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USMLE e e r m h nne s

Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

K p n ssr m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEK p n

USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

e ker i e s: https://t.me/USMLE e ker

r s e n i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n

r s e n i e s Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r sAn e n Step K

Ph se i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPh se

Pi ri e i e s: https://t.me/USMLEPi ri e

P th m i e s: https://t.me/USMLEP th m

nA i s i h it : https://t.me/USMLE nA i s

Am ss r p: https://t.me/USMLEAm ss

Le t ri nk: https://t.me/USMLELe t ri

En p int P s: https://t.me/USMLEEn p int

USMLE MEs: https://t.me/USMLE ME

L E Me E : https://t.me/USMLE n ineMe E

USMLE r Step : https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE r Step K: https://t.me/USMLE r Step K

USMLE r Step nk: https://t.me/USMLE r Step

USMLE Anki: https://t.me/USMLEAnki

KissPrep: https://t.me/USMLEKissPrep

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Question # 1

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Correct Answer

A - Outpouching of ventricular wall

Explanation Why

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B - Occlusion of coronary artery stent

Explanation Why

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C - Pericardial infiltration with neutrophils

Explanation Why

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D - Embolism to left pulmonary artery

Explanation Why

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E - Immune response to cardiac antigens

Explanation Why

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F - Rupture of interventricular septum

Explanation Why

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Question # 2

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Correct Answer

A - Intracranial hemorrhage

Explanation Why

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B - Central cyanosis

Explanation Why

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C - Paradoxical embolism

Explanation Why

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D - Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Explanation Why

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E - Right heart failure

Explanation Why

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Question # 3

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Correct Answer

A - Rebound angina

Explanation Why

.;8EKD: 7D=?D7 ?I�J>;�?D9H;7I;�?D 7D=?D7B IOCFJECI�:K;�JE�:;9H;7I;:�:HK=�B;L;BI�:KH?D=�J>;


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FKJI�>?C�7J�BEM�H?IA�<EH�H;8EKD: 7D=?D7�

B - Development of tolerance

Explanation Why

*?JH7J; JEB;H7D9;�E<J;D�:;L;BEFI�7<J;H��R��:7OI�E<�9EDJ?DKEKI�7:C?D?IJH7J?ED�7D:�?I�CEH;�B?A;BO�M?J>
>?=>�:EI7=;I�7D:�BED=�79J?D=�FH;F7H7J?EDI��%D�EH:;H�JE�C?D?C?P;�J>?I�I?:;�;<<;9J �:7?BO D?JH7J;�<H;;
?DJ;HL7BI�E<�7J�B;7IJ���>EKHI�7H;�H;9ECC;D:;:��/?D9;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�EDBO�>7I�7D�;IJ?C7J;:�ED9;�M;;ABO
KI7=;�M?J>�7:;GK7J;�C;:?97J?ED�<H;;�?DJ;HL7BI �7�>?=>;H�:EI7=;�M?BB�DEJ�?D9H;7I;�>?I�H?IA�E<
:;L;BEF?D=�JEB;H7D9;�

C - Reflex sympathetic activity

Explanation Why

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D - Anaphylactic reaction

Explanation Why

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E - Coronary artery vasospasm

Explanation Why

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0>;H;<EH; �J>;O�7H;�H;=KB7HBO�KI;:�?D�J>;�BED=�J;HC�JH;7JC;DJ�E< ,H?DPC;J7B�7D=?D7�

F - Symptoms of withdrawal

Explanation Why

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J>;H7F;KJ?9�IK8IJ7D9;� *?JH7J;I 7H;�DEJ�ADEMD�JE�97KI;�7::?9J?ED�

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Question # 4

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Correct Answer

A - Absent jugular venous pulse y descent

Image

Explanation Why

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B - Friction rub

Explanation Why

%D 79KJ;�F;H?97H:?J?I ?D<B7CC7J?ED E<�J>; F;H?97H:?7B B7O;HI�97D�97KI;�<H?9J?ED�7I�J>;O�CEL;�:KH?D=


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F;H?97H:?KC�

C - Pericardial knock

Explanation But

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9>;IJ �7D:�L?H7B�?D<;9J?ED�7H;�9ECCED�97KI;I�

Explanation Why

� F;H?97H:?7B�ADE9A ?I�E<J;D�>;7H:�ED 7KI9KBJ7J?ED ?D 9EDIJH?9J?L;�F;H?97H:?J?I ?D�M>?9> :?7IJEB?9


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D - Fourth heart sound

Explanation Why

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E - Pulsus parvus et tardus

Explanation Why

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F - Fixed split second heart sound

Explanation Why

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Question # 5

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Increase dose of daily metoprolol

Explanation Why

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>;CE:OD7C?9�?DIJ78?B?JO�

B - Avoid isosorbide dinitrate at night

Explanation Why

;L;BEFC;DJ�E<�JEB;H7D9;�?I�7�JOF?97B�I?:;�;<<;9J�E<�9>HED?9 D?JH7J; J>;H7FO��0>;�C;9>7D?IC


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I;DI?J?L?JO�E<�J>;�L7I9KB7H ;D:EJ>;B?KC JE D?JH7J;I��0>;�CEIJ�;<<;9J?L;�IJH7J;=O�JE�FH;L;DJ�J>?I�?I
?DJ;HC?JJ;DJ�J>;H7FO�M?J> D?JH7J;�<H;;�?DJ;HL7BI�E<�7J�B;7IJ���>EKHI �M>?9>�MEKB:�8;�799ECFB?I>;:�8O
7LE?:?D= ?IEIEH8?:;�:?D?JH7J; 7J�D?=>J�

C - Discontinue atorvastatin therapy

Explanation Why

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D - Add tadalafil to medication regimen

Explanation Why

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DEJ 7D=?D7�F;9JEH?I�

E - Perform coronary angiography

Explanation Why

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F - Decrease amount of aerobic exercise

Explanation Why

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Question # 6

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2?:;E

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Aortic regurgitation

Image

Explanation Why

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F7BF?J7J?EDI �;IF;9?7BBO�?D�J>;�B;<J B7J;H7B :;9K8?JKI�FEI?J?ED �M>;D�J>;�;DB7H=;: B;<J�L;DJH?9B; ?I
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B - Pulmonary regurgitation

Explanation Why

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%!�97D�97KI;�,. �J>;�FKBCED?9�L7BL;�?I�EDBO�H7H;BO�7<<;9J;:��"KHJ>;HCEH; �,.�?I�KIK7BBO
7IOCFJEC7J?9�KDJ?B�?J�B;7:I�JE H?=>J�>;7HJ�<7?BKH; �C7D?<;IJ?D=�M?J> :OIFD;7 ED�;N;HJ?ED�7D:�<7J?=K;
H7J>;H�J>7D F7BF?J7J?EDI 7D: FKBCED7HO�;:;C7��/;L;H;�,.�?I�CEIJ�9ECCEDBO ?7JHE=;D?9��EJ>;H�97KI;I
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C - Tricuspid stenosis

Explanation Why

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J>;�7K:?E�9B?F��0/�97KI;I�7�IE<J�C?:�:?7IJEB?9 CKHCKH >;7H:�8;IJ�?D�J>;�F7H7IJ;HD7B�H;=?ED�E<�J>;�B;<J
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D - Mitral stenosis

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Explanation Why

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E - Aortic stenosis

Image

Explanation Why

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F - Mitral valve prolapse

Image

Explanation Why

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;IF;9?7BBO�?D�OEKD=�7:KBJI �7D:�7 H?IA�<79JEH <EH�%! �M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I��$EM;L;H �M?:;D;: FKBI;
FH;IIKH; �7BIE�I;;D�>;H; �?I�DEJ�97KI;:�8O )2,��0OF?97B�97H:?79 7KI9KBJ7JEHO <?D:?D=I�?D )2, MEKB:
7BIE�?D9BK:;�7�>?=>�<H;GK;D9O �C?:IOIJEB?9�9B?9A�M?J>�7�B7J; IOIJEB?9 CKHCKH J>7J�?I�>;7H:�8;IJ�7J�J>;
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G - Mitral regurgitation

Image

Explanation Why

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9ECCED CKHCKH H;IKBJ?D=�<HEC�%! �M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I��$EM;L;H ). C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�7
>EBEIOIJEB?9�CKHCKH >;7H:�8;IJ�7J�J>;�97H:?79�7F;N��B;<J��J> ?DJ;H9EIJ7B�IF79;� �?D�9EDJH7IJ�JE�J>?I
F7J?;DJ�I :?7IJEB?9 CKHCKH�

H - Pulmonary stenosis

Explanation Why

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I - Tricuspid regurgitation

Explanation Why

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97KI;:�8O�%! �M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I��$EM;L;H �H?=>J�I?:;: L7BLKB7H�>;7HJ�:?I;7I;I 7H;�CEH;�9ECCED
?D�?D:?L?:K7BI�M?J>�F7HJ?9KB7H H?IA�<79JEHI �;�=� �%2�:HK=�KI;� �M>?9>�7H;�DEJ�I;;D�>;H;���>HED?9�7D:�EH
I;L;H;�0.�C7D?<;IJI�M?J> <;7JKH;I�E<�H?=>J�I?:;:�>;7HJ�<7?BKH; �DEJ�M?J> :OIFD;7 7D: F7BF?J7J?EDI
M>?9>�7H; <;7JKH;I�E<�B;<J�I?:;:�>;7HJ�<7?BKH; 7D:�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��%D�7::?J?ED �0.�97KI;I�7
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Question # 7

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B?<;I7L?D=�C;7IKH;I >;�:?;I ���C?DKJ;I B7J;H��3>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�:;7J>�?D
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Answer Image

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USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Cardiac septal rupture

Explanation Why

)% J>7J�7<<;9JI�J>;�?DJ;HL;DJH?9KB7H�I;FJKC�>7I�J>;�FEJ;DJ?7B�JE�HKFJKH; �9H;7J?D=�7 B;<J�JE�H?=>J�I>KDJ


7D: H?=>J�>;7HJ�<7?BKH;��3>?B;�J>?I�MEKB:�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J> I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> �?J�MEKB:�KIK7BBO�DEJ
E99KH�KDJ?B��R��:7OI�7<J;H )%�

B - Left ventricular failure

Explanation Why

;F;D:?D=�ED�J>;�;NJ;DJ�7D:�:?IJH?8KJ?ED�E<�7 )% �9EDJH79J?B?JO�E<�J>; B;<J�L;DJH?9B; 97D�:;9H;7I;�JE


J>;�FE?DJ�E< B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H�<7?BKH;��%D�7::?J?ED )% 97D�97KI; F7F?BB7HO�CKI9B;�HKFJKH; H;IKBJ?D=�?D
C?JH7B�L7BL;�H;=KH=?J7J?ED 7D: B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H�<7?BKH;��3>?B;�79KJ; B;<J�>;7HJ�<7?BKH; I;9ED:7HO�JE )%
:E;I�FH;I;DJ�M?J> I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> 7D: 9>;IJ�F7?D �?J�JOF?97BBO�E99KHI�I;L;H7B�>EKHI�7<J;H )% 7D:�?I
J>KI�DEJ�J>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�97KI;�E< /� �

C - Ventricular aneurysm

Explanation Why

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CEDJ>I�7<J;H )%�

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D - Hemorrhagic stroke

Explanation Why

0>HEC8E;C8EB?IC 97D�H;IKBJ�<HEC�B;<J L;DJH?9KB7H�7D;KHOIC EH�D;M�EDI;J 7JH?7B�<?8H?BB7J?ED FEIJ�)%


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:;L;BEF �7D: IJHEA; ?I�DEJ�7�9ECCED�97KI;�E< IK::;D�97H:?79�:;7J> ?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> )%�

E - Cardiac free wall rupture

Explanation Why

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FH;IIKH;I�E< IOIJEB;��0>?I�H;IKBJI�?D 97H:?79�J7CFED7:; 7D:�?I�E<J;D�<7J7B��$EM;L;H L;DJH?9KB7H�<H;;
M7BB�HKFJKH; E99KHI�KIK7BBO�M?J>?D�J>;�<?HIJ���M;;AI�E< )% �M>;D D;9HEI?I >7I�>7:�J?C;�JE�IK<<?9?;DJBO
M;7A;D�J>; L;DJH?9KB7H�<H;;�M7BB J?IIK; �DEJ�:KH?D=�<?HIJ�>EKH�FEIJ�)%�

F - Ventricular fibrillation

Explanation Why

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L;DJH?9KB7H�<?8H?BB7J?ED H;GK?H;�H7F?: :;<?8H?BB7J?ED 7D: �,. EJ>;HM?I;�>;CE:OD7C?9�?DIJ78?B?JO�97D
B;7:�JE�BEII�E<�9EDI9?EKID;II�7D: /� �M>?9>�?I�J>;�B;7:?D=�97KI;�E<�:;7J>�FEIJ�)%� /� 7<J;H )% ?I
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Question # 8

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$;�M;?=>;: �����= ���B8����EP� 7J�8?HJ>�7D:�>7I�=7?D;:�����=����EP���0>;�878O�7FF;7HI�C?B:BO�9O7DEJ?9�
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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Right ventricular outflow obstruction

Explanation But

+B:;H�9>?B:H;D�M?J>�0+"�J;D:�JE�IGK7J�:KH?D=�IF;BBI�E< >OFEN?7 �M>?9>�H;B?;L;I�IOCFJECI�8O


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FH;IIKH;I �IE�J>7J�8BEE:�?D�J>;�.2�M?BB�8;�:?H;9J;:�J>HEK=>�J>;�FKBCED7HO�L7I9KB7JKH;�H7J>;H�J>7D�J>;
2/ ��0>;�?D9H;7I;:�8BEE:�<BEM�79HEII�J>;�.2�EKJ<BEM�E8IJHK9J?ED�:KH?D=�IGK7JJ?D=�?I�7BIE�7IIE9?7J;:
M?J>�7D�?D9H;7I;:�?DJ;DI?JO�E<�J>;�;@;9J?ED CKHCKH�

Explanation Why

%D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> J;JH7BE=O�E<�"7BBEJ �0+"� �J>; H?=>J�L;DJH?9KB7H �.2��EKJ<BEM�E8IJHK9J?ED�:K;�JE


9;DJH7B FKBCED7HO�L7BL;�IJ;DEI?I 7D: >OFEFB7I?7 :;J;HC?D;I�J>;�I;L;H?JO�E< 9O7DEI?I 7D:�J>;�?DJ;DI?JO
E<�J>; IOIJEB?9 >;7HJ�CKHCKH��0>;�>?=>;H�J>;�:;=H;;�E<�.2�EKJ<BEM�E8IJHK9J?ED �J>;�CEH;
�KDENO=;D7J;:��8BEE:�M?BB�8OF7II FKBCED7HO�9?H9KB7J?ED 7D:�I>KDJ�IJH7?=>J�J>HEK=>�J>; 2/ JE�J>;
B;<J�L;DJH?9B; �(2���0>;�BEM;H�J>;�:;=H;;�E<�.2�EKJ<BEM�E8IJHK9J?ED �J>;�CEH;�8BEE:�<BEMI�J>HEK=>
J>; BKD=I 7D:�8;9EC;I�ENO=;D7J;:�8;<EH;�H;79>?D=�J>;�(2 �H;IKBJ?D=�?D�7�H;:K9J?ED�E< 9O7DEI?I��%D
0+" �J>;�I?D=B;�/� 97D�H;IKBJ�<HEC�7D�7JJ;DK7J;:�FKBCED7HO�9ECFED;DJ��,���J>7J�?I�E<J;D�DEJ�>;7H:�ED
7KI9KBJ7J?ED�

B - Left ventricular outflow obstruction

Explanation Why

(;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H EKJ<BEM�E8IJHK9J?ED��;�=� 7EHJ?9�IJ;DEI?I��?I�DEJ�ED;�E<�J>;�<EKH�<;7JKH;I�E<�0+"�


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FH;I;DJ �J>?I�MEKB:�:;9H;7I; H?=>J�JE�B;<J�I>KDJ?D= 8O�9H;7J?D=�>?=>;H�B;<J�I?:;:�FH;IIKH;I�7D:�J>KI
H;:K9; �H7J>;H�J>7D�?D9H;7I; 9O7DEI?I�

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C - Right ventricular hypertrophy

Explanation Why

�BJ>EK=> H?=>J�L;DJH?9KB7H�>OF;HJHEF>O �.2$��?I�ED;�E<�J>;�<EKH�<;7JKH;I�E<�0+" �?J�?I�DEJ�J>;�C7?D


:;J;HC?D7DJ�E< 9O7DEI?I� .2$ ?I�7�9ECF;DI7JEHO�C;9>7D?IC�7=7?DIJ�J>;�EKJ<BEM�JH79J�E8IJHK9J?ED
M>?9>�>;BFI�JE�H;:K9; 9O7DEI?I 8O�?D9H;7I?D=�<BEM�J>HEK=>�J>;�IJ;DEJ?9�FKBCED7HO�L7I9KB7JKH; �IE
J>7J�:;ENO=;D7J;:�8BEE:�:E;I�DEJ�<BEM�J>HEK=>�J>; 2/ 7D:�?DJE�J>; IOIJ;C?9�9?H9KB7J?ED��$EM;L;H
.2$ 97D�EDBO�9ECF;DI7J;�JE�7�IC7BB�:;=H;;�JE�?CFHEL;�DEHC7B�9?H9KB7JEHO�<BEM�7D:�?I �J>;H;<EH;
EDBO�7�C?DEH�:;J;HC?D7DJ�E< 9O7DEI?I�

D - Ventricular septal defect

Explanation Why

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:;=H;;�E< 9O7DEI?I��/F;9?<?97BBO �>?=>;H H?=>J�L;DJH?9KB7H FH;IIKH;I�7D:�EH�BEM;H B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H
FH;IIKH;I�7H;�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�?D9H;7I;:�H?=>J�JE�B;<J�I>KDJ?D=�7D: �J>KI �M?J>�?D9H;7I;: 9O7DEI?I�

E - Overriding aorta

Explanation Why

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8BEE:�<HEC�8EJ>�L;DJH?9B;I�JE�8;�FKCF;:�?DJE�J>;�7EHJ7��0>?I�97KI;I�:;ENO=;D7J;:�8BEE:�JE�;DJ;H�J>;
IOIJ;C?9�9?H9KB7J?ED �9EDJH?8KJ?D=�JE 9O7DEI?I��$EM;L;H �7DEJ>;H�<79JEH�>7I�7�=H;7J;H�?CF79J�ED�J>;
:;=H;;�E< 9O7DEI?I�

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F - Atrial septal defect

Explanation Why

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9O7DEI?I�

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Question # 9

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C7JH?N�7D:�BEII�E<�ICEEJ>�CKI9B;�9;BB�DK9B;?�?D�J>;�C;:?7�E<�B7H=;�7HJ;H?;I��3>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=
7::?J?ED7B�<?D:?D=I�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�

Answer Image

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Answer Image

" �ED:OBEC7J7�B7J7

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Nasal septum perforation

Explanation Why

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9OIJ?9�C;:?7B�:;=;D;H7J?ED �7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�

B - Inferonasal lens dislocation

Explanation Why

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C - Pes cavus with hammer toes

Image

Explanation Why

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?I�E<J;D >;7HJ�<7?BKH; H;IKBJ?D=�<HEC�KD:;HBO?D=�I;9ED:7HO >OF;HJHEF>?9�97H:?ECOEF7J>O �DEJ 7EHJ?9
:?II;9J?ED�

D - Polycystic kidneys

Explanation Why

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9ECFB?97J?EDI�E< � ,' ?D9BK:; C?JH7B�L7BL;�FHEB7FI; B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H�>OF;HJHEF>O �JOF?97BBO

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7IOCFJEC7J?9� �7D: >OF;HJ;DI?ED �M>?9>�97D�?D9H;7I;�J>;�H?IA�E<�:;L;BEF?D=�7D 7EHJ?9�:?II;9J?ED��
$OF;HJ;DI?ED MEKB:�DEJ�97KI;�J>;�>?IJEF7J>EBE=?9�9>7D=;I�E< 9OIJ?9�C;:?7B�:;=;D;H7J?ED I;;D�?D�J>?I
F7J?;DJ�

E - Pectus carinatum

Image

Explanation But

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Explanation Why

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:?II;9J?ED �7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ� 7EHJ?9�L7BL;�H;=KH=?J7J?ED 7EHJ?9�7D;KHOIC �7D: 7EHJ?9�HEEJ
:?B7J?ED� )7H<7D�IOD:HEC; ?I�97KI;:�8O�7�CKJ7J?ED�?D�J>; <?8H?BB?D�� =;D; �M>?9>�;D9E:;I�7D
;NJH79;BBKB7H�C7JH?N =BO9EFHEJ;?D�J>7J�<EHCI�7�IKFFEHJ?L;�I>;7J>�7HEKD: ;B7IJ?D�� ;<;9JI�?D <?8H?BB?D��
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F - Condylomata lata

Image

Explanation Why

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7H?I;�KDJ?B�J>;�<?D7B�IJ7=;��J;HJ?7HO�IOF>?B?I��7D:�MEKB:�8;�7D�KDB?A;BO�<?D:?D=�?D�J>?I�OEKD=�F7J?;DJ�
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J>; L7I7�L7IEHKC 7D:�L7I9KB7H�M7BB 7JHEF>O �DEJ 9OIJ?9�C;:?7B�:;=;D;H7J?ED �7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��

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Question # 10

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!KHEF; ��:7OI 7=E��/>;�>7I�ICEA;:�7�F79A�E<�9?=7H;JJ;I�:7?BO�<EH ���O;7HI��$;H�EDBO�C;:?97J?ED�?I�7D
EH7B�9EDJH79;FJ?L;��$;H�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I ����Q��������Q"� �FKBI;�?I�����C?D�7D:�H;=KB7H �7D:�8BEE:
FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�$=��!N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�:;9H;7I;:�CKI9B;�IJH;D=J>�ED�J>;�;DJ?H;�H?=>J�I?:;�� ;;F
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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Patent foramen ovale

