Access Technologies

FDMA TDMA

Power Power

y
nc y
ue Tim e nc
Tim eq qu
e Fr e
Fre
W-CDMA

Power

c y
u en
Tim F req
e
WCDMA Cocktail Party

What do YOU hear...

•If you only speak Japanese?
•If you only speak English?
•If you only speak Italian?
•If you only speak Japanese, but the Japanese-speaking
person is all the way across the room?
•If you only speak Russian, but the Spanish-speaking
person is talking very loudly?
UMTS Air Interface technologies

– UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions

• WCDMA – FDD
• WCDMA – TDD

– WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution

• FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
– WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number of
networks
• TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency

– Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

– This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA – FDD

solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
UMTS Air Interface technologies

• W-CDMA: FDD or TDD

Code Multiplex
Power Time

UMTS USER 2

FDD
UMTS USER 1
UL DL
Frequency
5 MHz 5 MHz
Duplex Spacing: 190 MHz

Power DL
Time Code Multiplex
UL
UMTS USER 2 &
DL Time Division
DL
TDD UMTS USER 1
UL

666.67 s
5 MHz Frequency
UMTS Air Interface technologies

• W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

– uplink and downlink are separated in frequency

TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

– uplink and downlink are separated in time
– flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for asymmetrical traffic
WCDMA Technology

WCDMA Users share same time and frequency

Carrier

Frequency
3.84 MHz

5 MHz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers
IMT-2000 frequency allocations

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz

ITU-R

Satellite
•responsible for world-wide ITU

Mobile

Satellite
Mobile
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
Radio Communication
aspects
• setting requirements for 3G
/ 4G Mobile Communication

UMTS (TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
(IMT-2000 / IMT-Advanced)
UMTS UMTS

Satellite
Mobile
Europe

Satellite
DECT

Mobile
GSM
1800 (FDD) (FDD)
•World Radio Conference
WRC 1992: IMT-2000
frequency allocation
proposals

(TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
Satellite

Satellite
Japan

Mobile

Mobile
IMT-2000 IMT-2000
PHS

IMT-2000
national regulation
authorities:
unlicensed

USA

Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
• responsible for national PCS PCS
PCS

frequency allocation &

licensing process
•GSM spectrum refarming is
also possible
UMTS – FDD Frequency band evolution

– Release 99
• I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan,
India
• II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
– New in Release 5
• III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
– New in Release 6
• IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
• V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850
• VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
– New in Release 7
• VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
• VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900
• IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
UMTS frequency allocations

1920 MHz 1980 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

UMTS-2100 Uplink Downlink

Duplex Frequency : 2110-1920 = 190 MHz

Bandwidth :1980-1920 = 60 MHz
Carriers : 60 / 5 = 12

UL : 1959 MHz – 1979 MHz

DL : 2149 MHz – 2169 MHz
Frequency channel numbering

 UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number (UARFCN)

 UARFCN formula (3GPP 25.101 and 25.104):

UARFCN Uplink/Downlink = 5 . fCenter Uplink/Downlink [MHz]

with
0.0 MHz <= fCenter Uplink/Downlink <=3276.6 [MHz]

 UARFCN is integer:
 0 <= UARFCN <= 16383
Center Frequency

 Center Frequency fcenter

Consequence of UARFCN formula (see previous slide):
• fcenter must be set in steps of 0.2MHz (Channel Raster=200 kHz)
• fcenter must terminate with an even number (e.g 1927.4 not 1927.5)

 fcenter values
Uplink (1920Mhz-1980MHz)
1922.4MHz <= fcenter <= 1977.6MHz
9612 <= UARFCN Uplink <= 9888
Downlink (2110Mhz-2170MHz)
2112.4MHz <= fcenter <= 2167.6MHz
10562 <= UARFCN Downlink <= 10838
WCDMA – FDD technology

– Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

• All cells at same carrier frequency
• Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
• Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz

– Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

• Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between
frequencies

– Compatibility with GSM technology

• Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and
UMTS
UMTS & GSM Network Planning

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA ):
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Services with
Rake receiver
Different quality Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
requirements
scheduling scheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmit Supported for Not supported by the
diversity improving downlink standard, but can be
capacity applied

