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The RADIO_RSL_LOW

The RADIO_RSL_LOW is an alarm indicating that the radio receive power is very low. This alarm is
reported if the detected receive power is equal to or lower than the lower threshold of the ODU (The
upper threshold is –80 dBm for the 112 MHz channel bandwidth and –90 dBm for the other channel
bandwidths).

DCN (DATA COMMUNICATION NETWORK) OVERVIEW

The DCN provides communication channels for centrally managed NEs to remotely
manage and maintain NEs. all networks used for data communication can be called
DCN.
DCN is data communication network used for network management in the transmission
network domain.

In general, communication devices are distributed on a network and it is impossible for

users to separately manage each of them. Instead, users need to manage the devices
in a centralized manner. When no external DCNs are available, operators have to build
an independent Ethernet network for connecting the NMS and devices. Huawei
provides various DCN solutions which provide network devices with communication
functions of managing access and control information. Using these DCN solutions,
users can monitor each device at the NMS center. Physically speaking, the DCN
system can directly use installed fibers, which frees operators from building an external
DCN.
RELATED BASIC CONCEPTS
ECC
The Embedded Control Channel (ECC) implements OAM (operation, maintenance and
management) communication between NEs. ECC provides logical channels for
communication between NEs. It is established on physical channels such as DCC and
GCC channels to transmit communication information between NEs.
DCC
Data communications channel（DCC). It is used to carry ECC logical channels. DCCs
are a physical channel for communication. DCCs of NG WDM products transmit
information based on overhead bytes D1 to D12 in a private frame structure.
GCC
General Communication Channel(DCC). OAM information is transmitted between NEs
through the GCC. The GCC is a physical channel for communication. The GCC channel
of NG WDM products transmits information based on the GCC overhead bytes in the
frame structure of the G.709 protocol.

COMPONENTS OF THE DCN

Both the NMS and NEs are nodes of a DCN. The DCN between the NMS and NEs is
called the external DCN and the DCN between NEs is called the internal DCN.

External DCN
An external DCN is a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) and uses
the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) for communication. It
provides communication between NMSs and between an NMS and GNEs. The details
are as follows:
Communication between NMSs - consists of communication between the NMS server
and the operations support system (OSS), communication between the NMS server and
its clients and communication between the primary and secondary sites in a high
availability (HA) system. The communication between NMSs can only be implemented
using the TCP/IP protocol;

Communication between an NMS and GNEs - the NMS and GNEs may be located on
different floors of a building, in different buildings, or even in different cities. Hence, an
external DCN that is comprised of data communication devices, such as LAN switches
and routers, must be deployed to provide management connectivity between the NMS
and GNEs. This type of communication can be implemented using the TCP/IP protocol.
Internal DCN
An internal DCN provides communication between NEs using the HWECC or TCP/IP
protocol. The protocol packets are transmitted over optical supervisory channels
(OSCs) or electric supervisory channels (ESCs). Ports and channels that can transmit
network management messages on an internal DCN:
Inband DCN
Inband DCN is a DCN networking mode that uses a portion of service bandwidths for
data communication. For example, the equipment uses a portion of the Ethernet service
bandwidths at FE, GE or 10GE ports or a portion of the WDM service bandwidths at
WDM ports to transmit network management messages.

Outband DCN
Outband DCN is a DCN networking mode that does not use service bandwidths for data
communication. Outband DCN allows equipment to use data communications channel
(DCC) bytes in SDH frames, general communication channel (GCC) bytes in OTN
frames, or NMS port or NE cascade port to transmit network management messages.

ASON belongs to the control plane and also has in-band and out-of-band channels.
Inband - overhead bytes are used, for example, D1-D3 is used for the NMS and D4-
D12 is used for the ASON. In fact, outband DCN is used.
Outband - uses independent network cables to connect NEs.

SUMMARY
Below is one chart that summarizes the DCN, DCC and ECC
 o The way in which data is transmitted from one device to another device is known
as transmission mode.
o The transmission mode is also known as the communication mode.
o Each communication channel has a direction associated with it, and transmission
media provide the direction. Therefore, the transmission mode is also known as a
directional mode.
o The transmission mode is defined in the physical layer.

The Transmission mode is divided into three categories:

o Simplex mode
o Half-duplex mode
 o Full-duplex mode

Simplex mode

o In Simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional, i.e., the data flow in one
direction.
o A device can only send the data but cannot receive it or it can receive the data
but cannot send the data.
o This transmission mode is not very popular as mainly communications require the
two-way exchange of data. The simplex mode is used in the business field as in
sales that do not require any corresponding reply.
o The radio station is a simplex channel as it transmits the signal to the listeners
but never allows them to transmit back.
o Keyboard and Monitor are the examples of the simplex mode as a keyboard can
only accept the data from the user and monitor can only be used to display the
data on the screen.
o The main advantage of the simplex mode is that the full capacity of the
communication channel can be utilized during transmission.

Advantage of Simplex mode:

o In simplex mode, the station can utilize the entire bandwidth of the
communication channel, so that more data can be transmitted at a time.