Explanation Why

,7H7:EN?97B�;C8EB? 97D�F7II�J>HEK=>�7DO H?=>J�JE�B;<J�I>KDJ �8KJ�7 F7J;DJ�<EH7C;D�EL7B; �,"+��?I�J>;


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?D�������E<�J>;�=;D;H7B�FEFKB7J?ED��%D�7::?J?ED�JE IJHEA; MEHAKF��?�;� �DED9EDJH7IJ�>;7:��0 �FEII?8B;
J>HEC8EBOI?I �;J9�� �I>;�I>EKB:�7BIE�KD:;H=E 9ECFH;II?ED�KBJH7IEDE=H7F>O JE�9ED<?HC 20���;97KI;
E<�J>;�H?IA�E< FKBCED7HO�;C8EB?IC 7D:�H;9KHH;DJ�9;H;8H7B ;C8EB? �J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I>EKB:�8;�IJ7HJ;:�ED
7DJ?9E7=KB7DJ J>;H7FO�ED9;�9;H;8H7B�>;CEHH>7=;�?I�HKB;:�EKJ�7D:�KD:;H=E ;9>E97H:?E=H7F>O JE
;L7BK7J;�<EH�IKH=?97B�9BEIKH;�E<�J>; ,"+�

B - Atrial myxoma

Explanation Why

,H?C7HO�97H:?79�JKCEHI��;�=� 7JH?7B�CONEC7��7H;�;NJH;C;BO�H7H;��?D9?:;D9; ������� �7D:�97D


IEC;J?C;I�;C8EB?P; �97KI?D= IJHEA;��)EIJ�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�FH?C7HO�97H:?79�JKCEHI�:E�DEJ�?D?J?7BBO
FH;I;DJ�M?J> IJHEA; �8KJ�;NF;H?;D9;�IOCFJECI�E< >;7HJ�<7?BKH; �;�=� :OIFD;7 ;:;C7��:K;�JE�J>; JKCEH
E8IJHK9J?D=�8BEE:�<BEM���::?J?ED7BBO �F7J?;DJI�E<J;D�;NF;H?;D9; 9EDIJ?JKJ?ED7B�IOCFJECI �;�=� <;L;H
M;?=>J�BEII���3>?B;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I IJHEA; 7D: <;L;H �I>;�B79AI I?=DI�E<�>;7HJ�<7?BKH;��$;H�KD?B7J;H7B
B;=�78DEHC7B?J?;I�7H;�CEH;�IK==;IJ?L;�E< 20�

C - Mitral valve vegetation

Explanation Why

!C8EB?IC�E< I;FJ?9 L;=;J7J?EDI�<HEC ?D<;9J?L;�;D:E97H:?J?I �%!��J>7J�=E�JE�J>;�8H7?D�97D�97KI; IJHEA;�


,7J?;DJI�M?J>�%!�97D�7BIE�FH;I;DJ�M?J> <;L;H 7D: J79>O97H:?7��$EM;L;H �%!�?I�KDB?A;BO�?D�F7J?;DJI
M?J>EKJ�C7@EH H?IA�<79JEHI <EH�J>;�:?I;7I;��;�=� �H;9;DJ�:;DJ7B�FHE9;:KH; �%2 :HK=�78KI; �79J?L;
KDJH;7J;:�879J;H?7B�?D<;9J?ED���0>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�M7HC �IMEBB;D�B;=�9EKB:�8;�9ED<KI;:�M?J> 9;BBKB?J?I

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M>?9>�MEKB:�?D9H;7I;�>;H�H?IA�E<�%! �8KJ�M?J>EKJ�7�FEII?8B;�;DJHO�FE?DJ�<EH�F7J>E=;DI�7I�?D�J>?I�97I;
7�DED?D<;9J?EKI�:?7=DEI?I�?I�CEH;�B?A;BO�

D - Ventricular septal defect

Explanation Why

2;DJH?9KB7H�I;FJ7B�:;<;9JI 7H;�J>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�F;:?7JH?9�I;FJ7B�:;<;9J�7D:�97D�97KI; F7H7:EN?97B


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9>?B:>EE:��7D:�J>;�C7@EH?JO�E<�EJ>;HI�7H;�IKH=?97BBO�H;F7?H;:�� 2/ I C7A;�KF�������E<�9ED=;D?J7B
>;7HJ :;<;9JI�<EKD:�?D�7:KBJI�

E - Atrial fibrillation

Explanation Why

�JH?7B�<?8H?BB7J?ED ?I�7�L;HO�9ECCED�97KI;�E< J>HEC8E;C8EB?9�IJHEA; ?D�J>;�;B:;HBO�7D:�J>EI;�M?J>


>;7HJ :?I;7I;��;�=� >;7HJ�<7?BKH;���0>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�7J�BEM�H?IA�<EH 7JH?7B�<?8H?BB7J?ED 8;97KI;�E<�>;H�7=;
7D:�B79A�E< >;7HJ :?I;7I;���BIE �I>;�M7I�?D�DEHC7B >;7HJ H>OJ>C�ED�;N7C?D7J?ED �M>?9>�:;9H;7I;I�J>;
B?A;B?>EE:�E< 7JH?7B�<?8H?BB7J?ED 8KJ�:E;I�DEJ�HKB;�?J�EKJ�

F - Carotid artery dissection

Explanation Why

�7HEJ?:�:?II;9J?ED 97D�E99KH�7J�7DO�7=;�7D:�?I�7�9ECCED�97KI;�E< IJHEA; ?D�OEKD=�F7J?;DJI��������E<


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�;�=� �;N;H9?I; �I;NK7B�?DJ;H9EKHI; �EH�;L;D�ID;;P?D=���0>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�B79A�E< >;7:79>; EH�D;9A F7?D ?D
J>;�FH;I;D9;�E<�IOCFJECI�IK==;IJ?D= 20 C7A;�7DEJ>;H�;J?EBE=O�CEH;�B?A;BO�

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Question # 11

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Correct Answer

A - Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve

Explanation Why

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B - Narrowing of the left main coronary artery

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Explanation Why

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C - Bicuspid aortic valve

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Explanation Why

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D - Ventricular septum defect

Image

Explanation Why

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E - Symmetric thickening of the left ventricle

Explanation Why

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F - Increased mean pressure gradient across the aortic valve

Explanation Why

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Question # 12

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Correct Answer

A - Sudden cardiac death

Explanation Why

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B - Cerebral aneurysm

Explanation Why

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C - Left ventricular hypertrophy

Explanation Why

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D - Paradoxical embolism

Explanation Why

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E - Infective endocarditis

Explanation Why

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Question # 13

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Correct Answer

A - Increased peripheral vascular resistance

Explanation Why

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7FFH;9?7J;:�7I�7�CEH;�?DJ;DI; CKHCKH�

B - Increased right ventricular stroke volume

Explanation But

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H;=KH=?J7J?ED�

Explanation Why

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C - Decreased pulmonary vessel capacity

Explanation Why

KH?D=�?DIF?H7J?ED �J>;�?DJH7J>EH79?9�FH;IIKH;�?I�D;=7J?L;��0>?I�H;:K9;I�J>;�87HEC;JH?9�9ECFH;II?L;
<EH9;�ED�J>;�EKJ;H�IKH<79;�E<�J>;�FKBCED7HO�L;II;BI �F;HC?JJ?D=�7D�?D9H;7I;�?D�J>;�L;II;B�97F79?J7D9;�
0>?I�?D9H;7I;�?D�L;II;B�97F79?JO�?I�F7HJ�E<�J>;�;NFB7D7J?ED�<EH�J>;�7K=C;DJ;: CKHCKH ?DJ;DI?JO�:KH?D=
?DIF?H7J?ED�

D - Decreased left ventricular venous return

Explanation Why

;9H;7I;: B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H L;DEKI�H;JKHD E99KHI�:KH?D=�?DIF?H7J?ED�8KJ�:E;I�DEJ�?CF79J�H?=>J�I?:;:


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H;=KH=?J7J?ED �?I�JOF?97BBO�KD7<<;9J;:�EH�C?D?C7BBO�H;:K9;:�8O�J>?I�F>;DEC;DED�

E - Increased systemic venous compliance

Explanation Why

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0>;�C7@EH?JO�E<�97H:?79 CKHCKHI 8;9EC;�IE<J;H�?D�J>?I�I9;D7H?E�7I�7�H;IKBJ�E<�:?C?D?I>;:�8BEE:�<BEM
79HEII�L7BL;I��0>;�ED;�DEJ78B;�;N9;FJ?ED�?I�J>; CKHCKH E< >OF;HJHEF>?9�97H:?ECOEF7J>O �M>?9>
?D9H;7I;I���BJ;H;:�IOIJ;C?9 L;DEKI�9ECFB?7D9; :E;I�DEJ�>7L;�7�HEB;�?D�;NFB7?D?D=�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
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Question # 14

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78I;D9;�E< ,�M7L;I �7D�EI9?BB7J?D=�87I;B?D; �7D:�?HH;=KB7H ..�?DJ;HL7BI 7J�7�H7J;�E<�7FFHEN?C7J;BO
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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Temporary inactivation of Na+ channels in the AV node

Explanation Why

0>;�J;CFEH7HO�?D79J?L7J?ED�E<�*7� 9>7DD;BI�?D�J>; �2�DE:; 7<J;H�,>7I;���E<�J>; 79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B ?I


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L;DJH?9B;I�JE�H;9EL;H�7D:�8;�7L7?B78B;�JE�9ED:K9J�7DEJ>;H�?CFKBI;�<HEC�J>; 7JH?7��0>?I�F7J?;DJ�I 7JH?7
7H;�9EDJH79J?D=�7J�������8FC �8KJ�J>; �2�DE:; H;<H79JEHO�F;H?E: FH;L;DJI�J>?I�C7DO�?CFKBI;I�<HEC
8;?D=�9ED:K9J;:�<HEC�J>; 7JH?7 JE�J>;�L;DJH?9B;I�IE�J>7J�J>;�L;DJH?9KB7H�H7J;�?I�EDBO����8FC�

B - Inhibition of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump in ventricular cells

Explanation Why

%D>?8?J?ED�E<�J>; *7��'���0,7I;�FKCF ?I�J>;�C;9>7D?IC�E<�79J?ED�E<�J>;�:HK= :?=EN?D �M>?9>


?D9H;7I;I�?DJH79;BBKB7H�IE:?KC�B;L;BI �:;9H;7I;I�79J?L?JO�E<�J>;�IE:?KC�97B9?KC�FKCF �7D:�?D9H;7I;I
?DJH79;BBKB7H�97B9?KC��B;7:I�JE�EL;H7BB�?D9H;7I;:�9EDJH79J?B?JO���%J�7BIE�?D9H;7I;I L7=7B 79J?L?JO�7D:�>7I
I;L;H7B�;NJH797H:?79�;<<;9JI �8KJ�J>?I�C;9>7D?IC�:E;I�DEJ�97KI;�7�:?<<;H;D9;�?D�7JH?7B�7D:�L;DJH?9KB7H
9EDJH79J?ED�H7J;I�EH�B;7:�JE���<?8��%D�7::?J?ED :?=EN?D ?I�79JK7BBO�7�I;9ED:�B?D;�JH;7JC;DJ�EFJ?ED�<EH
F7J?;DJI�M?J>���<?8�

C - Transient activation of K+ current in Purkinje fibers

Explanation Why

0>;�JH7DI?;DJ�79J?L7J?ED�E<�'� 9KHH;DJ�?D ,KHA?D@;�<?8;HI :E;I�DEJ�97KI;�7�:?IIE9?7J?ED�8;JM;;D�J>;


H7J;I�E<�J>; 7JH?7 7D:�L;DJH?9B;I�7I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�M?J>���<?8��%DIJ;7: �?J�97KI;I�J>;�EL;HI>EEJ�E<�J>;
97H:?79�79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B :KH?D=�,>7I;����0>?I�?I�M>;D�'� ?EDI�;N?J�J>;�9;BB �B;7L?D=�J>;�C;C8H7D;
IB?=>JBO�CEH;�D;=7J?L;�7D:�9H;7J?D=�7��DEJ9>��ED�J>;�M7L;<EHC�8;<EH;�J>;�FB7J;7K�7D: H;FEB7H?P7J?ED�

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D - Stimulation of funny current channels in the SA node

Explanation Why

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7D:�L;DJH?9KB7H�9EDJH79J?ED�H7J;I�7I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I���<?8�

E - Limited speed of conduction through the left bundle branch

Explanation Why

(?C?J;:�IF;;:�E<�9ED:K9J?ED�J>HEK=>�J>; B;<J�8KD:B;�8H7D9> :;I9H?8;I�7 B;<J�8KD:B;�8H7D9>�8BE9A���


8KD:B;�8H7D9> 8BE9A�?I�7�<EHC�E<�M?:;�9ECFB;N J79>O7HH>OJ>C?7 �7I�EFFEI;:�JE���<?8�I;;D�?D�J>?I
F7J?;DJ�

F - Prolonged influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the bundle of His

Explanation Why

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L;DJH?9KB7H�H7J;I�

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Question # 15

� ��O;7H�EB: =?HB�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�8O�>;H�CEJ>;H ���C?DKJ;I 7<J;H�J>; IK::;D


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7<J;H�I>;�7J;�7�F;7DKJ�8KJJ;H�I7D:M?9>��$;H�H;IF?H7J?EDI�7H;����C?D�7D:�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I ������CC�$=�
0>;H;�?I�IJH?:EH�ED�7KI9KBJ7J?ED�E<�J>;�9>;IJ��/>;�?I�?DJK87J;:�7D:�C;9>7D?97B�L;DJ?B7J?ED�?I�8;=KD�
%DJH7L;DEKI�<BK?:�H;IKI9?J7J?ED�7D:�J>;�7FFHEFH?7J;�F>7HC79EJ>;H7FO�7H;�8;=KD��0>;�:HK=�7:C?D?IJ;H;:
JE�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�CEIJ�B?A;BO�>7I�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D= ;<<;9JI�ED�97H:?79�F79;C7A;H�9;BBI :KH?D=�7D�79J?ED
FEJ;DJ?7B�

Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Increased Ca2+ influx in phase 4

Image

Explanation But

,7H7IOCF7J>EC?C;J?9I 7D: 7:;DEI?D; >7L;�EFFEI?J;�;<<;9JI�ED�J>;�97H:?79�F79;C7A;H��,��0>;I;


:HK=I�:;9H;7I;�J>;�IBEF;�E<�F>7I;���8O�H;:K9?D=�J>;�:;FEB7H?P?D=�?D<BKN�E< �7�� 7D:�*7� 7D:
?D9H;7I?D=�J>;�;<<BKN�E<�'� �J>;H;8O�BEM;H?D=�J>; >;7HJ�H7J;�

Explanation Why

�7J;9>EB7C?D;I B?A; ;F?D;F>H?D; IJ?CKB7J; 8;J7���7:H;D;H=?9�H;9;FJEHI ?D�J>; >;7HJ �J>;H;8O


?D9H;7I?D= �7�� ?D<BKN�J>HEK=>�J>;�I;GK;DJ?7B�EF;D?D=�E< 0�JOF;�97B9?KC�9>7DD;BI 7D: (�JOF;
97B9?KC�9>7DD;BI ?D�J>; I?DE7JH?7B�DE:; 7D: 7JH?EL;DJH?9KB7H�DE:; ?D�J>;�B7J;�F7HJ�E<�F>7I;���E<�J>;
F79;C7A;H�79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B ��,�� �7J;9>EB7C?D;I 7BIE�?D9H;7I;�J>;�<BEM�E<�*7� J>HEK=> F79;C7A;H
9>7DD;BI �<KDDO�9>7DD;BI��%<���0>;I;�;<<;9JI�B;7:�JE�CEH;�H7F?: :;FEB7H?P7J?ED �M>?9>�?D9H;7I;I >;7HJ
H7J;��+J>;H�;<<;9JI�E< ;F?D;F>H?D; 7H;�C;:?7J;:�J>HEK=> 8;J7���7:H;D;H=?9�H;9;FJEHI �8HED9>?7B
H;B7N7J?ED��7D: 7BF>7���7:H;D;H=?9�H;9;FJEHI �L7IE9EDIJH?9J?ED� �M>?9>�;7I;�8H;7J>?D=�7D:�IJ78?B?P;

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8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?D 7D7F>OB79J?9�I>E9A �H;IF;9J?L;BO�

B - Decreased Na+ influx in phase 0

Explanation Why

;9H;7I;:�*7� ?D<BKN�?D�F>7I;����KFIJHEA;��E<�J>; 97H:?79�79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B MEKB:�IBEM :;FEB7H?P7J?ED


?D�J>;�97H:?79 COE9OJ;I��%J�MEKB:�DEJ�>7L;�7D�;<<;9J�ED�F79;C7A;H�9;BBI �7I�J>;O�H;BO�ED�97B9?KC��DEJ
IE:?KC��9>7DD;BI�:KH?D= :;FEB7H?P7J?ED�� ;9H;7I?D=�*7� ?D<BKN�?I�J>;�C;9>7D?IC�E<�79J?ED�E< 9B7II�%
7DJ?7HH>OJ>C?9�7=;DJI �M>?9>�7H;�DEJ�KI;:�:KH?D= 7D7F>OB79J?9�I>E9A�

C - Increased Na+ influx in phase 3

Explanation Why

KH?D=�F>7I;���E<�J>;�97H:?79 F79;C7A;H�FEJ;DJ?7B �J>; H;FEB7H?P7J?ED F>7I;� �J>; LEBJ7=;�=7J;:��7��


9>7DD;BI 9BEI;�7D:�J>;�'� 9>7DD;BI�H;C7?D�EF;D �7BBEM?D=�<EH�'� ;<<BKN��*7� 9>7DD;BI�7H;�DEHC7BBO
?D79J?L;�:KH?D=�J>?I�F>7I;��%D9H;7I;:�*7� ?D<BKN�:KH?D=�F>7I;���IBEMI H;FEB7H?P7J?ED ?D 97H:?79
F79;C7A;H�9;BBI �M>?9>�MEKB:�B;7:�JE�D;=7J?L; 9>HEDEJHEFO �J>;�EFFEI?J;�E<�J>;�:;I?H;:�;<<;9J�?D
JH;7JC;DJ�E< 7D7F>OB79J?9�I>E9A�

D - Decreased Ca2+ influx in phase 0

Explanation Why

�J�J>; J>H;I>EB:�FEJ;DJ?7B �J>;�EF;D?D=�E<�7::?J?ED7B (�JOF;��7�� 9>7DD;BI 7K=C;DJI�J>;�?DM7H:


9KHH;DJ�E< 97B9?KC�?EDI �H;IKBJ?D=�?D�J>;�KFIJHEA;�E<�F>7I;���E<�J>; F79;C7A;H�79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B�
�7B9?KC�9>7DD;B�8BE9A;HI 8BE9A (�JOF;�97B9?KC�9>7DD;BI �H;IKBJ?D=�?D�H;:K9;: �7�� ?D<BKN�:KH?D=�J>;
B7J;�F7HJ�E<�F>7I;���7D:�F>7I;���E<�J>; F79;C7A;H�79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B��$EM;L;H 97B9?KC�9>7DD;B
8BE9A;HI :E�DEJ�>7L;�7�HEB;�?D�JH;7JC;DJ�E< 7D7F>OB79J?9�I>E9A�

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E - Increased K+ efflux in phase 4

Explanation Why

%D9H;7I;:�'� ;<<BKN�?D�F>7I;���B;7:I�JE�7�:;9H;7I;:�H7J;�E<�IFEDJ7D;EKI :;FEB7H?P7J?ED I?D9;�97H:?79


COE9OJ;I 8;9EC;�CEH;�;B;9JHED;=7J?L;�7D:�J>;H;<EH;�H;GK?H;�CEH;�97J?ED�?D<BKN�JE�:;FEB7H?P;�
�9;JOB9>EB?D; 7D: 7:;DEI?D; 8EJ>�?D9H;7I;�'� ;<<BKN�?D�F>7I;���E<�J>; 79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B��$EM;L;H
D;?J>;H�E<�J>;I;�:HK=I�7H;�KI;:�?D�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E< 7D7F>OB79J?9�I>E9A�

F - Decreased K+ efflux during phase 3

Explanation Why

;9H;7I;:�'� ;<<BKN�:KH?D=�F>7I;���E<�J>; 97H:?79�79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B B;7:I�JE�FHEBED=;: H;FEB7H?P7J?ED


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M>?9>�7H;�DEJ�KI;:�JE�JH;7J 7D7F>OB79J?9�I>E9A�

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Question # 16

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:?IJH;II;:���D�!�#�I>EMI ,�M7L;I ?D:;F;D:;DJ�E< -./�9ECFB;N;I��0>; -./�?DJ;HL7B ?I �����I;9ED:I
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9EDJH79J?EDI�

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Hint

�D !�# J>7J�I>EMI ,�M7L;I ?D:;F;D:;DJ�E< -./�9ECFB;N;I ?D:?97J;I 9ECFB;J;�>;7HJ�8BE9A��J>; 7JH?7


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?D:?97J;�J>7J�J>;H;�?I�7D ;9JEF?9�F79;C7A;H ;BI;M>;H;�7BED=�J>;�9ED:K9J?ED�F7J>M7O�

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Correct Answer

A - Sinoatrial node

Explanation Why

�D�;B;9JH?97B�H>OJ>C�=;D;H7J;:�<HEC�J>; /��DE:; �J>;�D7JKH7B�F79;C7A;H�E<�J>; >;7HJ��H;IKBJI�?D


DEHC7B�D7HHEM -./�9ECFB;N;I �7I�I;;D�?D�J>?I !�#��$EM;L;H �J>; ,�M7L;I M?BB�7BM7OI�FH;9;:;�J>;
-./�9ECFB;N 7J�H;=KB7H �<?N;:�?DJ;HL7BI �M>?9>�?I�DEJ�I;;D�>;H;�

B - Bachmann bundle

Explanation Why

0>; �79>C7DD�8KD:B; 9ED:K9JI�;B;9JH?97B�?CFKBI;I�<HEC�J>; /��DE:; JE�J>; B;<J�7JH?KC��?J�?I�DEJ�F7HJ


E<�J>;�L;DJH?9KB7H�FEHJ?ED�E<�J>; 97H:?79�9ED:K9J?ED�F7J>M7O��0>; �79>C7DD�8KD:B; ?I�DEJ�ADEMD�JE
I;HL;�7I�7D ;9JEF?9�F79;C7A;H��>EM;L;H �;B;9JH?9�79J?L?JO�EH?=?D7J?D=�J>;H;�MEKB:�J>;EH;J?97BBO�F7II
J>HEK=>�J>; /��DE:; JE�J>; �2�DE:; 7D:�H;IKBJ�?D ,�M7L;I J>7J�FH;9;:;�J>; -./�9ECFB;N 7J�H;=KB7H
<?N;:�?DJ;HL7BI �M>?9>�?I�DEJ�I;;D�>;H;�

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C - Bundle of His

Image

Explanation Why

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)OE9OJ;I E<�J>; 97H:?79�9ED:K9J?ED�F7J>M7O >7L;�J>;�FEJ;DJ?7B�JE�IFEDJ7D;EKIBO�:;FEB7H?P;�7D:
8;>7L;�7I�F79;C7A;HI�M>;D�J>;O�:E�DEJ�H;9;?L;�I?=D7BI�<HEC�J>; /��DE:; �M>?9>�H;IKBJI�?D ;I97F;
H>OJ>CI�� ;F;D:?D=�ED�J>;�I>7F;�E<�J>; -./�9ECFB;N;I E<�J>; ;I97F;�H>OJ>CI �J>;�I?J;�E<�J>;I;
;9JEF?9�F79;C7A;HI 97D�8;�:;J;HC?D;:��*EHC7B �D7HHEM -./�9ECFB;N;I 7I�I;;D�ED�J>?I !�# 7H;
JH?==;H;:�8O�?CFKBI;I�7DOM>;H;�<HEC�J>; /��DE:; KF�JE�J>; 8KD:B;�E<�$?I �?�;� �J>;�8BE9A�?I�7J�EH
FHEN?C7B JE�J>; 8KD:B;�E<�$?I��

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D - Purkinje fibers

Explanation Why

�D ;9JEF?9�F79;C7A;H BE97J;:�?D�J>; ,KHA?D@;�<?8;HI H;IKBJI�?D�M?:; -./�9ECFB;N;I 8;97KI;�J>;�H7J;


E<�9ED:K9J?ED�E<�J>;�;B;9JH?97B�?CFKBI;�JE�J>;�L;DJH?9B;I�?I�CK9>�IBEM;H�J>7D�M>;D�?J�EH?=?D7J;I�<HEC
J>; /��DE:;�

E - Left bundle branch

Explanation Why

�D ;9JEF?9�F79;C7A;H BE97J;:�?D�;?J>;H�J>;�B;<J�EH�J>;�H?=>J 8KD:B;�8H7D9> E<�J>; 97H:?79�9ED:K9J?ED


F7J>M7O H;IKBJI�?D�M?:; -./�9ECFB;N;I 8;97KI;�J>;�H7J;�E<�9ED:K9J?ED�E<�J>;�;B;9JH?97B�?CFKBI;�JE
J>;�L;DJH?9B;I�?I�CK9>�IBEM;H�J>7D�M>;D�?J�EH?=?D7J;I�<HEC�J>; /��DE:;�

F - Ectopic atrial focus

Explanation Why

�D�7JH?7B ;9JEF?9�F79;C7A;H =;D;H7J;I�7D ;I97F;�H>OJ>C 9>7H79J;H?P;:�8O�7D�78DEHC7B ,�M7L; J>7J


FH;9;:;I�;L;HO -./�9ECFB;N��0>; -./�9ECFB;N;I MEKB:�8;�DEHC7B�8;97KI;�J>;�7JH?EL;DJH?9KB7H
9ED:K9J?ED�?I�DEHC7B��?�;� �L?7�J>; $?I�,KHA?D@; F7J>M7O���0>?I�F7J?;DJ�I !�# I>EMI�DEHC7B ,�M7L;I
?D:;F;D:;DJ�E<�J>; -./�9ECFB;N;I�

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Question # 17

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IK8IJ;HD7B�9>;IJ�F7?D�<EH�I;L;H7B�>EKHI���D�!�#�I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I� 0HEFED?D�0 J;IJ�H;IKBJI�7H;
D;=7J?L;��0>;�F7J?;DJ�?I�7:C?JJ;:�JE�J>;�>EIF?J7B�7D:�JH;7J;:�M?J> ?DJH7L;DEKI�D?JHE=BO9;H?D �M?J>�7D
?D?J?7B�H;IEBKJ?ED�E<�>?I�IOCFJECI���<J;H ��>EKHI E<�9EDJ?DKEKI�?D<KI?ED E<�D?JHE=BO9;H?D �>;�H;FEHJI
?D9H;7I?D=�9>;IJ�F7?D� 0>;�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�H;9KHH;DJ�IOCFJECI�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�7BIE
E99KH�?D�JH;7JC;DJ�M?J>�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�:HK=I�

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Imatinib

Explanation Why

%C7J?D?8 ?I�7 ��.���( JOHEI?D;�A?D7I;�?D>?8?JEH KI;:�?D�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E< 9>HED?9�CO;BE?:�B;KA;C?7�


�I�M?J>�C7DO�EJ>;H 9>;CEJ>;H7FO�:HK=I �F7J?;DJI�C7O�:;L;BEF�H;I?IJ7D9;�JE ?C7J?D?8��0>?I�FHE9;II
>EM;L;H �?I�:K;�JE�IFEH7:?9�CKJ7J?EDI�?D�J>; ��.���( <KI?ED =;D; E<�J>; �)( 97D9;H�9;BBI�7D:�DEJ
:K;�JE J79>OF>OB7N?I�

B - Levodopa

Explanation Why

(ED=�J;HC�KI;�E< B;LE:EF7 97D�H;IKBJ�?D�?JI�:;9H;7I;:�;<<;9J?L;D;II �7I�I;;D�?D�J>; ;D:�E<�:EI;


7A?D;I?7 ?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> ,7HA?DIED�:?I;7I;��0>?I�:;9H;7I?D=�;<<;9J �>EM;L;H �?I�DEJ�:K;�JE
J79>OF>OB7N?I��%DIJ;7: �?J�?I�8;B?;L;:�JE�8;�:K;�JE�J>;�FHE=H;II?ED�E<�J>;�:?I;7I;�7D:�EH�J>;�D;KHEJEN?9
;<<;9JI�E< :EF7C?D;�

C - Alprazolam

Explanation Why

�BFH7PEB7C �B?A;�EJ>;H 8;DPE:?7P;F?D;I �97D�>7L;�:;9H;7I?D=�;<<;9J?L;D;II�M?J>�9>HED?9�KI;��0>?I


;<<;9J �>EM;L;H �E99KHI�L?7�J>;�BED=�J;HC�FHE9;II�E< :HK=�JEB;H7D9; M>?9>�B?A;BO�?DLEBL;I�J>;
:EMDH;=KB7J?ED�E< #��� H;9;FJEHI �DEJ�L?7 J79>OF>OB7N?I �M>?9>�?I�I;;D�>;H;�

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D - Phenylephrine

Explanation Why

.;F;7J;:�KI;�E< F>;DOB;F>H?D; �7D 7BF>7���7=ED?IJ��97D�97KI;�:EMDH;=KB7J?ED�E< 7BF>7���H;9;FJEHI


H;IKBJ?D=�?D J79>OF>OB7N?I J>7J�97DDEJ�8;�EL;H9EC;�8O�?D9H;7I?D=�J>;�:HK=�:EI;��0>?I�?I�I;;D�?D
H>?D?J?I�C;:?97C;DJEI7 �7�9ED:?J?ED�?D�M>?9>�;N9;II?L;�KI;�E< F>;DOB;F>H?D; D7I7B�IFH7O�B;7:I�JE
H;8EKD:�D7I7B�9ED=;IJ?ED�7I�J>;�C;:?97J?ED�M;7HI�E<<��+J>;H�IK8IJ7D9;I�IK8@;9J�JE J79>OF>OB7N?I
?D9BK:; D?79?D (/ �7D: ) )��

E - Methicillin

Explanation Why

;9H;7I?D=�;<<;9J?L;D;II�E< C;J>?9?BB?D 97D�8;�I;;D�?D�J>;�97I;�E< C;J>?9?BB?D�H;I?IJ7DJ


Staphylococcus aureus��0>?I�FHE9;II�E< 7DJ?8?EJ?9 H;I?IJ7D9; �>EM;L;H �?I�97KI;:�8O�79GK?H;:
CKJ7J?EDI�?D F;D?9?BB?D�8?D:?D=�FHEJ;?DI H7J>;H�J>7D�8O J79>OF>OB7N?I�

F - Hydrocodone

Explanation Why

�>HED?9�KI;�E< EF?7J;I IK9>�7I >O:HE9E:ED; 97D�H;:K9;�J>;�J>;H7F;KJ?9�;<<;9J�E<�7�IJ7D:7H:�:EI;�


$EM;L;H �J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�>;H;�?I�DEJ J79>OF>OB7N?I 8KJ :HK=�JEB;H7D9; �M>?9>�?I�7�BED=�
J;HC�FHE9;II�E<�:;I;DI?J?P7J?ED�7D:�:EMDH;=KB7J?ED�E< EF?7J; H;9;FJEHI�

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Question # 18

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J>�7D:�B;=


IM;BB?D=��$;�>7I�JHEK8B;�9B?C8?D=�ED;�<B?=>J�E<�IJ7?HI�:K;�JE�:OIFD;7��$;�>7I�>OF;HJ;DI?ED�7D:�M7I
:?7=DEI;:�M?J> CKBJ?FB;�CO;BEC7 ��CEDJ>I 7=E���KHH;DJ�C;:?97J?EDI�?D9BK:;�>O:HE9>BEHEJ>?7P?:;�
�7H:?EFKBCED7HO�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�@K=KB7H�L;DEKI�:?IJ;DJ?ED 8?87I?B7H�9H79AB;I �7D:�F?JJ?D=�;:;C7�?D
J>;�BEM;H�;NJH;C?J?;I��0H7DIJ>EH79?9�;9>E97H:?E=H7F>O�I>EMI�7 J>?9A;D;:�COE97H:?KC�M?J>�;B;L7J;:
:?7IJEB?9�<?BB?D=�FH;IIKH;I��3>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E<�J>?I
F7J?;DJ�I 97H:?ECOEF7J>O�

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Chronic vasoconstriction

Explanation Why

�>HED?9 L7IE9EDIJH?9J?ED 97D�:;L;BEF�?D�BED=�J;HC 9E97?D; KI;�7D:�?I�:K;�JE�7BF>7���H;9;FJEH


IJ?CKB7J?ED� �E97?D; ?I�JEN?9�JE�J>; COE97H:?KC �97KI;I COE97H:?7B J>?DD?D= �7D:�97D�B;7:�JE :?B7J;:
97H:?ECOEF7J>O �KIK7BBO�I;;D�ED ;9>E97H:?E=H7F>O���$EM;L;H �J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I 00! :?:�DEJ�IKFFEHJ�J>;
:?7=DEI?I�E< :?B7J;:�97H:?ECOEF7J>O 7D:�>;�>7I�DE�>?IJEHO�E< IK8IJ7D9;�78KI;�

B - Myosin gene mutation

Explanation Why

)OEI?D =;D; CKJ7J?ED�?I�7D 7KJEIEC7B�:EC?D7DJ CKJ7J?ED�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> >OF;HJHEF>?9


97H:?ECOEF7J>O �$�)� �7D:�J>;�E8IJHK9J?L;�JOF;�E<�J>?I�:?I;7I;�97D�97KI; 9ED=;IJ?L;�>;7HJ�<7?BKH;�
)KBJ?FB;�CO;BEC7 �>EM;L;H �?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> COEI?D =;D; CKJ7J?ED��)EH;EL;H $�) ?I
KIK7BBO�I;;D�?D�OEKD=�C7B;�7J>B;J;I�M?J>�7�FEI?J?L; <7C?BO�>?IJEHO�

C - Amyloid deposition

Explanation Why

�COBE?:�FB7GK; ?I�7�9ECCED�I;GK;B7�E< CKBJ?FB;�CO;BEC7 7D:�<EHCI�7I�7�H;IKBJ�E<�;N9;II


FHE:K9J?ED�E<�CEDE9BED7B ?CCKDE=BE8KB?DI� %CCKDE=BE8KB?DI 97D�:;FEI?J�?D�7DO�EH=7D �?D9BK:?D=
J>; >;7HJ �?D�M>?9>�97I;�J>;O�97KI;�7�IF;9?<?9�JOF;�E< H;IJH?9J?L;�97H:?ECOEF7J>O ADEMD�7I ?D<?BJH7J?L;
97H:?ECOEF7J>O��0>?9A;D?D=�E<�J>; COE97H:?KC H;IKBJI�?D :?7IJEB?9�:OI<KD9J?ED 7D:�879A�<BEM�E<
8BEE:�97KI;I I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> @K=KB7H�L;DEKI�:?IJ;DJ?ED �7D: FKBCED7HO�;:;C7 �M>?9>�7H;�7BB
I;;D�>;H;�

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D - Chronic hypercalcemia

Explanation Why

�>HED?9 >OF;H97B9;C?7 ?I�E<J;D�I;;D�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> CKBJ?FB;�CO;BEC7� $OF;H97B9;C?7 97D�>7L;�7


M?:;�H7D=;�E<�<?D:?D=I �?D9BK:?D= 9EDIJ?F7J?ED �8ED;�F7?DI �7D:�FIO9>?7JH?9 CEE:�:?IEH:;HI�
�7H:?ECOEF7J>O �>EM;L;H �?I�DEJ�97KI;:�8O >OF;H97B9;C?7�

E - Iron deposition

Image

Explanation Why

%HED :;FEI?J?ED�97D�B;7:�JE H;IJH?9J?L;�97H:?ECOEF7J>O �7BJ>EK=> :?B7J;:�97H:?ECOEF7J>O ?I�CEH;


9ECCED�� $;CE9>HEC7JEI?I ?I�ED;�9ED:?J?ED�J>7J�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�7�>?=> ?HED IJ7J;��,7J?;DJI�M?J>
J>?I�9ED:?J?ED�97D�:;L;BEF 97H:?ECOEF7J>O 7I�7�H;IKBJ�E< ?HED :;FEI?J?ED �M>?9>�FH;I;DJI�M?J>
IOCFJECI�I?C?B7H�JE�J>EI;�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �?D9BK:?D= I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> 7D: &2 ��$EM;L;H

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MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:�

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Question # 19

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�7H:?EL7I9KB7H�;N7C�I>EMI�J>;�FE?DJ�E<�C7N?C7B�?CFKBI;�JE�8;�?D�J>; C?:�7N?BB7HO B?D;����JH7DIJ>EH79?9
;9>E97H:?E=H7C�I>EMI�9ED9;DJH?9 B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H�>OF;HJHEF>O M?J>�7�DEHC7B�H?=>J�L;DJH?9B;��3>?9>�E<
J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�L;DJH?9KB7H�>OF;HJHEF>O�

Answer Image

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Hint

0>?I�F7J?;DJ�I B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H�>OF;HJHEF>O �(2$��?I�:K;�JE�7�9>HED?9�?D9H;7I;�?D 7<J;HBE7:�

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Correct Answer

A - Accumulation of glycogen

Explanation Why

�99KCKB7J?ED�E< =BO9E=;D ?I�I;;D�?D JOF;���=BO9E=;D�IJEH7=;�:?I;7I; �,ECF;�:?I;7I;����B?D?97B


<;7JKH;I�?D9BK:;�=;D;H7B?P;:�CKI9B;�M;7AD;II >OF;HB?F?:;C?7 >OFE=BO9;C?7 �7D: A;JEI?I �DED;�E<
M>?9>�7H;�FH;I;DJ�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��%D�7::?J?ED ,ECF;�:?I;7I; KIK7BBO�FH;I;DJI�?D D;M8EHDI �7D:�:;7J>
E99KHI�M?J>?D�M;;AI�E< 8?HJ>�

B - Accumulation of protein fibrils

Explanation Why

0>;�799KCKB7J?ED�E<�FHEJ;?D�<?8H?BI�M?J>?D�J>; COE97H:?KC ?I�I;;D�?D 7COBE?:EI?I� �COBE?:EI?I ?I


97KI;:�8O�C?I<EB:;: FHEJ;?DI �M>?9>�7H;�CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�:;H?L;:�<HEC ?CCKDE=BE8KB?D B?=>J�9>7?D
7COBE?:�FH;9KHIEH�FHEJ;?D �7D: I;HKC�7COBE?:��� �COBE?:EI?I H;IKBJI�?D�J>?9A;D?D=�E<�J>;
COE97H:?KC �7I�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��$EM;L;H �J>; COE97H:?7B J>?9A;D?D=�?D 7COBE?:EI?I ?I�KIK7BBO
8?L;DJH?9KB7H�

C - Deposition of endomyocardial collagen

Explanation Why

;FEI?J?ED�E<�;D:ECOE97H:?7B 9EBB7=;D ?I�I;;D�?D H;IJH?9J?L;�97H:?ECOEF7J>O��%J�?I�97KI;:�8O


FHEB?<;H7J?ED E< 9EDD;9J?L;�J?IIK; �M>?9>�H;IKBJI�?D�:;9H;7I;:�;B7IJ?9?JO�E<�J>; COE97H:?KC 7D:�I;L;H;
:?7IJEB?9�:OI<KD9J?ED���BJ>EK=> H;IJH?9J?L;�97H:?ECOEF7J>O 97D�97KI;�7JH?7B�;DB7H=;C;DJ �?J�?I
9ECCEDBO�:K;�JE�:?B7J?ED �DEJ >OF;HJHEF>O�

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D - Accumulation of sarcomeres in parallel

Image

Explanation Why

0>?I�F7J?;DJ�I (2$ ?I�:K;�JE�799KCKB7J?ED�E< I7H9EC;H;I ?D�F7H7BB;B �B?A;BO�97KI;:�8O�9>HED?9


>OF;HJ;DI?ED �?D9H;7I;: 7<J;HBE7:����>HED?9 >OF;HJ;DI?ED ?D9H;7I;I COE97H:?7B M7BB�J;DI?ED �M>?9>
B;7:I�JE�9>7D=;I�?D =;D;�;NFH;II?ED 7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ�:KFB?97J?ED�E< I7H9EC;H;I ?D�F7H7BB;B�7D:
:?7IJEB?9�:OI<KD9J?ED��%D�9EDJH7IJ B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H :?B7J?ED�?I�97KI;:�8O�J>;�799KCKB7J?ED�E<
I7H9EC;H;I ?D�I;H?;I �M>?9>�H;IKBJI�?D IOIJEB?9�:OI<KD9J?ED�

E - Infiltration of T lymphocytes

Explanation Why

%D<?BJH7J?ED�E< 0�BOCF>E9OJ;I ?I�I;;D�?D�79KJ; COE97H:?J?I���B?D?97B�<;7JKH;I�E< COE97H:?J?I ?D9BK:;


<BK�B?A;�IOCFJECI :OIFD;7 9>;IJ�F7?D 7HH>OJ>C?7I �$" �7D: 97H:?E=;D?9�I>E9A �7BB�E<�M>?9>�J>?I

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F7J?;DJ�B79AI��%D�7::?J?ED ;9>E97H:?E=H7F>O ?D COE97H:?J?I ?I�KIK7BBO�KDH;C7HA78B;�8KJ�97D�I>EM
L;DJH?9KB7H�:?B7J?ED �:?<<KI; >OFEA?D;I?7 �H;:K9;: ;@;9J?ED�<H79J?ED �?CF7?H;:�9EDJH79J?B?JO �7D:
H;=?ED7B�M7BB�CEJ?ED�78DEHC7B?J?;I�

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Question # 20

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�M?J>�<7J?=K;�7D:�F7BF?J7J?EDI�<EH�I;L;H7B�M;;AI�
�D�!�#�I>EMI�7JH?7B�<?8H?BB7J?ED��!9>E97H:?E=H7F>O�I>EMI J>HEC8KI�<EHC7J?ED ?D�J>;�B;<J�7JH?KC��3>?9>
E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�EH=7DI�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�9EDJ?DK;�JE�<KD9J?ED�?D�J>;�97I;�E<�7D�;C8EB?9�;L;DJ�

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� /FB;;D

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Spleen

Explanation Why

0>; IFB;;D FH?C7H?BO�H;9;?L;I�8BEE:�L?7�J>; IFB;D?9�7HJ;HO��0>EK=>�IFB;D?9 ;C8EB? 7H;�H7H;�7D:


KIK7BBO�GK?;I9;DJ�9B?D?97BBO �J>; IFB;;D ?I�CEH;�IKI9;FJ?8B;�JE ?D<7H9J?ED 7D:�BEII�E<�<KD9J?ED�<HEC
;C8EB? J>7D�7D�EH=7D�M?J>�:K7B�8BEE:�IKFFBO�

B - Brain

Explanation Why

0>; 9;DJH7B�D;HLEKI�IOIJ;C ?I�;IF;9?7BBO�LKBD;H78B;�JE ?I9>;C?7 �<HEC�;C8EB?9�E99BKI?ED�EH


EJ>;HM?I;��0>?I�?I�:K;�JE�?JI�>?=>�C;J78EB?9�H7J;�7D:�=BK9EI;�9EDIKCFJ?ED��%D�JEJ7B �������E<
;C8EB?IC�H;B7J;:�:;7J>I�?D 7JH?7B�<?8H?BB7J?ED 7H;�<HEC IJHEA;�

C - Kidney

Explanation Why

!79> A?:D;O >7I�7�I?D=B;�8BEE:�IKFFBO��;�=� �H;IF;9J?L; H;D7B�7HJ;HO���0>?I�C7A;I�J>; A?:D;OI CEH;


