Biology project

NARAYANA EDUCATION SOCIETY’s NARAYANA EDUCATION SOCIETY’s

NARAYANA
NARAYANAe-TECHNO SCHOOL
e-TECHNO SCHOOL
(Affiliated (Affiliated
to CBSE Board,NewDelhi,Affiliation
to CBSE No.-830508.
Board,NewDelhi,Affiliation No.-830508.
Goravigere, Kannamangala Post, Whitefield Road, Bengaluru-560067)
Goravigere, Kannamangala Post, Whitefield Road, Bengaluru-560067)

CBSE+2 BIOLOGY PROJECT ON

"Pollination"

BY:
CAP

NARAYANA EDUCATION SOCIETY’s

NARAYANA e-TECHNO SCHOOL 1

(Affiliated to CBSE Board,NewDelhi,Affiliation No.-830508.
Goravigere, Kannamangala Post, Whitefield Road, Bengaluru-560067)
 CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Project Report Entitled

“Pollination"

Is bonafiedwork carried out by CAP in Fulfillment prescribed by the CENTRAL BOARD OF

SECONDARY EDUCATION for CBSE+2BIOLOGY during the academicyear 2022-2023. The
project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project
prescribed for CBSE+2.

……………………… ……………………()
( )
Name of the Guide Principal

Externals Signature:1) ………………………

2)………………………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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The Satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible and whose constant
encouragement and guidance crowned our efforts with success.
I consider myself proud, to be a part of NARAYANA e-TECHNO SCHOOLfamily, the
institution which stood by my way in all our endeavors.
I wish to thank our Principalfor his encouragement and support.
Deadlines play a very important role in successful completion of the seminar report on time,
efficiently and effectively. I convey my regards and thanks to having constantly monitored the
development of the seminar report.
Finally, a note of thanks to theNARAYANA EDUCATION SOCIETY’sNARAYANA
e-TECHNO SCHOOL(Goravigere,Kannamangala Post, Whitefield Road, Bengaluru-
560067)the staff both teaching and non-teaching for their co-operation extend to me.

CAP

Abstracts
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Pollination is an important bio input for enhancing the productivity of
oilseed crops. Pollination interventions have been shown to enhance
seed production, quality of seed, and oil content in various oilseed crops.
Most of the oilseed crops are often cross pollinated or benefit from
pollination. Pollination interventions in the form of planned pollination
such as provisioning of an optimum number of colonies, strength of the
colonies, and time of placement and exploitation of native pollinators
shall represent a step toward providing food security in an oil seed
production deficient world. Characterization of pollination mechanisms,
methods for quantifying the importance of bees in pollinating oilseed
crops, and the key parameters governing pollinator–plant interaction and
management protocols for both honey bees and natural pollinators have
been elucidated.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No. Titles Pg.No.

1 Introduction 6
2 What is Pollination 7
3 Parts of Flower 8
4 Types of Pollination 9
4.1 Agents of pollination 12
4.2 Artificial Hybridization 15
5 Conclusion 19
6 References 20

1. INTRODUCTION:
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All living organism have one major goal in common which is to pass along their genetic
information to the next generation by creating offspring. Flowering plants create seeds which
carry the genetic information of the parents and develop into a new plant.
There are two critical stages in life cycle of a flowering plant:
1. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma. {self or cross pollination}
2. The dispersal of seed away from the parent plant.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from a male part of a plant to a female part of a plant,
enabling later fertilization and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind.
Pollinating agents are animals such as insects, birds, and bats; water; wind; and even plants
themselves, when self-pollination occurs within a closed flower. Pollination often occurs within
a species. When pollination occurs between species it can produce hybrid offspring in nature and
in plant breeding work.

In vast majority of flowering plant species are pollinated by insects in fact it seems that
flowering plants and many major groups of insects co-involved together. Animals other than
insects can also be important pollinators: bats, birds and even a few mammals.

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2. WHAT IS POLLINATION?
Pollination is the process of transfer of pollen grains from anther of a flower to the stigma of the
flower.

Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female
stigma. The goal of every living organism, including plants is to create offspring for the next
generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by making seeds.

