UTRA Basics

UL DL

FDMA
Duplex
transmission
Multiple
FDD TDD Access

TDMA CDMA

Transmission Principles
& 2G Examples
Fig. 1 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 3)
 Duplex Transmission:

FDD & TDD 

TDD:

Time t
duplex distance
UL UL / DL
separated by
Time t

Time!
UL DL DL

UL

DL
frequency f
Frame
FDD: UL / DL with n TS
separated by
UL
Frequency!
FDD: Frequency Division Duplex
TDD: Time Division Duplex
frequency f
TS: Time Slot
Fig. 2 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 5)
Multiple Access Power
Power P
P
time t
TDMA
time t
FDMA

TS 3
TS 2
TS 1

1 2 3
frequency f
frequency f
Power co-ordination of
P time t restricted frequency resources
CDMA to different subscriber

Multiple BS & MS with common

Access knowledge according
3
2 FDMA Frequency
1 TDMA Time
CDMA Code
frequency f

Fig. 3 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 7)

 time
Examples

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
Duplex distance:10 MHz
20 kHz
1G: time

A
FDD, UL

TDMA frame (10 ms)

pure
UL DL
FDMA Example:
C450 Example:
e.g. ••• ••• DECT
C450,
NMT,
AMPS

A
DL
450 455,74 460 465,74
frequency [MHz]

10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
time Duplex distance: 45 MHz 1,88 20 1,90
GHz MHz GHz
TS7 frequency
Example: 1,728
TS6 2G MHz
[MHz]
GSM900
TS5
frame cellular: 2G CT:
TS4
FDD, TDMA TDD, TDMA e.g. DECT
4.615 TS3
ms ••• ••• (&FDMA)
TS2
e.g.
TS1 GSM, PDC,
TS0 D-AMPS 2G Example CDMA:
200 kHz frequency [MHz]
IS-95 (later)
Fig. 4 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 9)
 UTRA Basics

Power
P Code Division
time t
Multiple Access

3
2
1
frequency f

CDMA
Basics & Example
Fig. 5 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 11)
 user 1
CDMA user 2
Principle CDMA:
• Spread Spectrum Technology
user 1 & 2
• every user with unique Code
• high bit rate Code: Spreading / De-Spreading
Power P

frequency f

frequency f

Unspread Spread Radio Transmission = after

Signals Signals  spread signals De-Spreading
Fig. 6 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 13)
 CDMA
• Stability narrow-band interference
Advantages • Stability in severe environment
( Multipath Advantage, Soft HoV)
• simple frequency planning (Re-Use: 1)
• efficient radio resource usage
• lower transmission power ( Power Control)

Frequency & radio network planning

Fig. 7 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 15)

TDMA CDMA
(e.g. GSM with Reuse 1/7) (UMTS; Reuse: 1)

3/7 1/1

2/7 4/7 1/1 1/1

1/7 1/1

7/7 5/7 1/1 1/1

6/7 1/1

Re-Use 2/7
Distance
 CDMA
Types
time t

Time DS-CDMA
Direct Hopping  IS-95
Sequence (TH-CDMA)  Globalstar
(DS-CDMA)  UMTS
Frequency FH-CDMA
Hopping  Bluetooth
(FH-CDMA)

frequency f
Fig. 8 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 17)
 DS-CDMA: +1
Transmission / Spreading
-1
Reception Code
1
Chip

Air
Interface

Binary Binary
Data Wideband De- De- Data
Spreading
RB Modulation Modulation Spreading R
B

time-
RC fT RC synchronisation
!!!

Code Carrier Carrier Code

Generator Generator Generator Generator
RB: Bit Rate
RC: Chip Rate
fT: Carrier frequency
Fig. 9 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 19)
Spreading / De-Spreading
1 Symbol
Binary Data 1 0 1 0
+1
Bipolar
Data
SF = Rc / RS
-1
x =B/W
+1
Spreading
Code -1
= Bit / Symbol 
+1 modulation principle
Spreaded
e.g.:
Data -1 GMSK: 1 / 1 (Bit/Symbol)
x BPSK: 1 / 1
+1 QPSK: 2 / 1
Spreading 8PSK: 3 / 1
Code -1
= B = bandwidth, spreaded
W = bandwidth, un-spreaded
+1 RS: Symbol Rate [symb/s]
Bipolar RB: Bit Rate [bit/s]
Data -1 RC: Chip Rate [chip/s]
SF = Spreading Factor
GMSK: Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Binary Data 1 0 1 0 BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying
QPSK: Quadrature PSK
8PSK: Eight PSK
1 Chip
Fig. 10 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 21)
 Spreading / Data User 1 1 0 1 Data User 2 0 0 1
De-Spreading Bipolar +1 Bipolar +1
Data 1 -1 Data 2 -1
Example: x x
+1 +1
SF = 2; Code 1 Code 2
2 user -1 -1
= +1
= +1
Code 1 Spread Spread

Fig. 11 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 23)