IKI9;FJ?8B;�JE ?D<7H9J?ED J>7D�7D�EH=7D�M?J>�:K7B�8BEE:�IKFFBO �F7HJ?9KB7HBO�?D�J>;�IJH7?=>J�FEHJ?ED�E<
J>; FHEN?C7B�9EDLEBKJ;:�JK8KB; 7D: 7I9;D:?D=�BEEF�E<�$;DB; �:K;�JE�J>;?H�>?=>�;D;H=O�:;C7D:�7D:
FHEN?C?JO�JE�J>;�9EHJ?9EC;:KBB7HO�@KD9J?ED �M>?9>�>7I�BEM�8BEE:�<BEM���3>?B;���<?8�?I�7IIE9?7J;:
M?J>�7�BEM ?D9?:;D9; ��������E<�H;D7B J>HEC8E;C8EB?IC �����E<�F7J?;DJI�M>E�;NF;H?;D9;:�7D�;L;DJ
>7:�F;HI?IJ;DJ H;D7B�<7?BKH;�

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D - Liver

Explanation Why

0>; B?L;H 8;D;<?JI�<HEC�:K7B�8BEE:�IKFFBO��0>; >;F7J?9�FEHJ7B�L;?D IKFFB?;I�������E<�J>; B?L;H�I


8BEE: �7D:�J>; >;F7J?9�7HJ;HO�FHEF;H 9EDJH?8KJ;I�J>;�H;IJ��0>; >;F7J?9�FEHJ7B�L;?D 97HH?;I�L;DEKI�8BEE:
<HEC�J>; IFB;;D 7D:�BEM;H =7IJHE?DJ;IJ?D7B�JH79J �M>?B;�J>;�>;F7J?9 7HJ;H?;I 7H;�8H7D9>;I�E<�J>;
9ECCED�>;F7J?9�7HJ;HO 7H?I?D=�<HEC�J>; 9;B?79�JHKDA��+NO=;D�?I�FHEL?:;:�<HEC�8EJ>�IEKH9;I�M?J>
78EKJ�>7B<�E<�J>; B?L;H�I�ENO=;D�:;C7D:�C;J�8O�J>; >;F7J?9�FEHJ7B�L;?D��0>;�:K7B�8BEE:�7D:�ENO=;D
IKFFBO�FHEJ;9JI�J>; B?L;H 7=7?DIJ�FEJ;DJ?7B ?D<7H9J�

E - Colon

Explanation Why

3>?B; J>HEC8EI?I ?D�J>;�8EM;B�?I�KIK7BBO�B;II�79KJ;�:K;�JE�9EBB7J;H7B�9?H9KB7J?ED �;C8EB?9�E8IJHK9J?ED


E<�J>;�IKF;H?EH�EH ?D<;H?EH�C;I;DJ;H?9�7HJ;H?;I 97D�IJ?BB�97KI;�79KJ; ?I9>;C?7 E<�J>; 9EBED �F7HJ?9KB7HBO
?D M7J;HI>;:�7H;7I���9KJ;�J>HEC8E;C8EB?9 C;I;DJ;H?9 ?I9>;C?7 :K;�JE���<?8�>7I�7�BEM ?D9?:;D9; 8KJ
>?=> B;J>7B?JO ��������

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Question # 21

� ��O;7H�EB: 8EO�M?J>�7�>?IJEHO�E<�H;9KHH;DJ�H;IF?H7JEHO�?D<;9J?EDI�?I�8HEK=>J�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�<EH�7
<EBBEM�KF ;N7C?D7J?ED��$?I�>;?=>J�7D:�M;?=>J�7H;�8EJ>�7J�J>; ��J> F;H9;DJ?B;���H79AB;I�7H;�>;7H:�?D�8EJ>
BEM;H�BKD=�<?;B:I���7H:?79�7KI9KBJ7J?ED�I>EMI�7 =H7:;���� >EBEIOIJEB?9�CKHCKH�EL;H�J>;�B;<J�BEM;H�IJ;HD7B
8EH:;H 7D:�7 :?7IJEB?9�HKC8B;�>;7H:�8;IJ�7J�J>;�7F;N� %<�B;<J�KDJH;7J;: �J>?I�F7J?;DJ�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE
:;L;BEF�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

Answer Image

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Hint

0>;�FH;I;D9;�E<�7 >EBEIOIJEB?9�CKHCKH �?D:?97J?D=�<BEM�J>HEK=>�J>;�:;<;9J��7D:�7 :?7IJEB?9 HKC8B;


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CEIJ�9ECCED�JOF;�E<�9ED=;D?J7B >;7HJ :;<;9J� 2/ I 7H;�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�<H;GK;DJ�H;IF?H7JEHO�?D<;9J?EDI
I;9ED:7HO�JE�9ED=;IJ?ED�E<�J>;�FKBCED7HO�L;II;BI�

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Correct Answer

A - Myocardial ischemia

Explanation Why

�ED=;D?J7B >;7HJ :;<;9JI�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�7D�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�E< COE97H:?7B ?I9>;C?7 7H;�JOF?97BBO�J>EI;


J>7J�?DLEBL; 9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO 78DEHC7B?J?;I��;�=� �7DEC7BEKI�9EKHI;�EH�EH?=?D �?DLEBL?D= <?IJKB7I��EH
H;IKBJ�?D�:;9H;7I;:�9EHED7HO F;H<KI?ED �;�=� �?D�7�B7H=; , � �J>;�H;JHE=H7:;�8BEE:�<BEM�JE�J>; B;<J
L;DJH?9B; 97D�:;9H;7I; :?7IJEB?9 FH;IIKH;�?D�J>; FHEN?C7B 7EHJ7�7D:�J>;H;8O�:;9H;7I;�9EHED7HO
F;H<KI?ED����BJ>EK=>�7�BED=�IJ7D:?D= �KD9EHH;9J;: 2/ 97D�7BIE�B;7:�JE�:;9H;7I;:�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;
J>;H;�?I�DE�;L?:;D9;�J>7J�?J�?D9H;7I;I�J>;�H?IA�E< COE97H:?7B ?I9>;C?7�

B - Thrombocytosis

Explanation Why

�9O7DEJ?9�>;7HJ�:;<;9JI �IK9>�7I 2/ I �7H;�DEJ�7�ADEMD�97KI;�E<�?D9H;7I;: FB7J;B;J�9EKDJI����BED=�


IJ7D:?D= �KD9EHH;9J;: 2/ M?BB�;L;DJK7BBO�H;IKBJ�?D !?I;DC;D=;H�IOD:HEC; M?J>�IK8I;GK;DJ�I>KDJ
H;L;HI7B��%D�J>?I�97I; J>HEC8E9OJEF;D?7 �DEJ J>HEC8E9OJEI?I C7O�E99KH� 0>HEC8E9OJEF;D?7 :K;�JE
!?I;DC;D=;H�IOD:HEC; ?I�J>EK=>J�JE�H;IKBJ�<HEC C;=7A7HOE9OJ;I 8OF7II?D=�J>;�FKBCED7HO
L7I9KB7JKH;�M>;H;�J>;O�MEKB:�DEHC7BBO�8;�<H7=C;DJ;:�?DJE FB7J;B;JI�

C - Secondary hypertension

Explanation Why

/;9ED:7HO�>OF;HJ;DI?ED 97D�H;IKBJ�<HEC�9ED=;D?J7B >;7HJ :;<;9JI�IK9>�7I 9E7H9J7J?ED�E<�J>;�7EHJ7���BB


7EHJ?9�8H7D9>;I FHEN?C7B JE�J>;�9E7H9J7J?ED�H;9;?L;�?D9H;7I;:�8BEE:�<BEM �KBJ?C7J;BO�H;IKBJ?D=�?D
?DJ?C7B�C;:?7B J>?9A;D?D=�7D:�?D9H;7I;:�L7I9KB7H�IJ?<<D;II��%D�7���O;7H�EB:�9>?B: �IOCFJEC7J?9
9E7H9J7J?ED�MEKB:�CEIJ�B?A;BO�FH;I;DJ�M?J> 9>;IJ�F7?D �9EB:�<;;J �7D:�BEM;H�;NJH;C?JO 9B7K:?97J?ED ED
F>OI?97B�;N;HJ?ED �DED;�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��"KHJ>;HCEH; 7KI9KBJ7J?ED MEKB:�H;L;7B�7
IOIJEB?9�;@;9J?ED CKHCKH EL;H�J>;�B;<J�F7H7L;HJ;8H7B�H;=?ED�7D:�EH�7 9EDJ?DKEKI�CKHCKH 8;BEM�J>;
B;<J�9B7L?9KB7�7D:�8;JM;;D�J>;�I>EKB:;H�8B7:;I�

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D - Aortic dissection

Explanation Why

�EHJ?9�:?II;9J?ED ?I�7�:7D=;HEKI�9ECFB?97J?ED�E<�KDJH;7J;: 9E7H9J7J?ED�E<�J>;�7EHJ7 ?D�7:KBJI���>HED?9


>OF;HJ;DI?ED FHEN?C7B JE�J>;�7H;7�E<�9E7H9J7J?ED�?D9H;7I;I�?DJH7BKC?D7B�FH;IIKH;�7D:�IK8I;GK;DJBO
M;7A;DI�J>;�7HJ;H?7B�M7BB �FEJ;DJ?7BBO�H;IKBJ?D=�?D 7EHJ?9�:?II;9J?ED��/OCFJEC7J?9�9E7H9J7J?ED�?D�7
��O;7H�EB:�9>?B:�MEKB:�CEIJ�B?A;BO�FH;I;DJ�M?J> 9>;IJ�F7?D �9EB:�<;;J �7D:�BEM;H�;NJH;C?JO
9B7K:?97J?ED ED�F>OI?97B�;N;HJ?ED �DED;�E<�M>?9>�7H;�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��"KHJ>;HCEH; 7KI9KBJ7J?ED
MEKB:�H;L;7B�7 IOIJEB?9�;@;9J?ED CKHCKH EL;H�J>;�B;<J�F7H7L;HJ;8H7B�H;=?ED�7D:�EH�7 9EDJ?DKEKI
CKHCKH 8;BEM�J>;�B;<J�9B7L?9KB7�7D:�8;JM;;D�J>;�I>EKB:;H�8B7:;I�

E - Digital clubbing

Explanation But

�>HED?9�J?IIK; >OFEN?7 7D: C;=7A7HOE9OJ; <H7=C;DJ7J?ED�7H;�FH?C7HO�<79JEHI�?DLEBL;:�?D�J>;


F7J>E=;D;I?I�E< :?=?J7B�9BK88?D= ?D 9O7DEJ?9�>;7HJ�:?I;7I; �;�=� �KDJH;7J;: 2/ ���%D !?I;DC;D=;H
IOD:HEC; �7�9ECFB?97J?ED�E< 2/ I� �8BEE:�97D�9ECFB;J;BO�8OF7II�J>;�FKBCED7HO�L7I9KB7JKH;
7BBEM?D=�M>EB; C;=7A7HOE9OJ;I ?DJE�J>; IOIJ;C?9�9?H9KB7J?ED��+D9;�J>;I;�?DJ79J�9;BBI�H;79> :?IJ7B
97F?BB7H?;I ?D�J>;�>7D:I�7D:�<;;J �J>;O�?CF79J�7D:�IK8I;GK;DJBO�<H7=C;DJ��0>?I�<H7=C;DJ7J?ED�97KI;I
J>;�H;B;7I;�E< FB7J;B;J�:;H?L;:�=HEMJ>�<79JEH��, #"��7D: L7I9KB7H�;D:EJ>;B?7B�=HEMJ>�<79JEH �2!#"�
?D:K9?D= 7D=?E=;D;I?I 7D:�BE97B�C;I;D9>OC7B�=HEMJ>�7D: FHEB?<;H7J?ED �M>?9>�9B?D?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI
7I :?=?J7B�9BK88?D=�

Explanation Why

?=?J7B�9BK88?D= ?I�7�I?=D�E<�9>HED?9 >OFEN;C?7 �M>?9>�?I�7�9ECFB?97J?ED�E<�7D�KDJH;7J;: L;DJH?9KB7H


I;FJ7B�:;<;9J �2/ �� 2/ I 7H; 79O7DEJ?9�9ED=;D?J7B�>;7HJ�:;<;9JI J>7J�C7D?<;IJ�7I�7 B;<J�JE�H?=>J
I>KDJ���D�KDJH;7J;: 2/ 97D�B;7:�JE�9>HED?9�LEBKC;�EL;HBE7:�E<�J>; H?=>J�L;DJH?9B; �.2��7D:
IK8I;GK;DJBO�?D9H;7I;:�8BEE:�<BEM�J>HEK=>�J>;�FKBCED7HO�L7I9KB7JKH;��0>?I�?D9H;7I;:�<BEM�97KI;I
?HH;L;HI?8B;�H;CE:;B?D=�E<�J>;�IC7BB�FKBCED7HO�L;II;BI �B;7:?D=�JE�?D9H;7I;: FKBCED7HO�L7I9KB7H
H;I?IJ7D9; 7D:�.2 >OF;HJHEF>O��.2�FH;IIKH;�?D9H;7I;I�KDJ?B�?J�;N9;;:I B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H �(2��FH;IIKH;
7J�M>?9>�FE?DJ�J>;�I>KDJ�?I�H;L;HI;:��0>?I�I>KDJ�H;L;HI7B�?I�ADEMD�7I !?I;DC;D=;H�IOD:HEC;�
�O7DEI?I 7D:�9EDI;GK;DJBO �9>HED?9�J?IIK; >OFEN?7 �B;7:I�JE�J>;�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E< :?=?J7B�9BK88?D=�

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F - Chronic kidney disease

Explanation Why

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Question # 22

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F;9JEH?I�7D:�FH;I9H?8;:�7�:HK=�J>7J ?HH;L;HI?8BO�?D>?8?JI 9O9BEENO=;D7I;���7D:����$;�>7I�9>HED?9
H>?DEI?DKI?J?I�7D:�7IJ>C7�JH;7J;:�M?J>�?D>7B;: X�7:H;D;H=?9 7=ED?IJI�7D:�9EHJ?9EIJ;HE?:I��$?I�H;IF?H7J?EDI
7H;����C?D��!N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�CKBJ?FB;�IC7BB �;HOJ>;C7JEKI�D7I7B�CK9EI7B�B;I?EDI���<J;H�J>;�F7J?;DJ�?I
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M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�C;9>7D?ICI�E<�79J?ED�

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Inhibition of vitamin K epoxide reductase

Explanation Why

�ECF;J?J?L;�?D>?8?J?ED�E< L?J7C?D�'�;FEN?:;�H;:K9J7I; ?I�J>;�C;9>7D?IC�E<�79J?ED�E< M7H<7H?D�


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J>HEC8E;C8EB?IC FKBCED7HO�;C8EB?IC��7D:�;C8EB?9�9ECFB?97J?EDI�7H?I?D=�<HEC 7JH?7B�<?8H?BB7J?ED�
37H<7H?D ?I�DEJ�KI;:�<EH�FH;L;DJ?ED�E< 9EHED7HO�>;7HJ�:?I;7I;�

B - Blockage of P2Y12 component of ADP receptors

Explanation Why

,�5�� H;9;FJEH�7DJ7=ED?IJI �;�=� 9BEF?:E=H;B��?HH;L;HI?8BO�?D>?8?J FB7J;B;J�7==H;=7J?ED 8O�FH;L;DJ?D=


J>; � ,�C;:?7J;:�<EHC7J?ED�E<�J>; #F%%8�%%%7�H;9;FJEH 9ECFB;N� �BEF?:E=H;B ?I�KI;:�<EH�JH;7JC;DJ�E<
IJ78B;�7D=?D7�F;9JEH?I ?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 7IF?H?D 7BB;H=O 7I�M;BB�7I�7:@KD9J?L;�J>;H7FO�?D�79KJ;�9EHED7HO
IOD:HEC;I��+J>;H�?D:?97J?EDI�?D9BK:; I;9ED:7HO�FH;L;DJ?ED E<�H;9;DJ IJHEA; �H;9;DJ COE97H:?7B
?D<7H9J?ED �7D: F;H?F>;H7B�7HJ;H?7B�:?I;7I;�

C - Direct inhibition of Factor Xa

Explanation Why

"79JEH�47�?D>?8?JEHI �;�=� 7F?N787D H?L7HEN787D ;:EN787D��7H;�KI;:�<EH�J>;�FHEF>OB7N?I�7D:


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D - Sequestration of Ca2+ ions

Explanation Why

�?JH7J; ?I�7�97B9?KC�8?D:?D=�I7BJ�M?J> 7DJ?9E7=KB7DJ FHEF;HJ?;I�J>7J�?I�KI;:�<EH�J>;�FH;I;HL7J?ED�E<


8BEE:�:;H?L;:�FHE:K9JI� �?JH7J; ?I�7BIE�KI;:�<EH�7DJ?9E7=KB7J?ED�?D�F7J?;DJI�KD:;H=E?D=�:?7BOI?I�7D:
<EH�J>;�FH;L;DJ?ED�E<�H;9KHH;DJ�KH?D7HO�97B9?KC�IJED;I� �?JH7J; ?I�DEJ�KI;:�<EH�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�EH
FH;L;DJ?ED�E<�79KJ;�EH�IJ78B;�9EHED7HO�IOD:HEC;I�

E - Potentiation of antithrombin III

Explanation Why

,EJ;DJ?7J?ED�E< 7DJ?J>HEC8?D �7D ;D:E=;DEKI 7DJ?9E7=KB7DJ��?D:?H;9JBO�?D>?8?JI J>HEC8?D 7D: <79JEH


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7DJ?9E7=KB7J?ED�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> KDIJ78B;�7D=?D7 �1�� /0�;B;L7J?ED COE97H:?7B�?D<7H9J?ED �/0!)%�
7D:�DED�/0�;B;L7J?ED COE97H:?7B�?D<7H9J?ED �*/0!)%���$EM;L;H �J>;�C;9>7D?IC�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
IJ78B; 7D=?D7�F;9JEH?I ?DLEBL;I�7�C?IC7J9>�8;JM;;D�J>; COE97H:?7B ENO=;D�IKFFBO�7D: COE97H:?7B
ENO=;D�:;C7D: �I;9ED:7HO�JE�7�<?N;:�7J>;HEI9B;HEJ?9�E99BKI?ED�M?J>EKJ�79J?L7J?D=�J>; 9E7=KB7J?ED
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Question # 23

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M>?9>�>; >7I�IK99;II<KBBO�8;;D�JH;7J?D=�M?J>�IK8B?D=K7B�D?JHE=BO9;H?D <EH�J>;�F7IJ�O;7H��0>;�F7J?;DJ�>7I
8;;D�J7A?D=�B?I?DEFH?B�:7?BO�<EH�;II;DJ?7B�>OF;HJ;DI?ED��$?I�FKBI;�?I����C?D�7D:�H;=KB7H �7D:�8BEE:
FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�$=���7H:?79�7D:�FKBCED7HO�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EM�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I��J>;H;�?I�DE
F;H?F>;H7B�;:;C7����:;9H;7I;�E<�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�;NFB7D7J?ED�<EH�J>;
?CFHEL;C;DJ�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�9>;IJ�F7?D�

Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Ventricular compliance

Explanation Why

2;DJH?9KB7H�9ECFB?7D9; :;I9H?8;I�J>;�LEBKC;�<BK?:�CEL;:�<EH�7�=?L;D�9>7D=;�?D�FH;IIKH;������W2�
W,���%J�J>KI�:;9H;7I;I�?D�L;DJH?9KB7H >OF;HJHEF>O �?D9H;7I;:�FH;IIKH; �M?J>�DE�9>7D=;�?D�LEBKC;
CEL;:��EH�7DO�JOF;�E< H;IJH?9J?L;�97H:?ECOEF7J>O �FH;IIKH;�IJ7OI�J>;�I7C; �LEBKC;�:;9H;7I;I��
*?JHE=BO9;H?D 79JK7BBO�?CFHEL;I L;DJH?9KB7H�9ECFB?7D9; 8O�H;:K9J?ED�E< COE97H:?7B FH;BE7: 7D:�?JI
;<<;9JI�

B - Peripheral arterial resistance

Explanation Why

0>;�:;9H;7I;�?D�F;H?F>;H7B�7HJ;H?7B�H;I?IJ7D9;�?I�79>?;L;:�J>HEK=>�7HJ;H?7B L7IE:?B7J?ED �M>?9>�?I�ED;


E<�J>;�;<<;9JI�E< D?JHE=BO9;H?D��%J�H;IKBJI�?D�:;9H;7I;: 7<J;HBE7: �M>?9>�?D�JKHD�:;9H;7I;I COE97H:?7B
ENO=;D�:;C7D: JE�7�9;HJ7?D�;NJ;DJ��$EM;L;H �J>;H;�?I�7DEJ>;H �CK9>�CEH;�FHEC?D;DJ
D?JHE=BO9;H?D�C;:?7J;:�C;9>7D?IC�J>7J�?I�CEH;�B?A;BO�JE�H;:K9;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�IOCFJECI���HJ;H?7B
L7IE:?B7J?ED ?I�J>;�FH?C7HO�;<<;9J�E< 97B9?KC�9>7DD;B�8BE9A;HI �DEJ�J>7J�E< D?JHE=BO9;H?D�

C - Electrical conduction speed

Explanation Why

*?JHE=BO9;H?D >7I�DE�;<<;9J�ED�;B;9JH?97B�9ED:K9J?ED��.;:K9?D=�J>;�;B;9JH?97B�9ED:K9J?ED�IF;;: �7D:


J>KI >;7HJ�H7J; �?I�7�C;9>7D?IC�JE�79>?;L;�7�BED=�J;HC�H;:K9J?ED�E< COE97H:?7B�ENO=;D�:;C7D:��%J
97D�8;�79>?;L;:�8O�L7H?EKI�:HK=I C;JEFHEBEB 8;?D=�ED;�E<�J>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�ED;I��%D�B7J;H�IJ7=;I
J>7J�7H;�H;<H79JEHO�JE�9ECCED�JH;7JC;DJ H7DEB7P?D; 97D�8;�7::;:�JE�J7H=;J�B7J;�?DM7H:�IE:?KC
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D - Venous pooling