Efficient
packet data
Agenda

•WCDMA Air Interface

•WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
•Channelization Code
•Scrambling Code
• Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
•Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
•Rake receiver
WCDMA Features

• Separate users through different codes

• Large bandwidth
• Continuous transmission and reception
• Code planning - Frequency reuse is 1
• No frequency planning
• Scrambling code planning
CDMA
code
• 5 MHz carrier separation

e
tim
• Fast Power Control
Code-Division
• Soft/Softer Handover Multiple Access

• Admission Control
frequency
• Congestion Control

http://www.3gpp.org
3GPP : 3rd Generation Partnership Project
Spreading Principle

Direct Sequence Spreading - Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA)

• Separates users through different codes
• Codes are used for two purposes:
• Differentiate channels/users
• Spreading the data over the entire bandwidth

t
MS 1
MS 2
Code MS 3

• WCDMA (5 MHz)
• IS-95 (1.25 MHz)
f • CDMA2000 (1.25, 3.75 MHz)
5 MHz
Spreading Principle

Spreading code = Channelization code + Scrambling code

• Scrambling codes (Repeat period 10 ms=38400 chips)

– Separates different mobiles (in uplink)
– Separates different cells (in downlink)

• Channelization codes
– Separates different channels that are transmitted on the same scrambling code
– Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes
– Period depends on data rate
CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols

Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips  SF=8)

+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Chip

+1
Spreading Code

-1
+1
Spread Signal

-1

Air Interface
di n g
rea
+1
sp
De -1
+1
Data
-1
Common Technical Terms

 Bit, Symbol, Chip:

 A bit is the input data which contain information
 A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block
interleaving
 A chip is the output of spreading

 Processing Gain:
 Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
 Closely related to spreading factor, SF.

 Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to

mobile station

 Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to

base station
Block Diagram of WCDMA System

Source coding Channel

Spreading Modulation
coding

Radio channel

Source Channel
decoding Despreading Demodulation
decoding
WCDMA System

 Source Coding
 Voice : Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps – 12.2kbps

 Channel Coding
 CRC Attachment.
 Check for error during transmission.
 Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information
 Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission

 Convolutional or Turbo Coding

 Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling
 Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than convolutional coding

 Interleaving
 Distribute error over data transmitted

 Rate Matching
 Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading
 Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing
Energy Box
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Originating Bit Received Bit

Power/Hz

nd
Ba
y
nc
ue
eq
Fr
Duration
(t = 1/Rb)

• Higher spreading factor  Wider frequency band  Lower power spectral density
• BUT
• Same Energy per Bit
Spreading Principle

 User information bits are spread into a number of chips by multiplying them with
a spreading code
The chip rate for the system is 3.84 Mchip/s and the signal is spread in 5 MHz
The Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between the chip rate and the symbol rate
The same code is used for de/spreading the information after it is sent over
the air interface.

Information signal

Spreading signal

Transmission signal
Spreading Technology

 Spreading consists of 2 steps ：

 Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus
increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol
is called the Spreading Factor （ SF ） .The operation is done through
multiplication with OVSF code.
 Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.

Data bit Chips after

spreading

OVSF Scrambling
code code
DL & UL Channelisation Codes

– Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)

• SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {2,4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
• SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {2,4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
– Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code
set equals 0
• In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
• In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost  Interference between
users of same cell
– Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between
different channels can be guaranteed
• Downlink channels under one cell
• Uplink channels from a single user
– Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment
• Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
Channelisation Code Tree

SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16 ... SF=256 SF=512

C8(0)=[11111111] C16(0)=[...........
.]
C16(1)=[...........
C4(0)=[1111] .]
C16(2)=[...........
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] .]
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[...........
.]
C16(4)=[...........
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1] .]
C16(5)=[...........
C4(1)=[11-1-1] .]
C16(6)=[...........
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] .]
C16(7)=[...........
C0(0)=[1
] .]
C16(8)=[...........
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] .]
C16(9)=[...........
C4(2)=[1-11-1] .]
C16(10)=[...........
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] ]
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[...........]