= ( 1 / -1) Data 1 -1 Data 2 -1
Code 2
= ( 1 / 1) Receiver:  Spreaded Data; hier:  = 0 -2 -2 0 2 0
 Signals +2  Signals +2
(Receiver) 0 (Receiver) 0
-2 -2
x x
+1 +1
Code 1 Code 2
-1 -1
= =
De-Spread +2 De-Spread +2
0 0
Data 1 -2 Data 2 -2

after +2 after +2
Integration Integration -2
-2
 User Data 1 1 0 1  User Data 2 0 0 1
Example CDMA:
IS-95 parameter:
IS-95 (2G) FDD / CDMA
B = 1,25 MHz
Rc = 1,2288 Mchip/s
SF = 64
Modulation: QPSK / BPSK (DL / UL)
Power Control: 800 cycles/s

time t
Duplex distance:
Power P

45 / 80 MHz at
800/1900 MHz
64 PN-Codes range (USA)

1.25 MHz frequency f

Fig. 12 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 25)

 UTRA Basics

Zone 4: Global
Zone 3: Suburban
MSS
Zone 2: Urban
Zone 1:
Indoor
Macro-cell Micro-cell Pico-cell

FDD TDD

UTRA:
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Fig. 13 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 27)
UTRA Conception
(ETSI)
Principle
Principle Supported
Supported by
by Remarks
Remarks

Phase 1: Ericsson,
Ericsson, Nokia,
Nokia, pure CDMA
UTRA studies -
- NEC, Panasonic, pure CDMA
NEC, Panasonic,
(1996 - 06/97) concept
W-CDMA
W-CDMA Fujitsu,
Fujitsu, FDD;
FDD;4.096
4.096Mchip/s;
Mchip/s;
concept Mitsubishi 4,4
4,4 -- 5,2
5,2 MHz
MHz
Mitsubishi

Selection of -
- Sony,
OFDMA Sony, Telia,
Telia, TDMA/FDMA
5 concepts: concept
concept
OFDMA Lucent,
Lucent, Bosch
Bosch TDMA/FDMA
-

-
- Philips,
Philips, Nokia,
Nokia,
concept
W-TDMA
W-TDMA France TDMA
TDMA
concept France Telecom
Telecom
Phase 2:
Evaluation
UMTS-Alliance:
UMTS-Alliance:
(06 - 12/97) TDMA & CDMA
-
- TD-
TD-
Siemens, Bosch, TDMA & CDMA
Siemens, Bosch,
Alcatel, T-Mobil, FDD/TDD
Alcatel, T-Mobil, FDD/TDD
concept
concept CDMA
CDMA Motorola, Nortel, 2.267Mchip/s;
Motorola, Nortel, 2.267 Mchip/s;1,6
1,6 MHz;
MHz;
Italtel TS / Frame wie GSM
Selection of Italtel TS / Frame wie GSM

 & - Concept
(01/98) -
- Vodaphone,
Vodaphone, option
option for
for
ODMA
ODMA
concept
concept Swiss
Swiss Telecom
Telecom  and
and 

Fig. 14 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 29)

UTRA conception
& harmonisation
W-CDMA TD/CDMA
cdma2000
-concept -concept

TD/CDMA
Phase 3:
TDD
harmonisation
(01 - 06/98)
ETSI-ARIB UTRA UTRA
harmonisation FDD TDD
(05/98)
4,096 Mchip/s 5 MHz
Submission to ITU
(06/98)

UTRA UTRA MC-CDMA

harmonisation FDD TDD (FDD)
UTRA - cdma 2000
(05 - 07/99) 5 MHz 3,6864 Mchip/s
3,84 Mchip/s IMT-2000

Fig. 15 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 31)

 UTRA conception
& harmonisation time t
time t
FDD TDD 15
Mode
Power P

Mode
Frame

Power P
1
TS

frequency f frequency f

FDD & TDD harmonised in: FDD & TDD differences:

• bandwidth: 5 MHz
FDD TDD
• chiprate: 3,84 Mchip/s
• pure WCDMA • WCDMA & TDMA
• modulation: QPSK (continuous transmission) (Bursts: 15 TS / Frame)
• Re-Use = 1 • SF = 4 - 256 (DL - 512) • SF = 1 - 16
• pulse form • Handover: Soft • Handover: Hard
• time structure
• Spreading Codes (OVSF) UTRA
UTRAL1
L1General
GeneralDescription:
Description:
3G
3GTS25.201
TS25.201
OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes
Fig. 16 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 33)
 time t
Data Rate 15
Variation Data rate variation:
• SF = 1 - 16
• TS - combining
2
Power P

1 TDD Asymmetric
UL/DL allocation !!
flexible
Switching Point (min. 2 TS for DL/UL)
Example: UL DL

frequency f

time t

FDD SF =
Rc [chip/s] /
RS[symb/s]
Power P

Data rate variation:

• SF = 4 - 256 (DL: 512)

frequency f
Fig. 17 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 35)
 different
differentBTS:
UTRA Scrambling
BTS:
ScramblingCodes
Codes BTS
Codes
Channelisation Code separates
Channelisation Code separates
ULULdifferent
differentapplications
applications
BTS ofof11UE
UE (max. 6;SF
(max. 6; SFvariable)
variable)

Channelisation
ChannelisationCode
Code
separates DL different UE
Spreading Code = separates DL different UE

Channelisation Code
x Scrambling Code different
differentUE:
UE:
(TS 25.201) Scrambling Codes
Scrambling Codes
(RNC
(RNCallocated)
allocated)

Channelization
ChannelizationCode:
Code:
BTS separates
separatesphysical
physicalchannels
channels
••DL:
DL: channels of the sameBTS
channels of the same BTS
••UL: channels of the same UE
UL: channels of the same UE
Spreading
Spreading&&Modulation:
Modulation: Scrambling
ScramblingCode:
Code:
TS
TS 25.201 (UTRAOverview)
25.201 (UTRA Overview) separates
separatessources
sources
TS 25.213 (FDD),
TS 25.213 (FDD),
TS ••DL:
DL: separatesdifferent
separates differentBTS
BTS
TS25.223
25.223(TDD)
(TDD) ••UL:
UL:separates
separatesdifferent
differentUE
UEinin11cell
cell
Fig. 18 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 37)
UTRA Scrambling Codes:
• FDD: for BTS / UE „Gold Codes“;
Codes 10 ms period (1 frame = 38400 chip)
• TDD: for BTS / UE 16 Chip long,
pre-defined sequences

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 256
CC256,0
CC256,1
CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
CC256,2
CC2,0 = (1,1)

CC1,0 = (1) CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) •

••• • •••
CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) •

CC2,1 = (1,-1)
CC256,254
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) CC256,255

Channelization Codes (CCn,m) = OVSF Codes

CCn,m generation: 1 1 CCn/2 CCn/2 OVSF =

CC1 = (1) CC2 = CCn =
from columns in CCn 1 -1 CCn/2 -CCn/2 Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor
Fig. 19 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 39)
 UTRA
time
structure • shortest information unit in CDMA

Chip 1/3.840.000 s  260.4 ns

Time Slot 2560 chips • TDD: TS contains 1 Burst

• FDD: cyclic repetition of
TS control information (e.g. TPC)

2/3 ms

Frame f TS#0 ••• TS#i ••• TS#14 • TDD: TDMA frame

• FDD: shortest transmission duration
• TDD & FDD: shortest pattern
 data rate adaptation
10 ms

• TDD & FDD: Counting period for

Superframe f#1 ••• f#i ••• f#72  Def. Physical channels
 Handover to GSM
(GSM TCH Multiframe = 120 ms)

720 ms

Fig. 20 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 41)

 UTRA
Key Parameters

• bandwidth B = 5 MHz
• chiprate Rc = 3,84 Mchip/s
• SF = Rc / RS = 1 - 16 (TDD)
4 - 256/512 (FDD)
Spreading Code =
Channelisation Code x Scrambling Code
• 1 TS = 2/3 ms = 2560 chip
• 1 frame = 10 ms
• 1 Superframe = 72 frames
• TDD: bursty structure (TS)
• FDD: continuous transmission ( 10 ms)

Fig. 21 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 43)

 UTRA Basics

GSM IS-95

Downward compatible/ Downward compatible/

Handover possible Handover possible

UTRA UTRA MC-CDMA

FDD TDD (FDD)

harmonisation
(chipsets possible for UTRA TDD, FDD & MC-CDMA mode)

IMT-2000

MC-CDMA / UTRA / TD-SCDMA

Comparison
Fig. 22 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 45)
MC-CDMA / UTRA
Carrier
MC-CDMA
Guard Band 1,25 MHz 1,25 MHz 1,25 MHz
625 kHz 625 kHz DL
Rc = n Carrier
1,2288 Mchip/s n = 1, 2, 3,
6, 9, 12

Rc = UL
Rc = 3,6864 Mchip/s n-fold
Rc = 2,4576 Mchip/s
1,2288 Mchip/s chip rate

1 2 3 4 5 MHz

DS-CDMA: UTRA TDD & FDD

Carrier
UL
&
Rc = DL
3,84 Mchip/s
1 2 3 4 5 MHz
Fig. 23 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 47)
 TD-SCDMA
TD-SCDMA =
UMTS R`4
Carrier Bandwidth 1.6 MHz Option
LCR-TDD
Mode
Chip Rate 1.28 Mchps

Spreading Factors 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

10 ms
Radio Frame Length (divided into 2 sub-frames)
(each sub-frame 5 ms)

Timeslots 675 s

Variable Data Rates supported

Modulation QPSK & 8PSK

R`4
R`4
TS 25.223
TS 25.223
Fig. 24 (TM2201EU04TM_0002 UMTS Radio Access: Basic Principles, 49)