Department of Electrical Engineering

Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad

Instrumentation & Measurement

ASSIGNMENT 2

Subject Title: I&M

Semester: 5 Batch: EE-18(B)

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Name: Shahbaz Zafar Name: Sir Faran

Reg. No: 190401085

Batch : EE-18 Section: B
 Assignment 2

Q#1: How was Morse code alphabet chart designed? What was the rationale behind it? Is it optimal?
If not, how can you design an optimal one?

Morse code was designed by Sameul Morse. Morse designed a method of communication because due
to the lack of communication his wife died so he designed a method for communication. That was
transmitted by electric pulses. It was designed by making a certain pauses and pulses in specific
pattern that represents a letter.

The Morse code that was generated was then used as a mode of communication and was also adopted
in military uses that was highly used in wars to transmit orders. However the Morse code that was
originally designed by Morse was not optimal and has many problem that was later corrected and was
adopted as and international Morse code chart. How ever Morse code was not optimal and good to use
as you have great chances of error. We can designed an optimal Morse code by using appropriate gap
time and small length of words that are easily understood and easy to use.

How are codes assigned to different numbers?

In Morse code, letters are assigned with symbols of length ranging from one to four. Numbers are not
as frequently used as letters and hence they are assigned with symbols of length equal to five symbols.
Punctuation marks have the lowest frequency of use, hence are assigned with 6 symbols each.

Q#2: Imagine you are working for British RAF and received a CW beacon from the US Army. We
are sure that the received morse codes are about a memo on space norms. Problem is that they are
using their own version of Morse Code alphabet chart.

The received morse code pattern is in file ‘CodeBreak.txt’

In the file, 3 spaces indicate the next character whereas 13 spaces indicate the next word. Break

the code.

Hint: First step is to assign random characters to different patterns, e.g. ..-- to $, … to % etc.
and then replace all morse codes with different characters in the file for easy management.

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i s s u e d a m e m o m a n d a t i n g t h a t t h e
p e n t a g o n f o l l o w a s e t o f g u i d e l i n
e s r e g a r d i n g r e s p o n s i b l e s p a c e o p e
r a t i o n s a n d a d h e r e n c e t o i n t e r n a t i
o n a l s p a c e n o r m s .

t h i s i s t h e f i r s t t i m e t h a t t h e
d e p a r t m e n t h a s t a k e n t h i s k i n d o f
o f f i c i a l s t e p , r a t h e r t h a n l e s s f o
r m a l v e r b a l c o m m i t m e n t s , t o s e t n
o r m s o f b e h a v i o r i n s p a c e , a l t h o u
g h e x p e r t s s a y t h e g u i d e l i n e s r e p
r e s e n t o n l y a f i r s t s t e p . t h e j u l
y m e m o s p e c i f i e s f i v e t e n e t s o f
r e s p o n s i b l e b e h a v i o r , w h i c h i n c l u d e
c a l l s f o r e n s u r i n g s a f e t y , l i m i t i n g
t h e r e l e a s e o f l o n g r a s t i n g s p a c e
d e b r i s , a v o i d i n g h a r m f u l i n t e r f e r e n c
e , m a i n t a i n i n g s a f e s e p a r a t i o n f r o
m o t h e r h u m a n s o r o b j e c t s , a n d
m a i n t a i n i n g c o m m u n i c a t i o n . t h e g u i d
e l i n e s a p p l y o n l y t o d e f e n s e d e p a
r t m e n t s p a c e o p e r a t i o n s , b u t a r e
i n t e n d e d t o c o n t r i b u t e t o a b r o a d
e r d i a l o g u e i n v o l v i n g c i v i l i a n , c o m
m e r c i a l , a n d o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s t
h a t c o n d u c t s p a c e r e l a t e d b u s i n e s s
, a c c o r d i n g t o j o h n h i l l , a c t i n g
a s s i s t a n t d e f e n s e s e c r e t a r y f o r s p a
c e p o l i c y . w e w i l l m a k e m o r e p r o
g r e s s t h r o u g h e f f o r t s t o s h a r e v i
e w s o n w h a t w e t h i n k a r e t h e b
e s t p r a c t i c e s a n d e n c o u r a g e e a c h
o t h e r t o a d o p t t h o s e b e s t p r a c t i c
e s , h i l l t o l d s p a c e n e w s o n j u l y .

a m a j o r i t y o f e x p e r t s w e l c o m e d
a u s t i n s m e m o , r e p o r t e d b r e a k i n g d
e f e n s e , w h i c h f i r s t b r o k e t h e n e w
s . i t h i n k i t s a c t u a l l y a p r e t t y
g o o d s t a r t t o i d e n t i f y i n g a n d f o r
m a l i z i n g w h a t t h e p e n t a g o n s e e s a
s n o r m s o f b e h a v i o r , r e m a r k e d v i c
t o r i a s a m s o n , h e a d o f s e c u r e w o r l
d f o u n d a t i o n s w a s h i n g t o n o f f i c e . t
h e g u i d e l i n e s m a y b e p a r t o f a
l a r g e r p e n t a g o n e f f o r t t o s e t t h e
a g e n d a o n s p a c e n o r m s . i n f e b r u a
r y , a u . s . s p a c e c o m m a n d e r a n n o u
n c e d t h a t o f f i c i a l s f r o m t h e s t a t e
a n d d e f e n s e d e p a r t m e n t s w e r e i n
t h e p r o c e s s o f d r a f t i n g p r o p o s e d
l a n g u a g e f o r a b i n d i n g r e s o l u t i o n
r e g a r d i n g r e s p o n s i b l e b e h a v i o r i n
s p a c e .