C16(12)=[.........
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] ..]
C16(13=[...........
C4(3)=[1-1-11] ]
C16(14)=[.........
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1] ..]
C16(15)=[.........
..]
SF and Service Rate

 Symbol Rate*SF=Chip Rate

 In WCDMA system, if chip rate=3.84MHz, SF=4, then symbol

rate=960Kbps.

 Symbol Rate=(Service Rate + Checking Code)*Channel Coding Rate*

Repeat or Puncture Rate

 In WCDMA system, if service rate=384Kbps, channel coding=1/3 Turbo

coding, then symbol rate=960Kbps;
Correlation Function
Correlation using channelization codes
(a) Same channelization code; (b) Different channelization codes ; (c) Same code with non - zero time offset

Input Data +1 - 1 +1

x x x

Channelization code
in Transmitter -1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 +1 -1 -1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 +1 -1 -1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 +1 -1
Transmitter
= = =

Transmitted
-1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 +1 -1 +1 –1 +1 –1 –1 +1 –1 +1 -1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 +1 -1
Sequence

x x x

Channelization Code
-1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 +1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 +1
used in Receiver
= = =

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 –1 +1 –1 –1 +1 –1 +1 +1 –1 –1 –1 +1 –1 –1 - 1 Receiver

Integrate Integrate Integrate

Integrate
Result
8 0 -4

Divide by
+1 0 - 0.5
Code Length
Spreading Principle

Case 1

+1
Spreading 0
-1
11 001100
+1
0 1 0
+1 User -1
0 data +1
-1
0
-1

Despreading
11 001100
+1 Spreading
0 code Case 2
-1 +1
0
+1 Chip -1
0 101 01010
sequence +1
-1 0
-1
+1
0
-1
Spread Spectrum Gain
Benefits of Spreading

NBI
1 2 3 4 5
MOD WBI DEM F DET
384 kbps
3.84 Mcps Spreading code P
P NBI 3

1 Spreading factor WBI f

f Processing gain P
Rchip
G= 4
P Rbit

2
f
MOD - modulation
P
f DEM - demodulation
F - filtering 5
DET - detection
f
NBI - narrow-band interference
WBI - wide-band interference
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=24.98
dB

• Spreading sequences
have a different length
Frequency (Hz)

Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s)

• Processing gain
R
depends on the user
data rate
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10 dB

W
Processing gain: G p dB  
R
Frequency (Hz)
Processing gain

•The more processing gain the system has, the more the
power of uncorrelated interfering signals is suppressed in
the despreading process.

•Thus, processing gain can be seen as an improvement

factor in the SIR (Signal to Interference Ratio) of the
signal after despreading.

Example: Voice AMR 12.2 Kbps

Gp= 10*log(3840000/12200)= 25 dB.
•After despreading the signal power has to be typically few dB
above the interference and noise: Eb/No = 5dB; therefore the
required wideband signal-to-interference ratio is 5dB –Gp= -20 dB.
•In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the
interference and the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal.
Transmission Power

Power density
High bit rate user
Frequency

5MHz

Low bit rate user

Time
Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power
Channelization Codes

 Channelization Codes have different length depending on the bit rate

 In the Downlink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and
control) channels coming from the same NodeB

CC3, CC4
CC1, CC2

CC5, CC6, CC7

 In the Uplink, Channelization Codes are used to distinguish between data (and control)
channels from the same UE

CC1, CC2
CC1 , CC2, CC3

CC1, CC2, CC3, CC4

Scrambling Codes

 After the Channelization Codes, the data stream is multiplied by a special code to
distinguish between different transmitters.

 Scrambling codes are not orthogonal so they do not need to be synchronized

 The separation of scrambling codes is proportional to the code length – longer

codes, better separation (but not 100%)

 Scrambling codes are 38400 chips long

Scrambling Codes

 In the Downlink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each cell (assigned
by operator – SC planning)
 In the Uplink, the Scrambling Codes are used to distinguish each UE (assigned by
network)

Cell “1” transmits using SC1

SC1 SC1

SC3 SC4

Cell “2” transmits using SC2

SC2 SC2

SC5 SC6
Scrambling Code planning example

SC 48

SC 0 SC 64

SC 16 SC 40 SC 56 SC 49
SC 8 SC 24 SC 1 SC 65
SC 32 SC 17 SC 41 SC 57

SC 9 SC 25
SC 33
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Half rate speech