Disadvantage of Simplex mode:

o Communication is unidirectional, so it has no inter-communication between

devices.
Half-Duplex mode

o In a Half-duplex channel, direction can be reversed, i.e., the station can transmit
and receive the data as well.
o Messages flow in both the directions, but not at the same time.
o The entire bandwidth of the communication channel is utilized in one direction at
a time.
o In half-duplex mode, it is possible to perform the error detection, and if any error
occurs, then the receiver requests the sender to retransmit the data.
o A Walkie-talkie is an example of the Half-duplex mode. In Walkie-talkie, one
party speaks, and another party listens. After a pause, the other speaks and first
party listens. Speaking simultaneously will create the distorted sound which
cannot be understood.

Advantage of Half-duplex mode:

o In half-duplex mode, both the devices can send and receive the data and also can
utilize the entire bandwidth of the communication channel during the
transmission of data.

Disadvantage of Half-Duplex mode:

o In half-duplex mode, when one device is sending the data, then another has to
wait, this causes the delay in sending the data at the right time.

Full-duplex mode
 o In Full duplex mode, the communication is bi-directional, i.e., the data flow in
both the directions.
o Both the stations can send and receive the message simultaneously.
o Full-duplex mode has two simplex channels. One channel has traffic moving in
one direction, and another channel has traffic flowing in the opposite direction.
o The Full-duplex mode is the fastest mode of communication between devices.
o The most common example of the full-duplex mode is a telephone network.
When two people are communicating with each other by a telephone line, both
can talk and listen at the same time.

Advantage of Full-duplex mode:

o Both the stations can send and receive the data at the same time.

Disadvantage of Full-duplex mode:

o If there is no dedicated path exists between the devices, then the capacity of the
communication channel is divided into two parts.

Disadvantages of Voice over LTE.

1. Network Coverage Limitations: One of the primary disadvantages of VoLTE is
that it relies on 4G LTE network coverage. While LTE networks have expanded
significantly, there are still areas with limited or no LTE coverage. This means that
in such areas, VoLTE calls may not be possible, or the device may need to fall
back to a 2G or 3G network for voice calls, leading to a potential degradation in
call quality.
2. Device Compatibility: Not all devices are VoLTE-enabled. To use VoLTE, both
the caller’s and receiver’s devices must support the technology. Older devices,
especially those that predate the widespread adoption of VoLTE, may not be
 compatible. This can create a compatibility gap between users, potentially
leading to voice calls reverting to legacy networks.
3. Interoperability Challenges: VoLTE interoperability can be a complex issue,
particularly when multiple carriers are involved. Different carriers may have
slightly different implementations of VoLTE, which can result in compatibility
issues when users from different carriers try to make VoLTE calls to each other.
Carriers need to ensure seamless interconnection between their VoLTE networks
to avoid these problems.
4. Battery Drain: Volte requires more power than traditional voice calls because it
keeps the device connected to the 4G LTE network even during voice calls. This
continuous connection can lead to increased battery drain, which may be a
concern for users with older devices or those using their phones intensively
throughout the day.
5. Quality of Service Variability: VoLTE quality can vary depending on network
conditions. In areas with strong LTE signal strength, VoLTE typically provides
excellent call quality. However, in areas with weaker LTE signals or network
congestion, call quality may suffer, leading to issues like dropped calls, call jitter,
or packet loss.
6. Emergency Services Limitations: While VoLTE is generally reliable for voice
calls, there have been concerns about its use for emergency calls (911 or similar
services). In some cases, VoLTE may not provide the same location accuracy as
traditional 911 services, which could be critical in emergencies. Additionally,
network congestion during emergencies could affect the reliability of VoLTE calls.
7. Complexity of Implementation: Implementing VoLTE is a complex process for
mobile network operators. It involves upgrading both the core network and the
radio access network, which can be time-consuming and costly. Ensuring
seamless handovers between VoLTE and other network technologies (2G, 3G)
adds to this complexity.
8. Roaming Challenges: Roaming with VoLTE can be challenging, as it requires
agreements and compatibility between different carriers’ networks. In some
cases, when roaming internationally, VoLTE may not be available, and the device
may need to fall back to non-LTE networks for voice calls.
9. Limited to Data-Enabled Devices: VoLTE is typically available on smartphones
and other data-enabled devices. Basic feature phones that lack data capabilities
may not be able to access VoLTE services, limiting the universality of this
technology.
10. Transition Period: During the transition from circuit-switched voice to VoLTE,
network operators may maintain legacy infrastructure for voice services. This can
 create a hybrid environment with potential complexities in managing both types
of networks simultaneously.
11. Quality Dependent on Network Congestion: The quality of VoLTE calls can be
affected by network congestion. In heavily congested LTE networks, the available
bandwidth for Volte may be reduced, impacting call quality, especially during
peak usage times.
In conclusion, while Volte offers numerous advantages such as improved call quality
and the ability to use data services simultaneously, it also comes with certain
disadvantages and challenges. These include network coverage limitations, device
compatibility issues, interoperability challenges, potential battery drain, variability in call
quality, limitations in emergency services, complexity of implementation, roaming
challenges, and the need for data-enabled devices. Mobile network operators and
device manufacturers continue to work on addressing these issues to improve the
overall Volte experience for users.

