FORCES

● -Force is either a push or pull exerted on another object

TYPES OF FORCES
CONTACT FORCES
-Normal Force
-Friction
-Tenson
NON-CONTACT FORCES
-Gravitational Force
-Electromagnetic Force
-Magnetic Force

Forces are vector quantities, they have both magnitude and direction. Its SI unit is N(Newtons)

TO REPRESENT EFFECTS OF FORCES, WE USE VECTOR

DIAGRAMS
-Step 1: Use an appropriate scale for your diagram
-Step 2: Draw a base line and measure the required angle

ADDING VECTORS TOGETHER

Unlike Scalar quantities which only have a magnitude, Vector quantities have both magnitude and
direction. Hence, In order to find the sum of two vectors, we need to find a single vector that
produces the same effect as the two vectors combined. This is known as the resultant vector.
NON-PARALLEL VECTORS

(PARALLELOGRAM METHOD)

1st Step: Choose an appropriate scale

2nd Step: Complete the parallelogram using dotted lines
3rd Step: The resultant force is then represented by the diagonal
of the parallelogram

Effects of a Force
-A body at rest moves (A stationary football moves when kicked)
-A moving body increases in speed (A moving hockey ball moves faster when it is pushed. There is an
increase in speed)
-A moving body decreases in speed (A descending parachutist slows down due to air resistance, there is
a decrease in speed)
-A moving body changes in direction (A moving tennis ball is returned when it is hit. There is a change in
direction)

From this, we can see that when a force is applied on an object, there is a change in speed and/or
direction – a change in velocity – over a period of time. This means there is acceleration or deceleration.

Newton’s first law of motion states that every object will continue
in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a
resultant force acts on it

Therefore, we know how an object will act if the resultant force acting on it is 0.

If the resultant force acting on an object is not 0, we say that the

forces acting on the object are unbalanced.

Newton’s second law of motion states that when a resultant

force acts on an object of constant mass, the object will
accelerate in the direction of the resultant force. The product of
the mass and acceleration gives us the resultant force.
This gives us the formula
F^net=ma^net

Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that if body A exerts a force on

Body B, then Body B will exert an equal and opposite force on body

Therefore for every force exerted, there will be an equal and opposite force opposing the force.

Newton's Third law of motion tells us of four characteristics of

forces.
-Every force always acts in pairs. Each pair is made up of an action and a reaction
-Action and reaction are equal in magnitude
-Action and reaction act in opposite directions
-action and reaction act on mutually opposite bodies

Friction is the contact force that opposes or tends to oppose

motion.
This force opposes motion between two objects that are in contact, due to irregularities in their surface.

Although friction is useful and is necessary, friction also causes the wearing down of items. There is no
definite way to stop the negative effects of friction, but they can be reduced by certain objects, such as
ball bearings and lubricants.

Ball bearings
-ball bearings are used to reduce friction between moving parts of machines such as crs and in-line
skates. Ball bearings roll around and prevent moving parts from ringing against each other.

Lubricants and polished surfaces.

-Applying a layer of lubricant such as oil or grease between surfaces can greatly decrease the friction
between the moving parts and reduce wear and tear.. Polishing a surface results in the evening out of
surface irregularities, reducing the friction between surfaces in contact.

Free Body diagrams