Full rate speech

128 kbps
384 kbps

2 Mbps

W
RSymbol  Rb _ phy  2  RSymbol Modulation :
SF (QPSK modulation)
DL : QPSK, 16 QAM.
UL : BPSK
DL & UL Scrambling Codes

DL Scrambling Codes
– Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
• 512 Primary Scrambling Codes

UL Scrambling Codes
– Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
• Long scrambling codes of length of 38400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
• Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to get the
scrambling code of the frame length
– Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future

•512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes

•16.7 million UL Scrambling Codes
Basic W-CDMA Terminologies
Eb/No
TDMA-GSM W-CDMA

1
2
1 3 1
2 4 2
3 1 3
4 2 4
3 1
1 2
4
3

1 4

Power spectrum

Eb/No
C
N
I C

Eb/Io is the Bit Energy we obtain after despreading in the presence of the Noise generated by
all other users and the Noise from NodeB equipment.
Basic W-CDMA Terminologies

Eb/No -> Eb = Energy per bit, No = Noise Spectral Density

[ Sensitivity of Base Station]

Uplink Eb/No = Minimum Signal/Noise to achieve any Service

BER (Bit Error Rate) = Function of Eb/No

SNR = C/I = Eb/No - Processing Gain

CS 12.2 CS 64 PS 64 PS 128 PS 384

Bit rate (kbps) 12.2 64 64 128 384
UL Eb/No (dB) 4.9 3 3.2 2.6 2.1
Spreading Factor 256
Processing gain (dB) 25 18 18 15 10
UL C/I (dB) -20 -15 -15 -12 -8
Coverage Limits

Service provided: Speech Service provided: Data 144

Example: 2 UEs at the

same distance from the
BTS using 2 data rates
Eb/No Eb/No

SF = 8
require
SF = 128
require
d d
Interference level Interference level

Received power
Received power
User 2 needs more power for the
UL & DL for the same quality as
user 1

UE2
UE1

Node B
Speech 8 kbps Data 144 kbps
The higher the SF, the less power required
Coverage Limits

SF = 128

SF = 32

SF = 4

Speech 8 kbps Data 64 kbps Data 384 kbps

Node B

The coverage limits are determined by

the Uplink link Budget
Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
Codes Multiplexing

Do w n l i n k 1 - Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code

Channelization code 1 Node B

User 1 signal

Channelization code 2

User 2 signal

Channelization code 3

User 3 signal
Codes Multiplexing
2 - Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1

Channelization code

User 1 signal

Scrambling code 2

Channelization code

User 2 signal NodeB

Scrambling code 3
Channelization code
User 3 signal
Channelization and Scrambling Codes

Pilot, Broadcast
SC1 + CCP + CCB
2 data channels
(voice, control) 1 data channels
Voice SC1 + CC1 + CC2 (control)
Conversation SC1 + CC3 Uplink
Packet Data

2 data channels 2 data channels

(voice, control) (14 kbps data, control)
SC3 + CC1 + CC2 SC4 + CC1 + CC2

Pilot, Broadcast
SC2 + CCP + CCB

3 data channels 4 data channels Videoconference

(voice, video, control) (384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC2 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 SC2 + CC4 + CC5 + CC6 + CC7 with Data
Videoconference

3 data channels
(voice, video, control) 4 data channels
SC5 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 (384 kbps data, voice, video, control)
SC6 + CC1 + CC2 + CC3 + CC4
DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA

CHANNELISATION codes: Radio frame = 15 time slots

CODE 1 Pilot

P-CPICH BCCH
Pilot X User 1
CODE 2 User 2

P-CCPCH User 3
BCCH X
CODE 3 SUM

DPCH1
User 1 X
CODE 4
+ Time

3.84 MHz
DPCH2 SCRAMBLING RF carrier
User 2 X
CODE

CODE 5

X RF
DPCH3
User 3 X

3.84 MHz bandwidth

Physical Layer Structure
UMTS Frame Format
Slot = 0.667 ms = 2560 chips

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #j Slot #14

Frame = 15 slots = 10 ms = 38400 chips

(38400*1000/10 = 3.84 Mcps)

Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #i Frame #4095

System frame = 4096 frames = 40.96 seconds

WCDMA Parameters

Parameters WCDMA
Chip rate 3.84 M cps
Frame length 10 or 2 ms
Downlink: QPSK; 16QAM
M odulation Uplink: BPSK
Bandwidth 5 M Hz
Algebraic Code Excited
Vocoder Linear Prediction Coder(ACELP)
Base synchronization Asynchronization
Power control rate 1500 Hz
Unique scrambling code (Gold code)
Cell identification
OVSF code
Channelization code
Agenda

•WCDMA Air Interface

•WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
• Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
•Load control(power control)
•Admission Control Per cell
•Packet Scheduler
•Resource Manager(code tree defragmentation)
•Power Control
•Handover Control
•Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
•Rake receiver
Radio Resource Management
– RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:
• Transmission power and interference
• Logical codes
– The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
• Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
 Maximum number of users
– The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several
RRM functionalities

service
quality
Optimization
and Tailoring

cell coverage cell capacity

RADIO RESOURCE UTILIZATION

Radio Resource Management

Basic RRM functions
To adjust the transmit powers in upilnk and
* Power Control downlink to the minimum level required to
enshure the demanded QoS Power Control
* Handover Control
Takes care that a connected user is handed
* Congestion Control over from one cell to another as he moves
through the coverage area of a mobile Handover
network. Control
* Resource Management
Let users set up or reconfigure a radio access
bearer(RAB) only if these would not overload
the system and if the necessary resources are Admission
available. control
To ensure
that the
Takes care that a system temporarily going network stays
Load control
into overload is returned to a non-overloaded within the
situation. planned
condition
Packet data
scheduling
To handle all non-realtime traffic,allocate
optimum bit rates and schedule transmission
of the packet data, keeping the required QoS Congestion Control
in terms of throughput and delays.

Resource
To control the physical and logical radio
resources under one RNC;to coordinate the Manager
usage of the available hardware resouces and
to manage the code tree.
RRM Functionalities

LC Load Control
LC PS AC Admission Control
PS Packet Scheduler
RM
AC RM Resource Manager
For each cell PC Power Control
HC HO Control

PC
HC
For each connection/user
Load Control (LC)

– LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS

– LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC

and PS
– Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
• Interference levels (UL)
• BTS power level (DL) Load change info

AC
Load status
LC

NRT load PS
Load Control – Load Status

– Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters

Overload Overload
threshold x

Load Target Load Margin

threshold y

Normal load
Power

Time
Free capacity Measured load
Admission Control (AC)

– Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of
existing connections

– Admission control handles three main tasks

• Admission decision of new connections
– Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the
new connection
– Real-time higher priority than non-real time
– In overload conditions new connections may be rejected
• Connection QoS definition
– Bit rate, BER target etc.
• Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)
Packet Scheduler (PS)

– PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real

time (NRT) connections
• Each cell separately
• Based on QoS priority level of the connection
• In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased

– PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)

– PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC

– Capacity allocated on a needs basis using ‘best effort’ approach

• RT higher priority
Resource Manager (RM)

– Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-
operation with AC and PS
– On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
• DL spreading code
• UL scrambling code

Code Type Uplink Downlink

Scrambling codes User separation Cell separation
Spreading codes Data & control channels from same UE Users within one cell
Agenda

•WCDMA Air Interface

•WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
•Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
•Load control
•Admission Control
•Packet Scheduler
•Resource Manager
•Power Control
•Handover Control
•Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
•Rake receiver
Power Control

• Concept : Power is a common resource in WCDMA

• Goal : Ensure sufficient received energy per information bit for all communication links

• Strategy :
Power control on COMMON CHANNELS ensures there is sufficient coverage to establish
connections and transfer date on common transport channels
Power control on DEDICATED CHANNELS (DCH) ensures sufficient connection quality while
minimizing impact on other connections.