Abiotic pollination refers to situation where pollination is mediated without the involvement of
other organism. Only 10% of flowering plants are pollinated without animal assistance. The most
common form of abiotic pollination, anemophily, is pollination by wind. This form of pollination
is early dominant in grasses, most conifers and many deciduous trees.
The process of pollination requires pollinators: organisms that carry or move the pollen grains
from the anther to the receptive part of the carpel or pistil. This is biotic pollination.

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FLOWER: It is the reproductive part of the {angiosperm}

3. PARTS OF FLOWER:

Peduncle: The stalk of a flower.

Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.
Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.
Petal: The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored.
Stamen: The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the
anther.
Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
Pistil: The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a
stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.
Stigma: The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.
Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.

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4. TYPES OF POLLINATION:
It is of two types:
 Natural pollination which occurs naturally in plants.
 Induced pollination which is done by artificial means.
 Natural pollination is of two types: -
1.Self-pollination
2.Cross pollination

 SELF POLLINATION:
The pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower (autogamy) or from another flower
on the same plant(geitonogamy).
Ex: pea plant, groundnut, barley

Self-pollination is promoted by certain floral adaptation.

Accordingly, self-pollination is of two types i.e. autogamy & geitonogamy.

A. AUTOGAMY: It is a type of self-pollination in which an intersexual or perfect

flower is pollinated by its own pollen.

It occurs by two methods:

B. HOMOGAMY:The anthers and stigmas of chasmogamous or open flower are

brought together by growth, bending or folding.

Ex: peas, beans, hibiscus

C. CLEISTOGAMY: In cleistogamy flowers, the anthers dehisce inside closed

flowers. Growth of style brings the pollen grains in contact with stigma. Pollination and
seed set are assured. Pollinators are not required

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Ex: Oxalis, viola

D. GEITONOGAMY:It is a type of pollination in which pollen grains of one

flower are transferred to the stigma of another flower belonging to either the
same plant or genetically similar plant. In geitonogamy flowers often show
modification.

Homogamy

cleistogamy

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ADVANTAGES OF SELF POLLINATION:
1. It maintains the parental characters or purity of the race indefinitely.
2. Self-pollination is used to maintain pure line for hybridization experiments.
3. The plant does not need to produce large number of pollen grains.
4. Flowers do not develop devices for attracting insect pollinators.
5. It ensures seed production. Rather it is used as fail-safe devices for cross-pollinated
flowers.

6. Self-pollination eliminates some bad recessive characters.

DISADVANTAGES OF SELFPOLLINATION:
1. New useful characters are seldom introduced.
2. Vigor and vitality of the race decreases with prolonged self-pollination.
3. Immunity to diseases decreases.
4. Variability and hence adaptability to changed environment are reduced.

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 CROSS POLLINATION: (xenogamy/allogamy)
Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower the stigma of a
genetically different flower. It is also called xenogamy. Cross pollination is performed with the
help of an external agency.

4.1 AGENTS OF POLLINATION:

In angiosperms pollen are immotile and thus have to be carried to the stigma by external
pollinating agents.
Depending upon their nature the agents may be:
1. Biotic agents: insects, birds, snails
2. Abiotic agents: wind, water

BIOTIC AGENTS:

1. Entomophily:
It refers to the transfer of pollen grain through the agency of insects like moths,butterfliesetc.

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CHARACTERS:
 They are showy or brightly colored.
 Most insect pollinated flowers have a landing platform.
 The pollen grains are spiny, heavy and surround by a yellow oily sticky substance called
pollen kit.
 Stigmas are often inserted and sticky
 Some flowers provide safe place to insects for laying eggs

2. Ornithophily
It refers to the pollination brought about by birds.
3. Psychophily

Pollination by butterfly example the Indian paintbrush by swallowtail butterfly

ABIOTIC AGENTS:
Abiotic Pollination involves transfer of pollen by air and water.
Anemophily:
The agents aiding pollination here is the wind. Pollen grains released into air are carried over to
distant plant flowers. Hence, we can notice allergy of respiratory system during cropping season
if one stays close to farms. Ex: Pinus plant

Hydrophily:
Here pollen grains are transferred by flowing water currents as seen in rivers. The pollen grains
in some species travel on water surface while in other submerged in water i.e. below water
surface. Ex: Hydrilla, vallisneria.