All these are the benefits of Volte for operators, except?

Select one:

a. Increased Spectrum efficiency

b. Increased Complexity

c. Network Simplification

d. New service integration

e. Voice is still business driver

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Question text
Which of the following are the requirements for VoLTE service from user/Customer side?
Select one:

a. VoLTE Supporting Handset

b. ISIM or USIM

c. Volte Switched enabled in handset

d. Software built in handset supporting Volte

e. All

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Which of the following are the requirements for VoLTE service from an operator's side?
Select one:

a. IMS Network Deployment

b. Good 4G/LTE Coverage

c. Activation of Volte Services

d. All

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Which one of the following are the benefits of Volte users?
Select one:

a. Better user experience

b. HD Calling

c. Faster Calling

d. No drop in background data Speed

e. All

(IMS)
IP Multimedia Subsystem or IMS is a standards-based architectural framework
for delivering multimedia communications services such as voice, video and text
messaging over IP networks. The IMS specifications were originally created by
the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to standardize the implementation
of these services on next-generation mobile networks.

How does an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Architecture

work?
The IP Multimedia Subsystem architecture decomposes the network into distinct
application, control, and transport layers with standardized interfaces to promote
scalability, flexibility, and extensibility. An oversimplified IMS architecture is
depicted in the figure below.
IMS enables secure and reliable multimedia communications between diverse
devices across diverse networks. The architectural model provides a unified
infrastructure and common mechanisms for controlling, manipulating, routing,
and managing sessions. It also specifies how to implement authentication,
authorization, and accounting controls. The IMS specifications incorporate widely
used Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recommendations such as
the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for session control signaling.

The control layer, often referred to as the IMS core, is the cornerstone of the
architecture responsible for regulating communications flows. The main
functional elements of the control layer include:

 Application Servers – these are applications providing services, such as

telephone call control, call continuity, conference calling, and
supplementary service configuration
  Call Session Control Function (CSCF) – the heart of the IMS
architecture, responsible for controlling sessions between endpoints
(referred to as terminals in the IMS specifications) and applications
 Home Subscriber Server (HSS) – the master database that maintains all
user profile information used to authenticate and authorize subscribers
 Signaling Gateway (SGW) and Media Gateway Control Function
(MGCF) – respectively provide SS7 and MGCP interoperability with the
PSTN
 Media Resource Functions (MRF) – provides media-related functions
such as the playing of tones and digital announcements

Many IMS functions are further deconstructed into distinct functional elements.
For example, the CSCF function encompasses three discrete roles: Serving-
CSCF (C-CSCF), Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF), and Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF).

What are the Advantages and Benefits of IP Multimedia

Services?
By defining a layered network architecture with open interfaces IMS provides
greater flexibility and extensibility compared to traditional monolithic
communications network architectures. IMS advantages and benefits for service
providers include:

 Application, network, and device independence: Applications are

decoupled from the transport layer. Service providers can deliver common
applications and services, with unified authentication, authorization, and
accounting across diverse devices in 4G and 5G mobile networks, Wi-Fi
networks, fixed networks, and MSO networks.
 Reusable components: Reduce CAPEX and OPEX by leveraging
common IMS functional elements to support multiple services
 Standards-based solutions: By deploying standards-based network
elements, service providers can eliminate vendor lock-in and contain costs.
 Service interconnection: Leverage standard mechanisms for peering and
interconnecting distinct communications service provider networks and for
enabling seamless roaming across networks.
 Service coverage: IMS standards cover a wide range of IP-based
communications services including voice, video, text chat, multiparty
conferencing, and collaboration applications.
 Convergence: By evolving legacy TDM voice networks to converged all-IP
networks that support voice and IP multimedia services, service providers
can reduce OPEX
 Quality of service: IMS supports policy-based QoS mechanisms for SLA
assurance and to ensure satisfactory user experien
 Signaling(HSL/LSL)
 OCTOBER 5, 2016 / TYAGISHASHIKANT

 Basically the Telecom nodes i.e BSC/TRC/MSC/HLR/VLR etc communicate

to each others and synchronizing via signaling.
 If 100 E1s are connected between the nodes and there is no signaling connected
between them,in that case not a single call will mature.
 If only one signaling is connected between the nodes then Call may mature
untill the signaling get cogested.
 The pre confirmation of message,post confirmation of message and the text
message itself etc travels via signaling.
 Signaling is basically of two types .
 1-LSL(Low speed links)
 2-HSL(High speed links)
 LSL-Low speed links contribute in connectivity between the nodes but they are
not the critical links.1 LSL is defined at a single time slot of a E1 out of 31
time slots and rest of 30 time slots may be used for voice
traffic.A LSL signaling is defined between BSC and TRC,MSC and GMSC
etc.
 HSL-High speed links are the critical links they are highly contributed in
connectivity.1 HSL is defined on a complete E1 (31 TS).HSL is created
between MSC to TRC and MSC to HLR etc.