• Power Control or Rate Control

– Power control strategy (R99): adjust transmitted power while keeping the data rate
constant
– Rate control strategy (HSDPA): adjust the data rate while keeping the transmitted power
constant
Near-Far-Problem

UE 1


 UE 2
Before despreading After despreading

– Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2

– If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 :
so-called “near-far” effect
– Solution : power control
– Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast
fading!
Power Control Types

Without power control • Open loop power Control With power control

– Initial power setting

PTX PTX
• Outer Loop (RNC)
– Adjust quality target dependent
on performance
• Inner Loop (fast power control-
t t
fading NodeB) fading
channel – compensates for fading channel
channels
PRX PRX
– needs dedicated control
channel for power control
commands

t t
Power Control types

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

UE

Closed Loop Power Control

Node B UL Outer Loop RNC

Power Control
DL Outer Loop
Power Control
BLER target
Open Loop Power Control

• Controlled by UE.

• Determine UE initial transmission power for random access procedure.

• Not in use when inner loop power control running.

• UE obtain information from network on:

• CPICH power

• Uplink interference level

• Constant value (Default = 2dB)

UE Initial Power = CPICH power – CPICH_RSCP + UL interference + Constant

PRACH Tx power

System information :
CPICH power, UL interference & constant
Open Loop Power Control

Power Ramping on PRACH

Once preamble is heard,
increase power for
message Message
powerOffsetPpm (Control Part)
Increase power
until heard
1st transmitted powerOffsetP0
preamble

powerOffsetP0

PRACH UL
Preamble Sequence Preamble heard
and Acquisition
Indicator sent

AICH DL
Inner Closed Loop Power Control

Power Control Bit

• Located in UE & NodeB

• Controls power of dedicated physical channels

SIR threshold

(SIR)measured
• Power controls occurs at 1500Hz, thus known as
fast power control
UE3
NodeB
• NodeB and UE continuously measure and compare
SIRmeasured with SIRthreshold value, and inform each
other to increase /reduce its power accordingly.
UE1 UE2

Without Power Control With Optimum Power Control

Received power at
Received power at

NodeB
NodeB

UE2
UE3
UE1 UE1 UE2 UE3 UE4
UE4 UE4
Outer Closed Loop Power Control

• Adjust SIR for every user

• Needed to keep track of changes in radio environment

• Aims to provide required quality

• If SIRthreshold reaches its maximum, system has to perform

- inter-frequency/inter-system handover
- RRC connection release

SIR threshold RNC

BER/BLER Value

Change in (SIR)threshold
Power Control

• TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection

is received with the required Eb/No of its service
– Uplink: Avoid ”Near-Far-Problem“
– Downlink: Power share allocation

• Policy: “No one gets a higher quality (Eb/No) than he

needs. Everyone gets exactly the required quality or is
not served at all“
– no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles
– no waste of common power resource in the downlink

PC Gain:
Lower Eb/No
Importance of Power Control

– Minimizes the Interference and there by enhances capacity and quality.

– It helps allowing as many users as possible while keeping the interference as minimum as possible
– It maintains the quality of all radio connections by controlling the transmit power in both the links.
– Power Control aims at using the minimum required SIR for the quality of connection to remain
sufficient. No excessive quality.
– Power Control on common channels ensures that their coverage is sufficient for call setup
– It provides protection against slow fading and fast fading.
– Efficient power control avoids the near-far problem.
– Power control works efficiently during transmission gap in compressed mode by bring the SIR back
close to the target SIR.
– It helps reducing the battery consumption
Agenda

•WCDMA Air Interface

•WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
•Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
•Load control
•Admission Control
•Packet Scheduler
•Resource Manager
•Power Control
•Handover Control
•Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
•Rake receiver
Handover Control (HC)

– HC is responsible for:
• Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the
network coverage area
• Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell

– Soft handover
• MS handover between different base stations
– Softer handover
• MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
– Hard handover
• MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
Soft/Softer Handover

 Soft/softer handover is important for efficient power control. Without soft/softer

handover there would be near-far scenarios of a UE penetrating from one cell
deeply into an adjacent cell without being power controlled by the latter.

 Soft Handover: UE connected to two or more NodeBs at the same time.

 Softer Handover: UE connected to two or more sector of the same NodeB.

