC
Changes to the
signaling between the Packet Scheduling is
BTS/NodeB and UE is controlled by
required BTS/NodeB
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There are different possible approaches for the flow control algorithm, but they need
to be a trade-off between performance and implementation complexity. For instance,
a simple flow control implementation may consist in sending periodic capacity
allocations that either follow a round-robin approach among the UEs or is based on
the MAC-hs or has RLC buffer status. However, this kind of implementation can have
constraints regarding the guaranteed bit rate and number of simultaneous users. On
the other hand, a more advanced flow control may take into account the buffer status
in Node B, the guaranteed bit rate, scheduling priority, the buffer status in the RNC,
the air interface bit rate and the discard timer for sending the capacity allocation
messages.
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4 Exercises
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1. List the different duplex methods and their advantages and drawbacks?
FDD
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5 Solution
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1. List the different duplex methods and their advantages and drawbacks?
FDD
• Advantages: Using this method we can avoid collision between uplink and
downlink.
• Drawbacks: Frequency resources are wasted
UMTS network is divided into two levels, the Access Stratum and Non
Access stratum, these two levels correspond to a repartition of logical
functions within the network.
Softer HO
Soft HO
Hard HO
Intersystem HO
Inter-frequency HO …
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We send a RACH the mobile send a first preamble in that RACH and then
wait for an indication AICH from the network that a first preamble was
received and then it send a second preamble.
• Measurement report
• Decision according to the threshold setting and algorithms for HO
• Execution and allocation of resources
HSDPA uses 16-QAM for transmitting 4 bit/ symbol and then achieving a
higher data rates
AMC is the adaptative Modulation codec scheme we use it with HSDPA the
principal is that the modulation is changed according to the air interface
radio conditions allowing then the signal more robustness
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