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ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION:
As mentioned, pollen-stigma compatibility is essential for a successful pollination and
fertilization. Once compatible pollen is accepted by pistil, events for fertilization proceeds,
whereas incompatible pollen will be rejected. This interaction where a pistil is capable of
recognizing its pollen is the result of long-term pollen-pistil interaction and chemicals released
by pollen.
Understanding of pollen-pistil interaction is important in hybridization. It is one of the innovative
methods of the crop production improvement program. During artificial hybridization, only the

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desired pollen grains are introduced to the stigma through pollination. This helps to avoid
unwanted pollen rejection and saves time.
Hybridization proceeds in two steps, one is emasculation and another is bagging.
Emasculation: We know hybridization is the method of selective breeding. Thus,
anthers have to be removed from a bisexual flower before they release pollen grains. This step of
removal of anther using forceps is termed as emasculation. In the case of unisexual flowers, this
step is not necessary.
Bagging: Bagging is the protection of emasculated flower from contamination by
undesirable pollen grains. Here the flower is masked by a bag; still, the flower attains receptivity.
In unisexual flowers, bagging is done before the flowers are open.
Emasculation and bagging ensure that female flower is completely protected from
contamination.
Once the flower attains stigma receptivity, the desired pollens are dusted on the stigma. This is
resealed for further developments. Hence, artificial hybridization ensures that right type of pollen
has transferred to the stigma of the flower. In addition, the chance of fertilization is high.
Through this approach, a variety of strains of crops can be developed and it improves the quality
of crop with desirable characters.

ADVANTAGES OF CROSS POLLINATION

 Progeny shows enhanced vigor.
 Offspring’s are more viable and resistant.
 There is a possibility to get new desirable characters.
 Yield of crop can be maintained.
 It helps in evolution.

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  Undesirable characters of the plant can be eliminated.

DISADVANTAGES OF CROSS POLINATION:

It not always a pollinating agent is required, it may or may not be available at suitable time.
Pollen grains have to be produced in abundance to ensure the chance of cross pollination. This
can lead to wastage of a lot of pollen grains.
FACTORS AFFECTING POLLINATORS
AND POLLINATION:
 Stress from Pathogen

The paper by S. L. Bushmann et al. determined if the prevalence of Nosema bombi infection was
related to history of commercial bumble bee use. Previous studies suggested that bumble bee
rearing facilities can spread parasites to local bumble bee populations, but it is not clear whether
use of commercial bumble bees in the field may increase infection rate of a pathogen.
 Stress from Transportation
There are specific stressors only experienced by managed pollinators. Case in point, each year,
over one million managed honey bee colonies are moved across the United States to California
for almond pollination. Imagine being transported across three time zones in a highly crowded
environment with poor ventilation—it does not sound healthy. Yet, we understand little about
how transportation affects honey bee physiology or behavior.
 Stress from Climate Change
Climate change is a rather large topic currently, but how climate change would affect pollinators
remains unknown.
 Plant-Pollinator Interactions
It is known that both biotic and abiotic factors can affect soil quality, which in turn can
significantly impact plant growth, productivity, and resistance to pests.
 Invasive SpeciesInvasive species also take part in plant-pollinator interactions .

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 5. CONCLUSION

Pollination biology can be studied at different levels from careful field observations and gross
morphology to molecular biology, and cytochemical to biochemical investigation. Thus, studies
on pollination biology can be undertaken at any educational institution located close to the
natural habitat of species and cultivated fields.
Pollination biology is a dynamic field of scientific research constantly adopting novel methods
and making progress in understanding the interaction between plants and their pollinators. The

recent study generated the main scientific steps of pollination biology focussing on the

environmental, ecological, and biological systems. Thus these works will present a simple

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framework integrating environmental, ecological, societal, socio-ecological, socio-economical,
and biological issues relevant to pollinators and pollination.
Finally, the present study broadly indicates the importance and potentiality of pollination biology
with a broad range of extra tools in applied fields of plant improvement programmes for
improving biological diversity of world.

REFERENCES

1. Breeding oilseeds crops for sustainable production, 2016.

2. Biology Investigatory project on pollination of flowers.
3. ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/lebo102.pdf
4. Pollination Biology courses.botany.wisc.edu/botany_
5. S. L. Bushmann et al. determined if the prevalence of Nosema bombi infection

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