Softer HandOver

Macro-Diversity
Data UL1
Data UL2 Data UL

Data DL1

RNC
Data UL
Data UL
Data UL
Core
Network
Data DL Data DL
Node B
UE (BTS)
Data DL2

Data DL1 Data DL

Data DL2
Soft HandOver Intra RNC

Macro-Diversity

Data UL1
Data DL1 Data UL
Data UL2

Data UL1 Data UL1

Node B RNC
Data UL (BTS)
Data DL1 Data UL
Core
Data UL2 Network
Data DL
UE Data DL2

Data DL2
Data UL2

Data DL1 Data DL

Node B
Data DL2
(BTS)
Soft HandOver Inter RNC

• Soft Hand Over Inter RNC: Serving RNC (SRNC) and Drift RNC (DRNC)

Data DL1
Data DL2 Data DL
Data UL1
Data UL2 Data UL

SRNC
Data DL1
Data UL
Data UL1

Data UL
Node B Data DL1
(BTS)
Data UL
Data DL
Data DL2 Core
Data UL Network
Data UL2
UE
Data DL2
Data DL2

Data UL2
Node B DRNC
(BTS)
Hard Handover

• Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and between
WCDMA and GSM cells

GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS

Inter-System Handovers (ISHO)

f1 f1

Inter-Frequency Handovers (IFHO)

f2 f2 f2 f2
Soft/Softer Handover

Soft HO
In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level -
‘selection diversity’ RNC

In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE

For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different locations of Node Bs 

many multipaths

Softer HO
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B

In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE

RNC

For UL & DL less decorrelation due to “same” location of sectors  less

multipaths
Soft/Softer Handover Power Control

 Uplink Power is based on information (TPC bits) from both NodeBs to which the UE is
connected. The UE will decrease its output power in all cases except when both NodeBs
send increase power commands.
 Downlink Power control for both NodeBs is based on one signal (TPC bits) from the UE (it
does not distinguish between NodeBs and the decision is base on the combined output from
the RAKE receiver

UL Power control DL Power control

Agenda

•WCDMA Air Interface

•WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
•Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
•Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
•Rake receiver
Few Basics….

COVERAGE

POWER

CAPACITY QUALITY
Understanding Power Control…

LOWER Power Per User HIGHER Power Per

– HIGHER Number of User – LOWER
Users Number of Users
Interference…

Power Ctrl
ON
OFF

No or Improper Power Control leads to High interference that impacts Coverage,

Capacity and Quality
UL/DL Capacity Limitation
• Scenario 1: Capacity limitation due to UL interference
– The cell can’t serve UE1 because the increase in UL interference by adding the new user would be too high, resulting in a high risk of drops
• Scenario 2: Capacity limitation due to DL power
– The cell can’t serve UE2 because it’s using all its available power to maintain the connections to the other UEs

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

UE1

UE2
Cell Breathing

 The more traffic, the more interference and the shorter the distance must be
between the Node B and the UE.

 The traffic load changes in the system causes the cells to grow and shrink with time

Node B Node B

Fully loaded system

Unloaded system
Agenda

•WCDMA Air Interface

•WCDMA Principles & Spreading codes
•Overview of Radio Resource Management (RRM)
•Capacity limitation and Cell breathing
•Rake receiver
Maximum ratio combining

 Multiple paths possibly cause destructive interference between different replica

of the desired signal

Multipath Propagation
Time Dispersion



 

 0 1 2  3 
The Rake Receiver

• Each multi-path component is called a “finger”

• Estimation of radio channel properties for each finger:

– delay
– amplitude and
– Phase

• The Rake receiver combines multi-path components by coherent

combining of multi-path components belonging to the respective user.
Maximum ratio combining – RAKE
 Each finger tracks a different multipath component and other cells during Soft
Handover
 A maximum ratio combining produces the output
 Search Finger is used to determine when to perform handovers

Buffer/delay
Correlators
Channel
Finger #1
C
O
Finger #2 M
Sum of individual multipath
B components
I
Finger #3 N
E
R
Finger #N

Power measurements of
neighbouring NodeBs
Searcher Finger
Taking advantage of Multipath: Rake Receiver

Take advantage of
multipath diversity

RX Delay (n)

Delay 1 C(t-n)

n
D(t)
UE
TX

C(t) C(t-1)
RX Delay (1)
+
Delay 0
1
Spreading &
RX Delay (0)
Scrambling BTS
C(t-0)

0
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