Explanation Why

;9H;7I;:�L;DEKI�FEEB?D=�97D�H;IKBJ�<HEC�J>;�KI;�E< 9ECFH;II?ED�IJE9A?D=I EH IOCF7J>EC?C;J?9


:HK=I J>7J�97KI; L7IE9EDIJH?9J?ED E<�7HJ;H?EB7H�7D:�L;DEKI�L7I9KB7JKH;��0>?I�?D9H;7I;I L;DEKI�H;JKHD
7D:�J>;H;<EH;�97H:?79 FH;BE7: �M>?9>�?D�JKHD�?D9H;7I;I COE97H:?7B M7BB�J;DI?ED�7D:�H;:K9;I
COE97H:?7B F;H<KI?ED� *?JHE=BO9;H?D >7I�J>;�EFFEI?J;�;<<;9J� /CEEJ>�CKI9B; H;B7N7J?ED �C7?DBO�E<�J>;
L;DEKI�L;II;BI �B;7:I�JE�L;DE:?B7J?ED�7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ�?D9H;7I;:�8BEE:�FEEB?D=�?D�J>;�L;DEKI�IOIJ;C�

E - Coronary arterial resistance

Explanation But

*?JH7J;I 7H;�7BIE�KI;:�?D�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E< 9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO IF7IC��L?7�CKI9B;�H;B7N7J?ED��?D L7IEIF7IJ?9


7D=?D7�

Explanation Why

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J>;�FH?C7HO�C;9>7D?IC�E<�?CFHEL?D= COE97H:?7B F;H<KI?ED��%D 7D=?D7 �J>; 9EHED7HO�7HJ;H?;I 7H;
JOF?97BBO�?D�7�9>HED?9�IJ7J;�E<�:?B7J?ED�?D�7D�7JJ;CFJ�JE�FH;I;HL; F;H<KI?ED E<�J>; COE97H:?7B J?IIK;���
:;9H;7I;:�9EHED7HO�H;I;HL;���%D�J>;I;�97I;I D?JHE=BO9;H?D FHEL?:;I�DE�7::?J?ED7B�?D9H;7I;�?D�8BEE:
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F - End-diastolic pressure

Image

Explanation But

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?D>?8?JEH IK9>�7I I?B:;D7<?B�

Explanation Why

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COE97H:?7B FH;BE7:��0>?I�H;IKBJI�?D�7�:;9H;7I;:�;D:�:?7IJEB?9 FH;IIKH; �M>?9>�:;9H;7I;I COE97H:?7B
M7BB�J;DI?ED�7D:�J>KI�?CFHEL;I COE97H:?7B F;H<KI?ED M>?B;�:;9H;7I?D= COE97H:?7B�ENO=;D�:;C7D:�
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Question # 24

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JOF;�� :?78;J;I�C;BB?JKI���KHH;DJ�C;:?97J?EDI�?D9BK:;�B?I?DEFH?B �I?CL7IJ7J?D �7D:�?DIKB?D��0>;�F7J?;DJ
7FF;7HI�J?H;:�8KJ�?D�DE�79KJ;�:?IJH;II��$?I�FKBI;�?I����C?D �8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�$= �7D:
H;IF?H7J?EDI�7H;����C?D��$;�>7I 9H79AB;I EL;H�8EJ>�BEM;H�BKD=�<?;B:I�7D: �� F?JJ?D=�;:;C7 E<�J>;�BEM;H
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B?A;BO�JE�?CFHEL;�J>;�F7J?;DJ�I BED=�J;HC IKHL?L7B�

Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Furosemide

Explanation Why

"KHEI;C?:; ?I�7 BEEF�:?KH;J?9 KI;:�<EH�IOCFJEC7J?9�JH;7JC;DJ�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> �$"��3>?B;�J>?I


F7J?;DJ�M?J>�MEHI;D?D= I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> �<?D; �8?B7J;H7B 9H79AB;I 7J�J>; BKD= 87I;I �7D:�BEM;H
;NJH;C?JO ;:;C7 MEKB:�8;D;<?J�<HEC <KHEI;C?:; JE�?CFHEL;�>?I�8H;7J>?D= �ENO=;D7J?ED �7D:�LEBKC;
EL;HBE7:�IJ7JKI <KHEI;C?:; >7I�DEJ�8;;D�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>�?CFHEL;:�IKHL?L7B�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> �$"�

B - Gemfibrozil

Explanation Why

#;C<?8HEP?B ?I�7�<?8H7J;�J>7J�97D�8;�KI;:�7I�7�I;9ED:�B?D;�7=;DJ�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> >OF;HB?F?:;C?7 7D:�?I


CEIJ�;<<;9J?L;�?D�JH;7J?D= >OF;HJH?=BO9;H?:;C?7� "?8H7J;I 7I�7�:HK=�9B7II�7H;�DEJ�ADEMD�JE�?CFHEL;
IKHL?L7B�?D >;7HJ�<7?BKH;��"KHJ>;HCEH; �J>?I�F7J?;DJ�7BH;7:O�J7A;I I?CL7IJ7J?D��J>;�7::?J?ED�E< <?8H7J;I
MEKB:�=H;7JBO�?D9H;7I;�>?I�H?IA�E< COEF7J>O 7D: H>78:ECOEBOI?I�

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C - Metoprolol

Image

Explanation Why

�;J7�8BE9A;HI IK9>�7I C;JEFHEBEB FHEL?:;�IOCFJEC7J?9�?CFHEL;C;DJ�7D:�H;:K9; CEHJ7B?JO ?D�F7J?;DJI


M?J> �$"��0>;�8;D;<?9?7B�C;9>7D?ICI�E<�79J?ED�?D >;7HJ�<7?BKH; ?D9BK:;�J>;�BEM;H?D=�E<�J>; >;7HJ�H7J;
7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ�7DJ?�?I9>;C?9 ;<<;9JI �7I�M;BB�7I�9KH8?D=�J>;�;<<;9J�E<�9>HED?9�;NFEIKH;�JE
97J;9>EB7C?D;I �M>?9>�MEKB:�EJ>;HM?I;�B;7:�JE�IOIJ;C?9 >OF;HJ;DI?ED 7D: COE97H:?7B�H;CE:;B?D=�
0>;�KI;�E< C;JEFHEBEB MEKB:�8;�E<�F7HJ?9KB7H�8;D;<?J�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �=?L;D�>?I�H;I?:K7B >OF;HJ;DI?ED
ED B?I?DEFH?B��$EM;L;H �:;J7?B;:�9B?D?97B�;L7BK7J?ED�FH?EH�JE�?D?J?7J?ED�?I�H;GK?H;: �;IF;9?7BBO�I?D9; 8;J7
8BE9A;HI I>EKB:�DEJ�8;�?CC;:?7J;BO�=?L;D�JE�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�FEJ;DJ?7BBO :;9ECF;DI7J;:�>;7HJ�<7?BKH;
�M7HD?D=�I?=DI� ;:;C7 7D:�FHE=H;II?L;BO�MEHI;D?D= :OIFD;7��8;97KI;�J>;?H�D;=7J?L; ?DEJHEF?9 7D:
9>HEDEJHEF?9 ;<<;9JI�9EKB:�79KJ;BO�MEHI;D�IOCFJECI�

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D - Digoxin

Explanation Why

?=EN?D ?I�7 97H:?79�=BO9EI?:; J>7J�97D�8;�KI;:�<EH�IOCFJEC7J?9�JH;7JC;DJ�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 7JH?7B


<?8H?BB7J?ED 7D: �$" M?J>�FH;I;HL;: ;@;9J?ED�<H79J?ED �$"F!"���0>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�DE�;L?:;D9;�E<���<?8
ED !�# 7D:�MEKB:�DEJ�8;�7�97D:?:7J;�<EH :?=EN?D JH;7JC;DJ��"KHJ>;HCEH; �M>?B; :?=EN?D >7I�8;;D
I>EMD�JE�?CFHEL;�J>;�H7J;�E<�>EIF?J7B?P7J?EDI�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> �$" �?J�>7I�DEJ�8;;D�I>EMD�JE�?CFHEL;
EL;H7BB�IKHL?L7B�

E - Amlodipine

Explanation Why

�CBE:?F?D; ?I�7 :?>O:HEFOH?:?D;�97B9?KC�9>7DD;B�8BE9A;H ������J>7J�97D�8;�7::;:�JE�J>;�C;:?97J?ED


H;=?C;D�E<�>OF;HJ;DI?L;�F7J?;DJI�M>E�:E�DEJ�<KBBO�H;IFED:�JE�?D?J?7B�J>;H7FO�IK9>�7I�J>?I�C7D
�>OF;HJ;DI?ED :;IF?J; B?I?DEFH?B���$EM;L;H ���I >7L;�DEJ�8;;D�I>EMD�JE�>7L;�7�:?H;9J�;<<;9J�EH
IKHL?L7B�8;D;<?J�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J> �$"�

F - Dobutamine

Explanation Why

E8KJ7C?D; ?I�7D ?DEJHEF?9 7=;DJ�J>7J�97D�8;�KI;:�J;CFEH7H?BO�?D�F7J?;DJI�M?J>�I;L;H; B;<J�L;DJH?9KB7H


IOIJEB?9�:OI<KD9J?ED 7D:�BEM 97H:?79�EKJFKJ H;IKBJ?D=�?D�EH=7D�>OFEF;H<KI?ED��%J�>7I�7�HEB;�?D�I;L;H;BO
?BB�F7J?;DJI�M?J> 97H:?E=;D?9�I>E9A 7I�7�8H?:=;�JE�:;<?D?J?L;�J>;H7FO�E<�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�97H:?79
9ED:?J?ED��9EHED7HO�H;L7I9KB7H?P7J?ED�J>;H7FO�<EH )% >;7HJ�JH7DIFB7DJ7J?ED �7CED=�EJ>;HI��
E8KJ7C?D; ?I�DEJ�KI;:�9>HED?97BBO�<EH�C7D7=;C;DJ�E< �$"�

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Question # 25

� ���O;7H�EB: C7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�M?J>�7 ��M;;A >?IJEHO�E<�I>7HF �IK8IJ;HD7B�9>;IJ�F7?D�J>7J�?I


MEHI;�M?J>�?DIF?H7J?ED�7D:�H;B?;L;:�M?J>�B;7D?D=�<EHM7H:��$;�>7I�7BIE�>7:�D7KI;7�7D:�CO7B=?7I��$?I
<7J>;H�>7I�9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO�:?I;7I;��$?I�J;CF;H7JKH;�?I ����Q�������Q"� �FKBI;�?I�����C?D �7D:�8BEE:
FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�$=���7H:?79�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�7 >?=>�F?J9>;: HK88?D=�IEKD: 8;JM;;D /��7D:�/�
J>7J�?I�8;IJ�>;7H:�7J�J>;�B;<J�IJ;HD7B�8EH:;H���D�!�#�I>EMI�:;FH;II;: ,.�?DJ;HL7B 7D: :?<<KI;
/0�;B;L7J?EDI��3>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�97KI;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJSI�IOCFJECI�

Answer Image

� H;IIB;H�IOD:HEC;

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! �9KJ;�L?H7B�?D<;9J?ED

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Hint

�9KJ;�F;H?97H:?J?I ?I�7D ?D<B7CC7J?ED E<�J>; F;H?97H:?KC E<J;D�9>7H79J;H?P;:�8O�I>7HF�IK8IJ;HD7B 9>;IJ


F7?D F;H?97H:?7B�<H?9J?ED�HK8 �7D:�I;H?7B !�# 9>7D=;I�

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Correct Answer

A - Dressler syndrome

Explanation Why

H;IIB;H�IOD:HEC; ?I�7D�7KJE?CCKD;�9ECFB?97J?ED�J>7J�FH;I;DJI�7I F;H?97H:?J?I M;;AI�7<J;H�7


COE97H:?7B�?D<7H9J?ED��0>?I�F7J?;DJ�M?J>EKJ 9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO�:?I;7I; EH�F7IJ COE97H:?7B�?D<7H9J?ED ?I
KDB?A;BO�JE�:;L;BEF�J>?I�JOF;�E< F;H?97H:?J?I�

B - Acute myocardial infarction

Explanation Why

�BJ>EK=>�IK8IJ;HD7B 9>;IJ�F7?D I>EKB:�H7?I;�J>;�9ED9;HD�<EH�79KJ; COE97H:?7B�?D<7H9J?ED �)%� �J>?I


F7J?;DJ�:E;I�DEJ�>7L; H?IA�<79JEHI <EH 9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO�:?I;7I; �;�=� :?78;J;I �JE8799E�KI;��7I?:;�<HEC
<7C?BO�>?IJEHO��"KHJ>;HCEH; 79KJ;�COE97H:?7B�?D<7H9J?ED :E;I�DEJ�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�FEI?J?ED7B 9>;IJ�F7?D
<H?9J?ED�HK8 �EH�DED9EDJ?=KEKI /0�;B;L7J?EDI� )% C7O�97KI; F;H?97H:?J?I M?J>?D��R��:7OI��?�;�
FEIJ�?D<7H9J?ED <?8H?DEKI�F;H?97H:?J?I� �8KJ�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�DE�>?IJEHO�E<�H;9;DJ )%�

C - Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Explanation Why

0K8;H9KBEI?I ?I�J>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�97KI;�E< F;H?97H:?J?I ?D�:;L;BEF?D=�9EKDJH?;I��$EM;L;H


JK8;H9KBEI?I F;H?97H:?J?I ?I�KDB?A;BO�?D�7�F7J?;DJ�M>E�>7I�DE�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�IOCFJECI��9EK=> �M;?=>J
BEII �D?=>J�IM;7JI���"KHJ>;HCEH; �>;�>7I�DE�:;CE=H7F>?9 H?IA�<79JEHI �JH7L;B�JE ;D:;C?9 9EKDJH?;I
MEHA�?D�>EIF?J7BI�DKHI?D=�>EC;I �?D97H9;H7J?ED��DEH�C;:?97B H?IA�<79JEHI �9ED=;D?J7B�EH�79GK?H;:
?CCKDE:;<?9?;D9O��E< JK8;H9KBEI?I�

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D - Systemic lupus erythematosus

Explanation Why

�7H:?EL7I9KB7H�?DLEBL;C;DJ�?I�9ECCED�?D /(! F7J?;DJI �?D9BK:?D= F;H?97H:?J?I 7D: ;D:E97H:?J?I


�(?8C7D�/79AI�� ,;H?97H:?J?I ?D /(! F7J?;DJI�?I�CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�IK89B?D?97B �DEJ;:�EDBO�ED
;9>E97H:?E=H7C��0>?I�F7J?;DJ�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�IOCFJEC7J?9 F;H?97H:?J?I �>7I�DE�I?=DI�E< /(! �7D:�>7I
DE <7C?BO�>?IJEHO E<�7KJE?CCKD;�:?I;7I;�

E - Acute viral infection

Explanation But

%:?EF7J>?9 97I;I�7H;�FH;IKC;:�JE�8;�L?H7B�8;97KI;�J>;�;<<EHJI�JE�9ED<?HC�;J?EBE=O�7H;�DEJ�HEKJ?D;BO
FKHIK;:�:K;�JE�J>;�;NF;DI;I�?DLEBL;: �J>;�?D799;II?8?B?JO�E< F;H?97H:?7B J?IIK;�<BK?: �7D:�J>;�J?C;
:;B7O�7D:�?D799KH79O�E<�L?H7B�IJK:?;I��;= �9KBJKH; ,�. �L?H7B I;HEBE=O �;J9���%D�CEIJ�97I;I �9B?D?97B
C7D7=;C;DJ�?I�DEJ�9>7D=;:�8O�J>;I;�H;IKBJI�

Explanation Why

0>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�97KI;�E<�79KJ; F;H?97H:?J?I ?I ?:?EF7J>?9 �7IIKC;:�L?H7B�;J?EBE=O��<EBBEM;:�8O


97I;I�E<�9ED<?HC;:�L?H7B�;J?EBE=O��0>;�CEIJ�9ECCED�97KI;I�E<�L?H7B F;H?97H:?J?I 7H; 9ENI79A?;L?HKI �
7D: ;9>EL?HKI��EJ>;H�F7J>E=;DI�?D9BK:; >;F7J?J?I L?HKI;I ?D<BK;DP7 L?HKI C;7IB;I L?HKI CKCFI
L?HKI L7H?9;BB7 L?HKI �7D: $%2�

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Question # 26

��FH;L?EKIBO�>;7BJ>O ���O;7H�EB: MEC7D�9EC;I�JE�J>;�F>OI?9?7D�8;97KI;�E<�7 ��CEDJ> >?IJEHO�E<�9>;IJ


F7?D�ED�;N;HJ?ED��/>;�J7A;I�DE�C;:?97J?EDI���7H:?EFKBCED7HO�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I�
�7H:?79�IJH;II�!�#�I>EMI�?D:K9?8B; /0�I;=C;DJ :;FH;II?EDI�?D�J>;�FH;9EH:?7B�B;7:I�J>7J�9E?D9?:;�M?J>
J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�H;FEHJ�E<�9>;IJ�F7?D�7D:�H;IEBL;�KFED�9;II7J?ED�E<�;N;H9?I;��,>7HC79EJ>;H7FO�M?J>
L;H7F7C?B ?I�?D?J?7J;:��0>?I�:HK=�?I�CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�>7L;�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�I;JI�E<�;<<;9JI�

End-diastolic volume Blood pressure Heart rate


Contractility
(EDV) (BP) (HR)

A V V V T

B *E�9>7D=; DE�9>7D=; DE�9>7D=; DE�9>7D=;

C V V V DE�9>7D=;

D V V DE�9>7D=; T

E T V V V

Answer Image

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Answer Image

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Hint

2;H7F7C?B ?I�7 DED:?>O:HEFOH?:?D;�97B9?KC�9>7DD;B�8BE9A;H J>7J�?D>?8?JI 97B9?KC�?ED ;DJHO�?D�L7I9KB7H


ICEEJ>�CKI9B; 7D:�J>; COE97H:?KC :KH?D= :;FEB7H?P7J?ED��0>?I�97KI;I�H;B7N7J?ED�E<�9EHED7HO�L7I9KB7H
ICEEJ>�CKI9B; �9EHED7HO L7IE:?B7J?ED �7D:�IBEMI �2�DE:7B 9ED:K9J?ED�

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Correct Answer

A-A

Explanation Why

0>;I;�9>7D=;I�MEKB:�8;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>;�;<<;9JI�E< D?<;:?F?D; �7 :?>O:HEFOH?:?D;���� 7D:�FEJ;DJ


L7IE:?B7JEH M?J>�C?D?C7B COE97H:?7B :;FH;II7DJ�;<<;9J� 27IE:?B7J?ED :;9H;7I;I IOIJ;C?9�L7I9KB7H
H;I?IJ7D9; 7D:�:;9H;7I;I��, �H;IKBJ?D=�?D�:;9H;7I;: L;DEKI�H;JKHD 7D:�9EDI;GK;DJ�:;9H;7I;�?D ! 2�
0>;�:;9H;7I;�?D��,�97D�97KI;�7 H;<B;N�J79>O97H:?7 �M>?9>�:;9H;7I;I�;@;9J?ED�J?C;�� *?<;:?F?D; 7BIE
97KI;I�9EHED7HO L7IE:?B7J?ED �M>?9>�?CFHEL;I COE97H:?7B ENO=;D7J?ED� *?<;:?F?D; EDBO�>7I�7�C?B:
;<<;9J�ED�97H:?79�9EDJH79J?B?JO�9ECF7H;:�JE DED�:?>O:HEFOH?:?D;����I�

B-B

Explanation Why

0>;I;�9>7D=;I�MEKB:�8;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> H7DEB7P?D; �7D�7DJ?7D=?D7B�:HK=�J>7J�:;9H;7I;I COE97H:?7B


ENO=;D�:;C7D: M?J>EKJ�7BJ;H?D=�J>; >;7HJ�H7J; �9EDJH79J?B?JO �;D:�:?7IJEB?9 LEBKC; �EH�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�
)OE97H:?7B ?I9>;C?7 ?D9H;7I;I�J>;�B7J;�IE:?KC�9KHH;DJ�E<�J>; 97H:?79�79J?ED�FEJ;DJ?7B 7D:�?CF7?HI
COE97H:?7B H;B7N7J?ED� .7DEB7P?D; 8BE9AI�J>;I;�IE:?KC�9>7DD;BI �J>;H;8O�?CFHEL?D= COE97H:?7B
H;B7N7J?ED�7D: F;H<KI?ED �7D:�:;9H;7I?D= )2+� 7D: 7D=?D7B IOCFJECI�

C-C

Explanation Why

0>?I�9EC8?D7J?ED�E<�;<<;9JI�MEKB:�8;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>;�9ED9KHH;DJ�KI;�E<�7 8;J7�8BE9A;H 7D: D?JH7J;


7�9ECCED�9EC8?D7J?ED�KI;:�?D�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E< 7D=?D7� *?JH7J;I 97KI; L7IE:?B7J?ED �L;DEKI��
7HJ;H?7B� �M>?9>�:;9H;7I;I��, �H;IKBJ?D=�?D H;<B;N�J79>O97H:?7��$EM;L;H �J>; 8;J7�8BE9A;H D;KJH7B?P;I
J>?I H;<B;N�J79>O97H:?7 7D:�J>;H;<EH;�7BIE�C?J?=7J;I�IEC;�E<�J>;�:;9H;7I;�?D ! 2 I;;D�M?J> D?JH7J;
KI;� �;J7�8BE9A;HI 97KI;�7�C?B:�:;9H;7I;�?D�97H:?79�9EDJH79J?B?JO �7D:�8EJ>�C;:?97J?EDI�97KI;
9EHED7HO L7IE:?B7J?ED �M>?9>�?D9H;7I;I COE97H:?7B F;H<KI?ED 7D:�:;9H;7I;I 7D=?D7B IOCFJECI�

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D-D

Explanation Why

0>;I;�9>7D=;I�MEKB:�8;�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�J>;�;<<;9JI�E< D?JH7J;I �ED;�E<�J>;�<?HIJ�B?D;�:HK=I�<EH�J>;


JH;7JC;DJ�E< 7D=?D7� *?JH7J;I 97KI; L7IE:?B7J?ED �L;DEKI���7HJ;H?7B� �M>?9>�:;9H;7I;I��,� 27IE:?B7J?ED
B;7:I�JE�:;9H;7I;:�L;DEKI�H;JKHD �M>?9>�:;9H;7I;I�J>; FH;BE7: ! 2 �7D:�L;DJH?9KB7H�M7BB�IJH;II
J>;H;8O�:;9H;7I?D= COE97H:?7B :;C7D:��0>; H;B7J?L;�>OFEJ;DI?ED ?D:K9;:�8O D?JH7J;I B;7:I�JE�7 H;<B;N
J79>O97H:?7 �7D:�:;9H;7I;I L;DJH?9KB7H�;@;9J?ED J?C;�� *?JH7J;I >7L;�DE�;<<;9J�ED�J>;�97H:?79
9EDJH79J?B?JO�

E-E

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Explanation But

�;J7�8BE9A;HI >7L;�J>;�I7C;�;<<;9J�7I L;H7F7C?B 7D:�7H;�7BIE�KI;:�<EH�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E< IJ78B;�7D=?D7�

Explanation Why

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Question # 27

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Opening of the pulmonic valve

Explanation Why

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B - Opening of the mitral valve

Explanation Why

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C - Right atrial relaxation

Explanation Why

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D - Closure of the aortic valve

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Explanation Why

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E - Right ventricular contraction

Explanation Why

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F - Left atrial contraction

Explanation Why

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Question # 28

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Correct Answer

A - 64

Explanation Why

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B - 16

Explanation Why

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C-8

Explanation Why

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D - 128

Explanation Why

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E-4

Explanation Why

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F - 32

Explanation Why

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Question # 29

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Trigeminal

Explanation Why

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FHEN?C?JO�JE�J>; 97HEJ?:�I?DKI�

B - Recurrent laryngeal

Explanation Why

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F7J?;DJ�I ,/20�

C - Facial

Explanation Why

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D - Phrenic

Explanation Why

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JE�:?7=DEI;�EH�H;B?;L;�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I ,/20�

E - Glossopharyngeal

Explanation But

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Explanation Why

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Question # 30

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Correct Answer

A - Slurred upstroke of the QRS complex

Image

Explanation Why

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B - Cyclic alteration of the QRS axis

Image

Explanation Why

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C - Pseudo-right bundle branch block with ST elevation in V1-2

Image

Explanation Why

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D - Epsilon wave following the QRS complex

Explanation Why

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E - Prolongation of the QT interval

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Explanation Why

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F - Positive Sokolow-Lyon index

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Explanation Why

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Question # 31

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Oblique palpebral fissures

Explanation Why

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DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> BED=�-0�IOD:HEC;�

B - Sensorineural hearing loss

Explanation Why

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F7J?;DJ�M?J>�KD7<<;9J;:�F7H;DJI�

C - Skin folds between the mastoid process and acromion

Explanation Why

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D - Brachial-femoral pulse delay

Explanation Why

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E - Subvalvular ventricular outflow obstruction murmur

Explanation Why

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Question # 32

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Pulmonary endothelium

Image

Explanation Why

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B - Liver

Explanation Why

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C - Atria

Explanation Why

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D - Zona glomerulosa

Explanation Why

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E - Juxtaglomerular cells

Explanation Why

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USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

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USMLE i e s Step : https://t.me/USMLE Step

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Question # 33

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors

Explanation Why

�BF>7�� 7:H;D;H=?9�H;9;FJEH 8BE9A7:;�MEKB:�MEHI;D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I 9>;IJ�F7?D 8O�?D9H;7I?D=�J>;�H;B;7I;


E< 97J;9>EB7C?D;I ?D�J>;�FH;IOD7FJ?9 D;KHEDI E<�J>; IOCF7J>;J?9�D;HLEKI�IOIJ;C �,/*/���0>?I �?D
JKHD �?D9H;7I;I�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;��7<J;HBE7:��7D:�MEHABE7:�E<�J>; >;7HJ �M>?9>�?D9H;7I;I COE97H:?7B
ENO=;D�:;C7D: 7D:�9EDIKCFJ?ED���BF>7���8BE9A;HI�>7L;�B?C?J;:�9B?D?97B�7FFB?97J?ED�7D:�7H;�DEJ
KI;:�<EH 9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO�:?I;7I;��%DIJ;7: 7BF>7���7:H;D;H=?9�7=ED?IJI �IK9>�7I 9BED?:?D; �7H;�KI;:�JE
JH;7J >OF;HJ;DI?ED�

B - Angiotensin II receptors

Explanation Why

�D=?EJ;DI?D�%% H;9;FJEH�8BE9A7:;��;�=� �.�I��97KI;I L7IE:?B7J?ED �M>?9>�:;9H;7I;I�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;


7<J;HBE7: �7D:�97H:?79�ENO=;D�:;C7D:�7D:�9EDIKCFJ?ED���BJ>EK=>�J>;I;�:HK=I�7H;�9ECCEDBO�KI;:�?D
F7J?;DJI�FEIJ�)% 7D:�7H;�FHEL;D�JE�:;9H;7I; CEHJ7B?JO�H7J;I �.�I 7H;�DEJ�KI;:�<EH�IOCFJEC7J?9
JH;7JC;DJ�E< IJ78B;�7D=?D7�

C - Aldosterone receptors

Explanation Why

�B:EIJ;HED; H;9;FJEH�8BE9A7:;��;�=� IF?HEDEB79JED; ;FB;H;DED;��:;9H;7I;I�IE:?KC�H;78IEHFJ?ED�7D:


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9ECCEDBO�KI;:�?D �$" 7D:�7H;�FHEL;D�JE�:;9H;7I; CEHJ7B?JO�H7J;I��$EM;L;H 7B:EIJ;HED;�7DJ7=ED?IJI
7H;�DEJ�KI;:�<EH�IOCFJEC7J?9�JH;7JC;DJ�E<�IJ78B; 7D=?D7�

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D - M2 muscarinic receptors

Explanation Why

)� CKI97H?D?9�H;9;FJEH 8BE9A7:;�MEKB:�MEHI;D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I 9>;IJ�F7?D 8O�:;9H;7I?D=


F7H7IOCF7J>;J?9 79J?L?JO�?D�J>; �2�DE:; �M>?9>�?D9H;7I;I >;7HJ�H7J; �97H:?79�MEHABE7: �7D:
COE97H:?7B�ENO=;D�:;C7D: 7D:�9EDIKCFJ?ED� )KI97H?D?9�7DJ7=ED?IJI �;�=� 7JHEF?D;��7H;�<?HIJ�B?D;
7=;DJI�<EH�J>;�JH;7JC;DJ�E<�IOCFJEC7J?9 8H7:O97H:?7 �;�=� J>?H:�:;=H;;��2�8BE9A��

E - Beta-1 adrenergic receptors

Explanation Why

�;J7���7:H;D;H=?9�H;9;FJEH 8BE9A7:;�:;9H;7I;I >;7HJ�H7J; 7D:�97H:?79�9EDJH79J?B?JO��D;=7J?L;


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COE97H:?7B�ENO=;D�:;C7D: �7D:�J>;H;<EH; 7D=?D7B IOCFJECI� �;J7���H;9;FJEH 8BE9A7:;�7BIE
:;9H;7I;I �2�DE:; 9ED:K9J?ED��?D9H;7I;: H;<H79JEHO�F;H?E:� �=?L?D=�:HK=I�J7H=;J?D=�J>?I�H;9;FJEH�7D
7DJ?7HH>OJ>C?9�;<<;9J�

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Question # 34

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:H?DA?D= ��=B7II;I E<�M>?IA;O�;7HB?;H�J>7J�:7O �7<J;H�7�IJH;II<KB�:7O�7J�MEHA���KHH;DJ�C;:?97J?EDI�?D9BK:;
>O:HE9>BEHEJ>?7P?:;�7D:�7JEHL7IJ7J?D��$;�>7I�ICEA;:�ED;�F79A�E<�9?=7H;JJ;I�:7?BO�<EH�J>;�F7IJ ���O;7HI�
$?I�FKBI;�?I�����C?D �7D:�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I �������CC�$=���7H:?EFKBCED7HO�;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI
DEHC7B�>;7HJ�IEKD:I���D�!�#�E8J7?D;:�ED�7HH?L7B�7J�J>;�;C;H=;D9O�:;F7HJC;DJ�I>EMI /0�I;=C;DJ
;B;L7J?EDI ?D�J>;�7DJ;H?EH�B;7:I� ���C?DKJ;I B7J;H �J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�9>;IJ�F7?D�>7I�H;IEBL;:�7D:�7 H;F;7J�!�#
I>EMI�DE�78DEHC7B?J?;I��3>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E<�J>?I
F7J?;DJSI�9>;IJ�F7?D�

Answer Image

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Answer Image

" ,;H?97H:?7B�?D<B7CC7J?ED

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Coronary artery vasospasm

Explanation Why

�EHED7HO�7HJ;HO L7IEIF7IC�?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E< ,H?DPC;J7B�7D=?D7��!F?IE:;I�E<


,H?DPC;J7B�7D=?D7 JOF?97BBO�E99KH�7J�H;IJ��?D�9EDJH7IJ�JE�;N;HJ?ED7B 7D=?D7��7D:�9ECCED�JH?==;HI
?D9BK:;�IJH;II �ICEA?D= �7B9E>EB �:HK=I��;�=� 9E97?D;� �7D: JH?FJ7D KI;��0>;�JH7DI?;DJ�7FF;7H7D9;�E<
7DJ;H?EH /0�I;=C;DJ�;B;L7J?EDI��7I�EFFEI;:�JE�:;FH;II?EDI��7D:�IFEDJ7D;EKI�H;IEBKJ?ED�E<�IOCFJECI
?D�J>;�I;JJ?D=�E<�H;9;DJ�7B9E>EB�KI;�7D:�IJH;II�IKFFEHJ�J>?I�:?7=DEI?I�

B - Coronary artery vasodilation

Explanation Why

�EHED7HO�7HJ;HO L7IE:?B7J?ED :?IJ7B JE�7D�7J>;HEI9B;HEJ?9�IJ;DEI?I�?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�97KI;�E< 9EHED7HO


IJ;7B�IOD:HEC;���BJ>EK=>�J>?I�9ED:?J?ED�7BIE�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�IOCFJECI�E< 7D=?D7 �IOCFJECI�7H;
KIK7BBO�JH?==;H;:�8O L7IE:?B7JEHI �;�=� :?FOH?:7CEB; 7:;DEI?D; �EH >O:H7B7P?D;� �M>?9>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ
:E;I�DEJ�J7A;��)EH;EL;H !�# 9>7D=;I �?<�FH;I;DJ �7BCEIJ�7BM7OI�9EDI?IJ�E< /0�I;=C;DJ�:;FH;II?EDI�

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C - Atherosclerotic coronary artery narrowing

Image

Explanation Why

�J>;HEI9B;HEJ?9�D7HHEM?D=�E<�7 9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO E<�������?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E< IJ78B;


7D=?D7 �M>?9>�?I�JOF?97BBO�9>7H79J;H?P;:�8O�;N;HJ?ED7B 9>;IJ�F7?D J>7J�?CFHEL;I�M?J>�H;IJ��,>OI?97B
;N;HJ?ED�B;7:I�JE�?D9H;7I;: COE97H:?7B :;C7D:�7D:�IK8I;GK;DJ�JH7DI?;DJ�>OFEF;H<KI?ED�E<�J>;
COE97H:?KC �C?IC7J9>�8;JM;;D�ENO=;D�IKFFBO�7D:�:;C7D:����BJ>EK=>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I H?IA�<79JEHI
<EH�7J>;HEI9B;HEJ?9�D7HHEM?D=��;�=� >OF;HJ;DI?ED >OF;HB?F?:;C?7 �ICEA?D=� �>?I�IOCFJECI�7H;
7JOF?97B��9>;IJ�F7?D 7J�H;IJ��7D: /0�I;=C;DJ�:;FH;II?EDI MEKB:�8;�;NF;9J;:�ED !�#�

D - Pulmonary artery occlusion

Explanation Why

,7J?;DJI�M?J> FKBCED7HO�7HJ;HO E99BKI?ED�:K;�JE FKBCED7HO�;C8EB?IC JOF?97BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J> FB;KH?J?9

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9>;IJ�F7?D �H7J>;H�J>7D�J>;�IK8IJ;HD7B F7?D H;FEHJ;:�>;H;��0>;�78I;D9;�E< :OIFD;7 7D:�FHEC?D;DJ H?IA
<79JEHI�<EH�,! �;�=� �H;9;DJ�IKH=;HO �?CCE8?B?JO >OF;H9E7=KB78B;�IJ7J;��?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�7BIE�C7A;
FKBCED7HO�7HJ;HO E99BKI?ED�7D�KDB?A;BO�97KI;�E<�>?I�IOCFJECI��)EH;EL;H !�# <?D:?D=I�7H;�KIK7BBO
DEHC7B�EH�IK==;IJ?L;�E<�H?=>J >;7HJ IJH7?D��;�=� H?=>J�8KD:B;�8H7D9>�8BE9A H?=>J�7N?I�:;L?7J?ED��

E - Atherosclerotic plaque rupture

Explanation Why

�J>;HEI9B;HEJ?9�FB7GK; HKFJKH;�M?J>�IK8I;GK;DJ J>HEC8EI?I 7D:�79KJ;�E99BKI?ED�E<�7 9EHED7HO�7HJ;HO


?I�J>;�KD:;HBO?D=�C;9>7D?IC�E< 9>;IJ�F7?D :K;�JE KDIJ78B;�7D=?D7 7D: COE97H:?7B�?D<7H9J?ED �)%��
1DIJ78B;�7D=?D7 C7O�E99KH�7J�H;IJ�8KJ�9B7II?97BBO�C7D?<;IJI�M?J>�JH7DI?;DJ /0�I;=C;DJ�:;FH;II?EDI ED
!�# �H7J>;H�J>7D�J>; /0�;B;L7J?EDI I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ� )% JOF?97BBO�H;IKBJI�?D /0�;B;L7J?EDI ED !�#
8KJ�MEKB:�DEJ�H;IEBL;�IFEDJ7D;EKIBO�M?J>?D����C?DKJ;I��0>?I�F7J?;DJ�I !�# <?D:?D=I�7D:�H;IEBKJ?ED
E<�IOCFJECI�7H;�?D9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J>�;?J>;H�:?7=DEI?I�7D:�7D 7J>;HEI9B;HEJ?9�FB7GK; HKFJKH;�?I�KDB?A;BO
JE�8;�7�97KI;�E<�>?I�IOCFJECI�

F - Pericardial inflammation

Explanation Why

,;H?97H:?7B ?D<B7CC7J?ED �M>?9>�?I�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9�E< F;H?97H:?J?I �CEIJ�9ECCEDBO�FH;I;DJI�M?J>�I>7HF


FEI?J?ED7B 9>;IJ�F7?D �;�=� �MEHI;�M>;D�B7O?D=�879A�7D:�H;B?;L;:�M>;D�>KD9>;:�<EHM7H:� �7I�EFFEI;:
JE�J>;�IK8IJ;HD7B F7?D H;FEHJ;:�>;H;��)EH;EL;H !�# JOF?97BBO�I>EMI�:?<<KI; /0�I;=C;DJ�;B;L7J?EDI
J>HEK=>EKJ�J>; B?C8�B;7:I 7D: FH;9EH:?7B�B;7:I �2�R2���M?J>�,.�I;=C;DJ�:;FH;II?EDI�

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Question # 35

+D;�:7O�7<J;H�7 �����= ����B8���EP� C7B;�D;M8EHD�?I�:;B?L;H;:�JE�7 ���O;7H�EB: FH?C?=H7L?:�MEC7D �>;


>7I�8BK?I>�:?I9EBEH7J?ED�E<�>?I�B?FI�7D:�<?D=;HD7?BI��+NO=;D�I7JKH7J?ED�ED�HEEC�7?H�?I������!N7C?D7J?ED
I>EMI 9;DJH7B�9O7DEI?I����9EDJ?DKEKI C79>?D;�B?A; CKHCKH�?I�>;7H:�EL;H�J>;�B;<J�KFF;H�IJ;HD7B�8EH:;H���
I?D=B; /��>;7HJ�IEKD: ?I�FH;I;DJ� /KFFB;C;DJ7B�ENO=;D�:E;I�DEJ�?CFHEL;�9O7DEI?I��!9>E97H:?E=H7F>O
I>EMI�J>; FKBCED7HO�7HJ;HO�7H?I?D=�<HEC�J>;�FEIJ;H?EH�B;<J�L;DJH?9B;�7D:�7EHJ7�7H?I?D=�<HEC�J>;�H?=>J
L;DJH?9B; M?J>�79J?L;�8BEE:�<BEM�8;JM;;D�J>;�H?=>J�7D:�B;<J�L;DJH?9B;I��"KHJ>;H�;L7BK7J?ED�E<�J>;�CEJ>;H�?I
CEIJ�B?A;BO�JE�I>EM�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

Answer Image

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Hint

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H?=>J�L;DJH?9B; 9ED<?HCI�J>;�:?7=DEI?I�E< JH7DIFEI?J?ED�E<�J>;�=H;7J�7HJ;H?;I �M>?9>�?I�7D�?CFEHJ7DJ�97KI;
E<�D;ED7J7B 9O7DEI?I J>7J�M?BB�DEJ�?CFHEL;�M?J>�IKFFB;C;DJ7B�ENO=;D��0>;�9EDJ?DKEKI C79>?D;�B?A;
CKHCKH ?D:?97J;I�7�9E;N?IJ;DJ F7J;DJ�:K9JKI�7HJ;H?EIKI �M>?9>�?I�9H?J?97B�<EH�B?<; �7I�?J�7BBEMI�C?N?D=�E<
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Correct Answer

A - Prenatal lithium intake

Explanation Why

,H;D7J7B B?J>?KC ?DJ7A;�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> !8IJ;?D�7DEC7BO �M>?9>�97D�>7L;�7�M?:;�H7D=;�E<�9B?D?97B


FH;I;DJ7J?EDI �?D9BK:?D=�9ED=;D?J7B 9O7DEI?I <HEC H?=>J�JE�B;<J�I>KDJ?D=�� ;F;D:?D=�ED�J>;�I;L;H?JO�E<
J>;�7DEC7BO �J>;�F7J?;DJ�C7O�>7L;�7 >EBEIOIJEB?9�CKHCKH �:K;�JE JH?9KIF?:�H;=KH=?J7J?ED� �7I�>;7H:�?D
J>?I�F7J?;DJ��$EM;L;H ;9>E97H:?E=H7F>O MEKB:�I>EM�H?=>J�I?:;: 97H:?EC;=7BO M?J>�7F?97B
:?IFB79;C;DJ�E<�J>; JH?9KIF?:�L7BL; 7D: JH?9KIF?:�H;=KH=?J7J?ED �DEJ�J>; 0#� I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�

B - Elevated serum TSH

Explanation Why

!B;L7J;:�I;HKC 0/$ B;L;BI�IK==;IJ >OFEJ>OHE?:?IC��/K89B?D?97B�C7J;HD7B >OFEJ>OHE?:?IC C7O


?D9H;7I;�J>;�H?IA�<EH�<KJKH;�9E=D?J?L;�?CF7?HC;DJ �8KJ�?J�?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> 0#��

C - Prenatal alcohol use

Explanation Why

,H;D7J7B�7B9E>EB�9EDIKCFJ?ED�97D�97KI; <;J7B�7B9E>EB�IF;9JHKC�:?IEH:;H� "�/ 97D�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�7


M?:;�H7D=;�E<�97H:?79�78DEHC7B?J?;I �?D9BK:?D= 7JH?7B�I;FJ7B�:;<;9J 2/ �7D:�=H;7J >;7HJ L;II;B
:;<;9JI��$EM;L;H �IJHK9JKH7B >;7HJ :;<;9JI�MEKB:�7BIE�KIK7BBO�FH;I;DJ�M?J>�EJ>;H�CEH;�9>7H79J;H?IJ?9
"�/ <?D:?D=I �IK9>�7I�<79?7B�78DEHC7B?J?;I��I>EHJ F7BF;8H7B�<?IIKH;I �J>?D L;HC?BB?ED�8EH:;H �ICEEJ>
F>?BJHKC��7D:�=HEMJ>�H;J7H:7J?ED�

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D - Prenatal phenytoin intake

Explanation Why

,H;D7J7B F>;DOJE?D ?DJ7A;�?I�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J> <;J7B�>O:7DJE?D�IOD:HEC;���BJ>EK=>�97I;I�E<�9ED=;D?J7B


>;7HJ :;<;9JI�>7L;�8;;D�H;FEHJ;:�M?J>�C7J;HD7B F>;DOJE?D KI; JH7DIFEI?J?ED�E<�J>;�=H;7J�7HJ;H?;I ?I
H7H;��"KHJ>;HCEH; <;J7B�>O:7DJE?D�IOD:HEC; 7BIE�FH;I;DJI�M?J> D7?B >OFEFB7I?7 >OFEFB7I?7 E<�J>;
:?=?JI �7D:�78DEHC7B�<79?7B�<;7JKH;I �M>?9>�7H;�7BB�78I;DJ�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�

E - Positive rapid plasma reagin test

Explanation Why

��FEI?J?L; H7F?:�FB7IC7�H;7=?D�J;IJ IK==;IJI�C7J;HD7B IOF>?B?I �M>?9>�97D�?D<;9J�J>; ?D<7DJ ?D�KJ;HE�


)EIJ�97I;I�E< ;7HBO�9ED=;D?J7B�IOF>?B?I 7H;�7IOCFJEC7J?9�7J 8?HJ> 7D:�:E�DEJ�:;L;BEF�IOCFJECI�KDJ?B
��M;;AI�E<�B?<;��%<�IOCFJEC7J?9�7J 8?HJ> �<?D:?D=I�?D9BK:; >;F7JEIFB;DEC;=7BO @7KD:?9; �D7I7B
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DED;�E<�M>?9>�7H;�FH;I;DJ�?D�J>?I ?D<7DJ� 0H7DIFEI?J?ED�E<�J>;�=H;7J�7HJ;H?;I ?I�DEJ�7IIE9?7J;:�M?J>
9ED=;D?J7B�IOF>?B?I�

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F - Elevated fasting blood glucose

Image

Explanation Why

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)EJ>;HI�M?J>�KDJH;7J;: :?78;J;I M?BB�>7L;�;B;L7J;: <7IJ?D=�8BEE:�=BK9EI; B;L;BI��+J>;H�FEJ;DJ?7B
D;ED7J7B�9ECFB?97J?EDI�<HEC�C7J;HD7B :?78;J;I ?D9BK:; <;J7B C79HEIEC?7 �I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�
FEBO9OJ>;C?7 >OFE=BO9;C?7 >OFE97B9;C?7 �7D: D;ED7J7B�H;IF?H7JEHO�:?IJH;II�IOD:HEC;�

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Question # 36

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0>;�LEBKDJ;;H�?I�7:C?D?IJ;H;:�7�IJ?CKB7DJ�:HK= �7D:�7�IK::;D�?D9H;7I;�?D�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�?I�E8I;HL;:��%J�?I
>OFEJ>;I?P;:�J>7J�J>;�?D9H;7I;�?D�8BEE:�FH;IIKH;�97KI;I IJH;J9>?D=�E<�J>;�7JH?7��%D9H;7I;:�7JH?7B�IJH;J9>
MEKB:�CEIJ�B?A;BO�B;7:�JE�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�9>7D=;I�

Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Increased excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions

Explanation Why

%D9H;7I;:�;N9H;J?ED�E<�FEJ7II?KC�7D:�>O:HE=;D�?EDI�?D�J>; :?IJ7B JK8KB;I 7D: 9EBB;9J?D=�:K9JI E<�J>;


A?:D;O �7I�M;BB�7I�H;78IEHFJ?ED�E<�IE:?KC �7H;�;<<;9JI�E< 7B:EIJ;HED; �DEJ�E< �*,� �B:EIJ;HED; ?I
IJ?CKB7J;:�8O .��/ �?D9H;7I;:�I;HKC�FEJ7II?KC ��0$ �J>; IOCF7J>;J?9�D;HLEKI�IOIJ;C �7D:
:;9H;7I;: C;7D�7HJ;H?7B�FH;IIKH;�

B - Vasodilation and decreased platelet aggregation

Explanation Why

*?JH?9�EN?:; �*+��H;IKBJI�?D L7IE:?B7J?ED 7D:�:;9H;7I;: FB7J;B;J�7==H;=7J?ED��*+�?I�FHE:K9;:�8O


L7I9KB7H ;D:EJ>;B?7B 9;BBI�?D�H;IFEDI;�JE�7�L7H?;JO�E<�JH?==;HI �?D9BK:?D=�L7I9KB7H�?D@KHO�7D: >OFEN?7�
3>?B; �*, :E;I�97KI; L7IE:?B7J?ED �?J�>7I�DE�;<<;9J�ED FB7J;B;J 7==H;=H7J?ED�

C - Decreased reabsorption of sodium

Explanation Why

;9H;7I;:�H;78IEHFJ?ED�E<�IE:?KC�<HEC�J>; :?IJ7B�9EDLEBKJ;:�JK8KB; 7D:�9EHJ?97B 9EBB;9J?D=�:K9J ?I


ED;�E<�J>;�;<<;9JI�E< �*, �M>?9>�H;IFED:I�JE�?D9H;7I;:�7JH?7B�IJH;J9>��;�=� �?D >OF;HJ;DI?ED EH�LEBKC;
EL;HBE7:��8O�?D9H;7I?D= D7JH?KH;I?I 7D:�:?KH;I?I�?D�J>;�8E:O��%D�7::?J?ED�JE�:;9H;7I?D=�IE:?KC
H;78IEHFJ?ED �*, ?D9H;7I;I�IE:?KC�7D:�M7J;H�;N9H;J?ED�8O�?D9H;7I?D=�J>; #". L?7�:?B7J?ED�E<�J>;
7<<;H;DJ�7HJ;H?EB; 7D:�9EDIJH?9J?ED�E<�J>; ;<<;H;DJ�7HJ;H?EB;��(7IJBO �*, ?D>?8?JI H;D?D I;9H;J?ED�7D:
J>;H;8O .��/��0E=;J>;H �J>;I;�9>7D=;I�MEHA�JE�H;:K9;�8BEE:�LEBKC; �8BEE:�FH;IIKH; �7D: 97H:?79
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D - Increased reabsorption of solute-free water

Explanation Why

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I;9H;J;:�?<�J>;�8E:O�:;J;9JI�?D9H;7I;:�FB7IC7 EICEB7B?JO EH�:;9H;7I;:�7HJ;H?7B�8BEE:�LEBKC;�

E - Vasoconstriction and stimulation of thirst

Image

Explanation Why

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H;78IEHFJ?ED �7H;�IJ?CKB7J;:�8O .��/ �DEJ�E< �*,� .��/ ?I�79J?L7J;:�?D�H;IFEDI;�JE�:;9H;7I;:
=BEC;HKB7H F;H<KI?ED 7D:�8O�J>;�H;D7B IOCF7J>;J?9�D;HLEKI�IOIJ;C 7D:�?I�79JK7BBO�?D>?8?J;:�8O �*,�

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Question # 37

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I>EMI�7 ��9C MEKD:�EL;HBO?D=�7 FKBI7J?B;�C7II ED�J>;�B;<J�7DJ;H?EH�J>?=> ��9C 8;BEM�J>;�?D=K?D7B
9H;7I;��� J>H?BB�?I�F7BF7J;: �7D:�7�8HK?J�?I�>;7H:�EL;H�J>?I�7H;7��,;H?F>;H7B�FKBI;I�7H;�DEHC7B�8?B7J;H7BBO�
0>;�F7J?;DJ�?I�7J�=H;7J;IJ�H?IA�<EH�M>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�

Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Pudendal nerve compression

Explanation Why

0>; 7D;KHOIC7B :?B7J?ED�E<�7D 7HJ;H?EL;DEKI�<?IJKB7 ?D�J>; 7DJ;H?EH J>?=>���9C�8;BEM�J>;�?D=K?D7B


9H;7I;�97D�H;IKBJ�?D�9ECFH;II?ED�E<�IKHHEKD:?D=�IJHK9JKH;I��$EM;L;H FK:;D:7B�D;HL; 9ECFH;II?ED�?I
KDB?A;BO�=?L;D�J>;�BE97J?ED�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�?D@KHO�

B - High-output cardiac failure

Explanation Why

$?=>�EKJFKJ�97H:?79�<7?BKH; 97D�E99KH�<EBBEM?D=�J>;�<EHC7J?ED�E<�7�JH7KC7J?9 7HJ;H?EL;DEKI�<?IJKB7


:K;�JE�J>;�I>KDJ?D=�E<�8BEE:�<HEC�J>;�7HJ;H?7B�>?=>�FH;IIKH;�IOIJ;C�JE�J>;�L;DEKI�BEM�FH;IIKH;
IOIJ;C���I�7�H;IKBJ�E<�J>?I�I>KDJ IOIJ;C?9�L7I9KB7H�H;I?IJ7D9; :;9H;7I;I �M>?9> �?D�JKHD �H;IKBJI�?D�7D
?D9H;7I;: >;7HJ�H7J; IJHEA;�LEBKC; �7D: 97H:?79�EKJFKJ��$EM;L;H �:;IF?J;�?D9H;7I;: 97H:?79�EKJFKJ
BEM IOIJ;C?9�L7I9KB7H�H;I?IJ7D9; H;IKBJI�?D�7HJ;H?7B�KD:;H<?BB?D= �:;9H;7I;:�H;D7B F;H<KI?ED �7D:
H;J;DJ?ED�E<�I7BJ�7D:�M7J;H �M>?9>�B;7:I�JE�LEBKC;�EL;HBE7:�7D: >;7HJ�<7?BKH;�

C - Pulmonary embolism

Explanation Why

�BJ>EK=>�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�>7I�7D�?D9H;7I;:�H?IA�E<�J>HEC8KI :;L;BEFC;DJ�7J�J>;�I?J;�E<�7D 7HJ;H?EL;DEKI


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MEKB:�JH7L;B�:?IJ7BBO�?DJE�J>;�7<<;9J;: L;?D 7I�7�H;IKBJ�E<�J>;�H;L;HI;�8BEE:�<BEM�97KI;:�8O�J>;
FH;IIKH;�:?<<;H;DJ?7B�<HEC�J>;�7HJ;H?7B�JE�L;DEKI�IOIJ;CI�

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D - Iliac artery aneurysm

Explanation Why

.?IA�<79JEHI <EH�J>;�:;L;BEFC;DJ�E<�7D ?B?79�7HJ;HO�7D;KHOIC ?D9BK:; 9EDD;9J?L;�J?IIK;�:?IEH:;HI


EB:;H�7=; �>?IJEHO�E<�ICEA?D= >OF;HJ;DI?ED �7D: 7J>;HEI9B;HEI?I��0>;�C;9>7D?IC�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I
?D@KHO�9EKB:�9ECFHEC?I;�J>;�L7I9KB7H�?DJ;=H?JO�7J�J>;�B;L;B�E<�J>;�?D@KHO�8KJ�?I�KDB?A;BO�JE�7<<;9J�J>;
?B?79�7HJ;HO =?L;D�>EM :?IJ7B J>;�MEKD:�?I�

E - Femoral head necrosis

Explanation Why

+IJ;ED;9HEI?I�E<�J>;�<;CEH7B�>;7: 97D�H;IKBJ�<HEC�JH7KC7�JE�J>; C;:?7B�9?H9KC<B;N�<;CEH7B�7HJ;HO


�;�=� �<HEC <;CEH7B�>;7:�<H79JKH; EH B7J;H7B EH C;:?7B <;CEH7B�D;9A�<H79JKH; �;IF;9?7BBO�M?J>
:?IBE97J?ED���$EM;L;H �7�IJ78�MEKD:�?D�J>; 7DJ;H?EH J>?=>�?I�KDB?A;BO�JE�7<<;9J�J>; C;:?7B�9?H9KC<B;N
<;CEH7B�7HJ;HO�

F - Erectile dysfunction

Explanation Why

!H;9J?B;�:OI<KD9J?ED 9EKB:�H;IKBJ�<HEC�7D�KDJH;7J;: 7HJ;H?EL;DEKI�<?IJKB7 E<�J>; ?DJ;HD7B�FK:;D:7B


7HJ;HO �M>?9>�=?L;I�H?I;�JE�J>; :;;F�7HJ;HO�E<�J>;�F;D?I��$EM;L;H �J>;�I?J;�E<�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I�?D@KHO�?I�DEJ
D;7H�J>; ?DJ;HD7B�FK:;D:7B�7HJ;HO�

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Question # 38

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!N7C?D7J?ED�E<�J>;�BEM;H�;NJH;C?J?;I�I>EMI 8?B7J;H7B�F?JJ?D=�F;:7B�7D:�7DAB;�;:;C7���7H:?79
;N7C?D7J?ED�I>EMI�7 M?:;BO�IFB?J�/� J>7J�L7H?;I�M?J>�H;IF?H7J?ED���D�!�#�I>EMI H?=>J�8KD:B;�8H7D9>
8BE9A��3>?9>�E<�J>;�<EBBEM?D=�?I�J>;�CEIJ�B?A;BO�;J?EBE=O�E<�J>;�F7J?;DJ�I�BEM;H�;NJH;C?JO�;:;C7�

Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Localized lymphatic obstruction

Explanation Why

,7J?;DJI�M>E�>7L;�KD:;H=ED; BOCF>�DE:; H;CEL7B H7:?7J?ED�J>;H7FO �EH�>7L;�7�>?IJEHO�E<�97D9;H�7H;


7J�H?IA�<EH ;:;C7 97KI;:�8O�BOCF>7J?9�E8IJHK9J?ED��?�;� BOCF>;:;C7���0>?I�JOF;�E< ;:;C7 ?I
=;D;H7BBO�DEJ�F?JJ?D=�7D:�MEKB:�DEJ�;NFB7?D�J>; I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ��$;H ;:;C7
I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> �7D: F>OI?97B�;N7C?D7J?ED <?D:?D=I�7H;�?DIJ;7:�H;B7J;:�JE >;7HJ�<7?BKH;�

B - Dermal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans

Explanation Why

)ON;:;C7 �7�IF;9?<?9�JOF;�E< ;:;C7 J>7J�C7D?<;IJI�?D�7�IC7BB�FEHJ?ED�E<�F7J?;DJI�M?J> #H7L;I�:?I;7I;


EH�I;L;H; >OFEJ>OHE?:?IC �?I�97KI;:�8O�J>; :;HC7B 799KCKB7J?ED�E< =BO9EI7C?DE=BO97DI���BJ>EK=>
J>?I�F7J?;DJ�I ;:;C7 ?I�?D�J>;�BEM;H�;NJH;C?J?;I �M>?9>�?I�I?C?B7H�JE CON;:;C7 �I>;�>7I�DE�I?=DI�E<
J>OHE?: :OI<KD9J?ED��;�=� �J;CF;H7JKH;�?DJEB;H7D9; �M;?=>J�9>7D=;I 9EDIJ?F7J?ED�:?7HH>;7��

C - Thrombus formation in a deep vein

Explanation But

0>;�<EHC7J?ED�E<�7 FKBCED7HO�;C8EB?IC <HEC�7 20 9EKB:�7BIE�97KI; I>EHJD;II�E<�8H;7J> �7BJ>EK=>


J>;�FH;I;DJ7J?ED�?I�JOF?97BBO�79KJ;H�J>7D�I;;D�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ�

Explanation Why

;;F�L;DEKI�J>HEC8EI?I 97D�97KI;�:;9H;7I;:�L;DEKI�:H7?D7=;�7D: ;:;C7 ?D�J>;�7<<;9J;:�;NJH;C?JO�


$EM;L;H �J>?I�MEC7D�I�8?B7J;H7B�BEM;H�;NJH;C?JO ;:;C7 MEKB:�>7L;�JE�8;�97KI;:�8O�8?B7J;H7B
J>HEC8EI;I �M>?9>�?I�L;HO�H7H;�

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D - Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Explanation But

.;:K9;: 97H:?79�EKJFKJ 7BIE�79J?L7J;I .��/ �B;7:?D=�JE�7�I;9ED:�C;9>7D?IC�<EH ;:;C7 <EHC7J?ED�?D


F7J?;DJI�M?J> 9ED=;IJ?L;�>;7HJ�<7?BKH;��H;D7B�IE:?KC�7D:�M7J;H�H;J;DJ?ED�

Explanation Why

%D9H;7I;: 97F?BB7HO >O:HEIJ7J?9�FH;IIKH; E99KHI�?D H?=>J�I?:;:�>;7HJ�<7?BKH; ?D�M>?9>�H;:K9;: H?=>J


L;DJH?9KB7H EKJFKJ�B;7:I�JE�IOIJ;C?9�L;DEKI�9ED=;IJ?ED��2;DEKI�9ED=;IJ?ED�?D9H;7I;I�J>; 97F?BB7HO
>O:HEIJ7J?9�FH;IIKH; �7BJ;H?D=�J>;�F>OI?EBE=?97B /J7HB?D=�<EH9;I JE�97KI;�<BK?:�B;7A7=;�?DJE�J>;
?DJ;HIJ?J?KC 7D: ;:;C7�

E - Decreased plasma oncotic pressure

Explanation Why

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Question # 39

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Correct Answer

A - Cold skin due to loss of intravascular fluid volume

Explanation Why

(EII�E< ?DJH7L7I9KB7H <BK?:�LEBKC;�?I�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> >OFELEB;C?9�I>E9A��%D >OFELEB;C?9�I>E9A �J>;


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�BJ>EK=> /2. ?I�?D9H;7I;:�?D�J>?I�F7J?;DJ �>;H ,�3, ?I�?D9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> >OFELEB;C?9�I>E9A�
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:;FB;J?ED�

B - Bradycardia due to neurologic dysfunction

Explanation Why

�H7:O97H:?7 :K;�JE�D;KHEBE=?9�:OI<KD9J?ED�?I�9EDI?IJ;DJ�M?J> ?D9H;7I;:�?DJH79H7D?7B�FH;IIKH;


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C - Bronchospasm due to excessive histamine release

Explanation Why

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D - Mottled skin due to release of endotoxins

Explanation Why

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L;DJH?9KB7H FH;BE7: 97KI;:�FEEB?D=�E<�8BEE:�?D�F;H?F>;H7B�9?H9KB7J?ED��

E - Confusion due to decreased stroke volume

Explanation Why

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Question # 40

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Correct Answer

A-A

Explanation Why

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B-B

Explanation Why

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C-C

Explanation Why

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D-D

Explanation Why

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E-E

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Explanation Why

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Question # 1

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Correct Answer

A - Myxomatous degeneration

Explanation Why

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B - Antibody cross-reaction

Explanation Why

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C - Sterile platelet thrombi deposition

Explanation Why

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D - Leaflet calcification and fibrosis

Explanation Why

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E - Coagulative necrosis

Explanation Why

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F - Fibrin clot formation

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Question # 2

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Correct Answer

A - Asymmetric hypertrophy of the septum

Explanation Why

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B - Fibrinoid necrosis of the mitral valve

Explanation Why

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C - Eccentric dilatation of the left ventricle

Explanation Why

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D - Calcification of the aortic valve

Explanation Why

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31>�45F5<?@�31<39693 �+ ?>5�?B�DG?�453145C�51B<95B�D81>�D8?C5�G9D8�1�>?B=1<��DB93EC@94��F1<F5��D89C
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E - Dilation of the aortic root

Explanation Why

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CD5B>1<�2?B45B��9>�3?>DB1CD�D?�D85 CICD?<93�5:53D9?> =EB=EB C55>�85B5���EBD85B=?B5��D89C�@1D95>D�C
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Question # 3

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Answer Image

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Answer Image

� �?BD93�F1<F5�CD5>?C9C

,B93EC@94�F1<F5�CD5>?C9C

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Aortic valve regurgitation

Image

Explanation Why

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B - Mitral valve prolapse

Image

Explanation Why

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9>D5B3?CD1<�C@135 1D�D85 =943<1F93E<1B�<9>5 1C�1�=94�CICD?<93 8978�6B5AE5>3I�3<93;�

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C - Pulmonary valve stenosis

Image

Explanation Why

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D - Mitral valve stenosis

Image

Explanation Why

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E - Mitral valve regurgitation

Image

Explanation Why

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C@135��9>�3?>DB1CD�D?�D89C�@1D95>D�C 491CD?<93 =EB=EB�

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F - Aortic valve stenosis

Image

Explanation Why

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G - Tricuspid valve stenosis

Image

Explanation Why

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Question # 4

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Increased heart rate

Explanation Why

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41=175�D?�=E<D9@<5�?B71>�CICD5=C�

B - Increased production of lactic acid

Explanation Why

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D9CCE5C�

C - Decreased urine output

Explanation Why

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3<1CC�""�?6 85=?BB81793�C8?3; 1>4��D85B56?B5��G?E<4�>?D�25�D85�69BCD�?>5�D?�?33EB�9>�D89C�@1D95>D�

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D - Increased firing of chemoreceptors

Explanation Why

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1394 @B?4E3D9?>���,85�385=?B535@D?B�B56<5H�1E7=5>DC�D85 21B?B535@D?B�B56<5H 9>�13D9F1D9>7�D85
CI=@1D85D93�>5BF?EC�CICD5=��!?G5F5B��D89C�?33EBC�9>�D85�<1D5B�@81C5C�?6 C8?3;��9D�9C�>?D�D85�69BCD
@8IC9?<?793�B5C@?>C5�

E - Increased capillary refill time

Explanation Why

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C;9> 1>4�D85 >19<C 1B5�>?D�DI@931<<I�9>F?<F54�E>D9<�3<1CC�""�?6 85=?BB81793�C8?3;��,85B56?B5��9>3B51C54
31@9<<1BI�B569<<�D9=5 9C�>?D�D85�69BCD�@8IC9?<?793�B5C@?>C5�D?�?33EB�9>�D89C�@1D95>D�

F - Decreased systolic blood pressure

Explanation Why

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C8?3;���D85�3?=@5>C1D?BI�=5381>9C=C�1B5�?F5BG85<=54�2I 8I@?F?<5=91��1>4�D85 CICD?<93 2<??4
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G - Increased respiratory rate

Explanation Why

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Question # 5

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Aortic regurgitation

Explanation Why

�?BD93�B57EB79D1D9?> 31EC5C�213;6<?G�?6�2<??4�9>D?�D85 <56D�F5>DB93<5 4EB9>7 491CD?<5��B5CE<D9>7�9>�1>


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C@5396931<<I�D85�1449D9?>�?6 C1B3?=5B5C 9>�C5B95C��,89C�B5CE<DC�9>�5335>DB93��>?D�3?>35>DB93�
8I@5BDB?@8I��5F5>DE1<<I�<5149>7�D? 49<1D54�31B49?=I?@1D8I�

B - Chronic heavy drinking

Explanation Why

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F5>DB93E<1B 8I@5BDB?@8I��>?D�D85�3?>35>DB93�F5>DB93E<1B 8I@5BDB?@8I C55>�9>�D89C�@1D95>D��,85
@1D8?75>5C9C�?6�1<3?8?<�9>4E354 31B49?=I?@1D8I 9C�>?D�5>D9B5<I�E>45BCD??4��2ED�9D�?33EBC�9>�@1BD�4E5
D?�D85�49B53D�D?H93�56653DC�?6�1<3?8?<�1>4�9DC�=5D12?<9D5C��5�7���135D1<458I45��?> =I?3ID5C�

C - Myocardial ischemia

Explanation Why

%I?31B491< 9C385=91 9C�D85�31EC5�?6 9C385=93�31B49?=I?@1D8I��G8938�B5CE<DC�9>�D85�B5@<135=5>D�?6


D85 =I?3ID5C G9D8 C31B D9CCE5��,85�<13;�?6�3?>DB13D9<5�D9CCE5�9> =I?31B491< 692B?C9C 31EC5C�1 CICD?<93
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3?=@5>C1D5�6?B�D85�B54E354�����F91�D85 �B1>;�+D1B<9>7�=5381>9C=���G8938�B5CE<DC�9> C1B3?=5B5C
259>7�4E@<931D54�9>�C5B95C�1>4�5335>DB93�F5>DB93E<1B 8I@5BDB?@8I�

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D - Chronic hypertension

Image

Explanation But

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31B49?=I?@1D8I�

Explanation Why

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E - Hemochromatosis

Explanation Why

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45@?C9D9?>�9> 31B4913�=EC3<5���C�D85�49C51C5�@B?7B5CC5C� CICD?<93�4IC6E>3D9?> ?33EBC��G8938�<514C�D?
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B5CE<D�9>�3?>35>DB93�F5>DB93E<1B 8I@5BDB?@8I�

F - Sarcoidosis

Explanation Why

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?>�D85�457B55�?6 =I?31B491< 7B1>E<?=1D?EC�9>69<DB1D9?>���1B4913 C1B3?94?C9C 9C�=?CD�3?==?><I
1CI=@D?=1D93�2ED�31>�1<C?�B5CE<D�9> 1BB8ID8=91C 1>4�3?>4E3D9?>�45653DC���1B4913 C1B3?94?C9C 4?5C�>?D
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Question # 6

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Anterior tibial vein to popliteal vein

Explanation Why

.5>?EC�2<??4�6<?G9>7�6B?=�D85 1>D5B9?B D9291< F59> D?�D85 @?@<9D51<�F59> 9>4931D5C�>?B=1<�2<??4�6<?G


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B - Popliteal vein to small saphenous vein

Image

Explanation Why

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C - Femoral vein to external iliac vein

Explanation Why

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B5DB?7B145�2<??4�6<?G��?B�F5>?EC�B56<EH�6B?=�D85 455@�F59>C 9>D?�D85 CE@5B69391<�F59>C�

D - Great saphenous vein to femoral vein

Explanation Why

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2<??4�6<?G��?B�F5>?EC�B56<EH�6B?=�D85 455@�F59>C 9>D?�D85 CE@5B69391<�F59>C�

E - Dorsal venous arch to great saphenous vein

Explanation Why

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4?BC1< F5>?EC�1B38��B5C@53D9F5<I��,85B56?B5��2<??4�>?B=1<<I�6<?GC�6B?=�D85 4?BC1< F5>?EC�1B38�D?�D85
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Question # 7

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Increased IL-6 serum concentration

Explanation But

�1B4913�=IH?=1C 1B5�D85�=?CD�3?==?>�@B9=1BI DE=?B ?6�D85 851BD�

Explanation Why

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B5C53D9?>�

B - Increased S100 protein serum concentration

Explanation Why

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538?31B49?7B1@8I 1>4 29?@CI 69>49>7C�9>4931D5C 31B4913�=IH?=1��1�@B9=1BI�31B4913 DE=?B�

C - Axillary lymphadenopathy

Explanation Why

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D - Malignant pleural effusion

Explanation Why

%1<97>1>D�@<5EB1<�566EC9?> ?33EBC�G9D8�C5F5B1<�31>35BC��5�7�� <E>7�31>35B� 2B51CD�31>35B���C?=5�?6


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1B5�3?>C9CD5>D�G9D8 31B4913�=IH?=1��G8938�9C�DI@931<<I�25>97>���EBD85B=?B5��=1<97>1>D�@E<=?>1BI
566EC9?>�DI@931<<I�=1>965CDC�E>9<1D5B1<<I��D89C�@1D95>D�C�29<1D5B1<�@E<=?>1BI B1<5C 1B5�=?B5�<9;5<I�4E5
D? <56D�1DB9E= ?2CDBE3D9?>�1>4�B5CE<D1>D @E<=?>1BI�545=1�

E - Ash-leaf skin lesions

Explanation Why

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Question # 8

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Fibromuscular dysplasia

Image

Explanation But

�%� 9C�DB51D54�G9D8 1>D98I@5BD5>C9F5C �5�7�� ����9>8929D?BC�� 1>D9@<1D5<5D�4BE7C 6?B CDB?;5 @B5F5>D9?>�


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Explanation Why

�92B?=EC3E<1B�4IC@<1C91 ��%���9C�1> 949?@1D893��>?>9>6<1==1D?BI��>?>1D85B?C3<5B?D93


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�1>5EBIC=C��?6�=549E=�C9J54 1BD5B95C �<5149>7�D?�1�MCDB9>7�?6�2514CN�1@@51B1>35�?> 1>79?7B1@8I��
2?D8�?6�G8938�31>�<514�D?�D9CCE5 9C385=91��,85�=?CD�6B5AE5>D<I�16653D54 1BD5B95C 1B5�D85 9>D5B>1<
31B?D94 1>4��=94�?B 49CD1<� B5>1<�1BD5B95C��<5149>7�D?�651DEB5C�?6 35B52B?F1C3E<1B��%� �5�7��
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B - Polyarteritis nodosa

Explanation Why

(?<I1BD5B9D9C�>?4?C1 �(�&��9C�1�C=1<<�1>4 =549E=�C9J54�F5CC5<�F1C3E<9D9C D81D�B5CE<DC�9>�D9CCE5


9C385=91 1>4�31>�9>F?<F5�2?D8�D85 ;94>5IC 1>4�D85�>5BF?EC�CICD5=� (�& =1I�1<C?�=1>965CD�G9D8
CI=@D?=C�CE38�1C 8I@5BD5>C9?>��B5>1< 1DB?@8I� 85141385C��1>4 DB1>C95>D�9C385=93�1DD13;C��1C�C55>�9>
D89C�@1D95>D��!?G5F5B� (�& ECE1<<I�=1>965CDC�G9D8�651DEB5C�?6�CICD5=93�49C51C5��5�7�� 65F5B��61D97E5�
G5978D�<?CC� 1BD8B1<791��1C�G5<<�1C�1449D9?>1<�CI=@D?=C�45@5>49>7�?>�D85�?B71>C�9>F?<F54��5�7��
@?<I>5EB?@1D8I� C;9> <5C9?>C��124?=9>1< @19>���>?>5�?6�G8938�1B5�@B5C5>D�85B5��%?B5?F5B� (�& =?CD
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C - Atherosclerotic plaques

Explanation Why

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9C385=93�1DD13;C��,89C�@1D95>D�C����@13;�I51B C=?;9>7�89CD?BI�9>3B51C5C�85B�B9C;�?6�45F5<?@9>7
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9>F?<F5=5>D�C55>�85B5�

D - Congenital renal hypoplasia

Explanation Why

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E>9<1D5B1< B5>1<�8I@?@<1C91 9C�ECE1<<I�1CI=@D?=1D93�1>4�G?E<4�>?D�5H@<19>�D89C�@1D95>D�C�>5EB?<?7931<
CI=@D?=C��%?B5?F5B� 1>79?7B1@8I G?E<4�C8?G�1�@B?@?BD9?>1<<I�C=1<< B5>1<�1BD5BI 1>4�1BD5B91<
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E - Systemic lupus erythematosus

Explanation Why

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6?B CICD5=93�<E@EC�5BID85=1D?CEC �+$����!?G5F5B��9>�D85�12C5>35�?6 1>D9@8?C@8?<9@94�CI>4B?=5�
+$� 4?5C�>?D��DI@931<<I��=1>965CD�G9D8 B5>1<�1BD5BI�CD5>?C9C��%?B5?F5B��D89C�@1D95>D�<13;C�?D85B
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Question # 9

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Atherosclerotic narrowing of the artery

Explanation Why

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9C385=91� �3ED5�<9=2�9C385=91 G?E<4�?><I�?33EB�96�D85 1D85B?C3<5B?D93�@<1AE5 BE@DEB54��31EC9>7
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49125D5C�=5<<9DEC� 8I@5BD5>C9?>� 4IC<9@945=91��C=?;9>7��14F1>354�175��

B - Arterial vasospasm

Explanation Why

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C - Atheroembolism

Explanation Why

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D - Arterial embolism

Explanation Why

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1>5EBIC=��B5CE<DC�9>�D85 6?B=1D9?>�?6�D8B?=29��G8938�31>�5=2?<9J5�9>D?�D85 CICD5=93�39B3E<1D9?>�
D85B52I�?33<E49>7�D85�@5B9@85B1< 1BD5B95C��'D85B�3?==?>�31EC5C�?6 13ED5�<9=2�9C385=91 9>3<E45
D8B?=2?C9C ?6�1�@B5F9?EC<I�@1D5>D 1BD5BI��49CC53D9?>��DB1E=1��1>4 CD5>D ?B�7B16D�?33<EC9?>�

E - Popliteal artery aneurysm

Explanation Why

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@?@<9D51< @E<C5�

F - Venous thrombosis

Explanation But

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C35>1B9?C�1B5�5HDB5=5<I�B1B5�

Explanation Why

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Question # 10

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Correct Answer

A - Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)

Explanation Why

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B5C@?>C92<5�6?B�D89C�@1D95>D�C 3?B?>1BI�1>79?7B1@8I 69>49>7�

B - Leukotriene D4 (LTD4)

Explanation Why

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C - Nitric oxide (NO)

Explanation Why

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F5CC5<C��4E5�D?�F1C3E<1B C=??D8�=EC3<5 B5<1H1D9?>��1>4�9>8929DC @<1D5<5D�177B571D9?>��&'�4?5C�>?D
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D - Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

Explanation Why

(B?CD17<1>49>��� �( ����31>�25�@B?4E354�2I�13D9F1D54 @<1D5<5DC��2ED ( �� 81C�1�F1B912<5�56653D�?>


@<1D5<5D�177B571D9?> �1>�9>8929D?BI�56653D�1D�8978�3?>35>DB1D9?>C�1>4�1�@?D5>D91D9>7�56653D�1D�<?G
3?>35>DB1D9?>C���">�1449D9?>� ( �� 31EC5C F1C?49<1D9?> �4E5�D?�F1C3E<1B C=??D8�=EC3<5 B5<1H1D9?>��
,89C�@1D95>D�C 1>79?7B1@8I 69>49>7C�1B5�D85�B5CE<D�?6 D8B?=2?C9C 1>4�3?>CDB93D9?>�?6�1�3?B?>1BI�F5CC5<�
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E - Adenosine

Explanation Why

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F - Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Image

Explanation Why

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F1C?3?>CDB93D9?>��1>4�D85�13D9F1D9?>�?6�>5G @<1D5<5DC��,85 1B13894?>93�1394 @1D8G1I�9C�B5C@?>C92<5�6?B
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G - Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Explanation Why

(B?CD13I3<9> "� �( "���9C�@B9=1B9<I�@B?4E354�2I 5>4?D85<91< 35<<C��>?D @<1D5<5DC� ( "� 9>8929DC @<1D5<5D


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D8B?=2?C9C 1>4 F1C?3?>CDB93D9?>��G8938�1B5�B5C@?>C92<5�6?B�D89C�@1D95>D�C 3?B?>1BI�1>79?7B1@8I
69>49>7C�

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Question # 11

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - Tricuspid valve opening

Explanation Why

,B93EC@94�F1<F5 ?@5>9>7�31>�25�16653D54�9>�@1D95>DC�G9D8 B85E=1D93�851BD�49C51C5 1C�1�B5CE<D�?6


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B - Mitral valve closure

Image

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Explanation But

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9>3B51C5C�1>4�31EC5C�D85 ?@5>9>7�C>1@ D?�?33EB�51B<95B�9>�D85 31B4913�3I3<5��"6 1DB91<�692B9<<1D9?>
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Explanation Why

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@B5CCEB5�5H3554C�1DB91<�@B5CCEB5��+� 9C�25CD�851B4�9>�D85��D8 <56D 9>D5B3?CD1<�C@135 9>�D85 =943<1F93E<1B
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C - Aortic valve closure

Image

Explanation Why

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75>5B1D5C�D85��� 3?=@?>5>D�?6�+���1>4�@1D95>DC�G9D8 1?BD93�CD5>?C9C G?E<4�DI@931<<I�81F5�1�C?6D�+�
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D - Atrial contraction

Image

Explanation Why

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USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

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E - Pulmonary valve opening

Image

Explanation Why

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F - Ventricular filling

Image

Explanation Why

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Question # 12

� ���I51B�?<4 =1>�3?=5C�D?�D85�@8IC9391>�2531EC5�?6�B53EBB5>D�@1<@9D1D9?>C�?F5B�D85�@1CD ��=?>D8C��!5


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1>4�81C�>?D�814�B57E<1B�=54931< 6?<<?G�E@ 5H1=9>1D9?>C�C9>35��(8IC931<�5H1=9>1D9?>�C8?GC�1�851BD
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Oxygen saturation (%) Pressure (mm Hg)

Right atrium �� �

Right ventricle �� �� �

Pulmonary trunk �� �� ��

Left atrium �� ��

Left ventricle �� ��� ��

Ascending Aorta �� ��� ��

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Answer Image

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Answer Image

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Answer Image

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Correct Answer

A - Mitral stenosis

Image

Explanation Why

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B - Mitral regurgitation

Image

Explanation Why

%9DB1<�B57EB79D1D9?> 31>�31EC5�1 =EB=EB �8?<?CICD?<93�=EB=EB�� @1<@9D1D9?>C��1>4�>?B=1< ?HI75>


C1DEB1D9?>��1C�C55>�85B5��!?G5F5B��38B?>93 =9DB1<�B57EB79D1D9?> 9>3B51C5C�<56D�1DB91<�@B5CCEB5��&��
�L���==�!7���E><9;5�D85�>?B=1<�<56D�1DB91<�@B5CCEB5�C55>�85B5��%?B5?F5B� =9DB1<�B57EB79D1D9?> 4?5C
>?D�5H@<19>�D89C�@1D95>D�C�9>3B51C54�1?BD93�?B <56D�F5>DB93E<1B @B5CCEB5�

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C - Aortic valve regurgitation

Image

Explanation But

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3?==?>�31EC5C�?6 1?BD93�9>CE669395>3I 1>4�31>�<514�D?�CI=@D?=C�CE38�1C @1<@9D1D9?>C�

Explanation Why

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<56D�F5>DB93<5 �&����L���==�!7���,89C�B57EB79D1>D�2<??4�3?=29>5C�G9D8�2<??4�6B?=�D85 <56D�1DB9E= D?
69<<�D85 <56D�F5>DB93<5��G8938�B5CE<DC�9>�1>�9>3B51C54 @B5<?14 1>4�1�CE2C5AE5>D�9>3B51C5�9> CDB?;5
F?<E=5���C�1�B5CE<D��D85 CICD?<93 @B5CCEB5�9>�2?D8�D85 1C35>49>7�1?BD1 �&�����L����==�!7��1>4�9>�D85
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>?B=1<�9> 1?BD93�B57EB79D1D9?>��"6�<56D�E>DB51D54��D89C�3?>49D9?>�<514C�D? 5335>DB93�8I@5BDB?@8I ?6�D85
<56D�F5>DB93<5 1>4 <56D�851BD�619<EB5�

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D - Ventricular septal defect

Image

Explanation Why

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F5>DB93E<1B ?HI75>�C1DEB1D9?> �&�����L�����4E5�D?�D85�C8E>D9>7�?6�?HI75>�B938�2<??4�6B?=�D85 <56D
F5>DB93<5 D?�D85 B978D�F5>DB93<5��E><9;5�D85�>?B=1< B978D�F5>DB93E<1B @B5CCEB5�1>4 ?HI75>�C1DEB1D9?>
C55>�85B5��%?B5?F5B� .+� G?E<4�>?D�5H@<19>�D89C�@1D95>D�C�9>3B51C54�1?BD93�1>4 <56D�F5>DB93E<1B
@B5CCEB5C�

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E - Aortic stenosis

Image

Explanation Why

�?BD93�CD5>?C9C 31>�31EC5�1 851BD�=EB=EB �3B5C35>4?�453B5C35>4? CICD?<93 =EB=EB�� @1<@9D1D9?>C�


>?B=1< ?HI75>�C1DEB1D9?>��1>4�9>3B51C54 <56D�F5>DB93E<1B CICD?<93 @B5CCEB5��4E5�D?�89785B�5:53D9?>
B5C9CD1>35���1C�C55>�85B5��!?G5F5B��1?BD93 CICD?<93 @B5CCEB5�G?E<4�25�453B51C54�9>�D85C5�@1D95>DC��>?D
9>3B51C54���449D9?>1<<I��1�453B51C54 491CD?<93 @B5CCEB5�9>�D85�1?BD1�9C�9>3?>C9CD5>D�G9D8 1?BD93�CD5>?C9C�

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F - Atrial septal defect

Image

Explanation Why

�DB91<�C5@D1<�45653DC ��+���31>�31EC5�1 851BD�=EB=EB �CICD?<93 @E<=?>1BI�5:53D9?> =EB=EB��1>4


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B978D�1DB9E= �&����L��==�!7�� B978D�F5>DB93<5 �&����L�� �L��==�!7���1>4 @E<=?>1BI�DBE>; �&��
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9>3B51C54�1C�1�B5CE<D�?6�1�<56D�B978D�C8E>D��E><9;5�D85�69>49>7C�9>�D89C�@1D95>D��%?B5?F5B��D89C�@1D95>D�C
9>3B51C54 CICD?<93 @B5CCEB5C�9>�D85�1?BD1�1>4 <56D�F5>DB93<5 1B5�>?D�3?>C9CD5>D�G9D8 �+��

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Question # 13

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Answer Image

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Answer Image

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Answer Image

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Hint

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Correct Answer

A - First-degree atrioventricular block

Image

Explanation Why

�9BCD�457B55 1DB9?F5>DB93E<1B�2<?3;C 31>�45F5<?@�16D5B�1>�13ED5�9>65B9?B =I?31B491<�9>61B3D9?> �D85


B978D�3?B?>1BI�1BD5BI 1<C?�CE@@<95C�D85 1DB9?F5>DB93E<1B�>?45��G8938�9C�G85B5�D89C�2<?3;�?33EBC��
!?G5F5B��@1D95>DC�G9D8 69BCD�457B55��.�2<?3; 1B5�DI@931<<I�1CI=@D?=1D93��%?B5?F5B��D85�3?>49D9?>�9C
381B13D5B9J54�2I�1�@B?<?>754 (*�9>D5BF1< �������=C��G9D8�1 )*+�3?=@<5H 6?<<?G9>7�5F5BI (�G1F5
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B - Atrial fibrillation

Image

Explanation Why

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9BB57E<1B�B8ID8= G9D8�F1BI9>7 *�*�9>D5BF1<C 1>4�12C5>D (�G1F5C��%?B5?F5B�����9C�3?==?><I
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G9D8�D89C�@1D95>D�C 2B14I31B491�

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C - Mobitz type I block

Image

Explanation Why

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@?D5>D91<�3?=@<931D9?>�?6�1>�9>65B9?B =I?31B491<�9>61B3D9?> �D85 B978D�3?B?>1BI�1BD5BI 1<C?�CE@@<95C�D85
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>?>3?>4E3D54 (�G1F5 D81D�9C�>?D�6?<<?G54�2I�1 )*+�3?=@<5H���G8938�9C�>?D�D85�31C5�85B5�

D - Sinus bradycardia

Explanation Why

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!?G5F5B��D85 �� 9>�@1D95>DC�G9D8�C9>EC 2B14I31B491 C8?GC (�G1F5C ?6�>?B=1<�=?B@8?<?7I�D81D�1B5
1<G1IC�6?<<?G54�2I )*+�3?=@<5H5C��G8938�9C�>?D�D85�31C5�85B5�

E - Atrial flutter

Image

Explanation Why

�DB91<�6<EDD5B 31>�3?=@<931D5�1> 13ED5�=I?31B491<�9>61B3D9?> 1>4�31EC5 4IC@>51� 49JJ9>5CC��1>4


CI>3?@5 �5F5>�D8?E78�=?CD�@1D95>DC�G9D8 1DB91<�6<EDD5B 1B5�1CI=@D?=1D93���!?G5F5B 1DB91<�6<EDD5B 9C�1
DI@5�?6 CE@B1F5>DB93E<1B�D138I31B491 D81D�9C�DI@931<<I�1CC?391D54�G9D8�1�61CD 851BD�B1D5��G8938�9C�>?D
3?>C9CD5>D�G9D8�D89C�@1D95>D�C 2B14I31B491��%?B5?F5B� 6<EDD5B�G1F5C �9�5���C1GD??D8�1@@51B1>35�?6 (
G1F5C D81D�?33EB�9>�C5AE5>35�1D�1�B1D5�?6�������2@=���G8938�1B5�D85�381B13D5B9CD93 �� 69>49>7�9>
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F - Mobitz type II block

Image

Explanation Why

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D85 !9C�(EB;9>:5 CICD5=��G8938�9C�G85B5�D89C�2<?3;�=?CD�3?==?><I�?33EBC���!?G5F5B� %?29DJ�DI@5
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G - Third-degree atrioventricular block

Explanation But

,89B4�457B55��.�2<?3; ?33EBC�4E5�D?�9=@19B54�3?>4E3D9?>�1D�D85�<5F5<�?6�D85 �.�>?45 �������


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?B�25<?G�D85 !9C�2E>4<5�

Explanation Why

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USMLE e e r m h nne s
Me est i e s: https://t.me/USMLEMe est

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