1.Transparent network.

Is an all-optical network from end to end without any electrical

switching in the middle. 

2.The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. The DNS turns domain
names into IP addresses, which browsers use to load internet pages. Every device connected to
the internet has its own IP address, which is used by other devices to locate the device. DNS
servers make it possible for people to input normal words into their browsers without having to
keep track of the IP address for every website.

How a DNS works

When your computer wants to find the IP, address associated with a domain name, it first
makes its DNS query via a DNS client, typically in a Web browser.

The query then goes to a recursive DNS server, also known as a recursive resolver. A recursive
resolver is typically operated by an Internet Service Providers (ISP), such as AT&T (or some
other third-party), and it knows which other DNS servers it needs to ask to resolve the name of
a site with its IP address.

The servers that actually have the needed information are called authoritative name servers.
DNS is organized in a hierarchy. An initial DNS query for an IP address is made to a recursive
resolver. This search first leads to a root server, which has information on top-level domains
(.com, .net, .org), as well as country domains. Root servers are located all around the world, so,
the DNS system routes the request to the closest one.

Once the request reaches the correct root server, it goes to a top-level domain server (TLD
nameserver), which stores information for the second-level domain, which is the words that
you type into a search box. The request then goes to a domain nameserver, which looks up the
IP address and sends it back to the DNS client device so it can visit the appropriate website.

3.Characteristics of HTTP: 
 Server processes a request, which is raised by client and also server and client knows
each other only during current request and response period. 
 Any type of content can be exchanged as long as server and client are compatible with
it. 
 Once data is exchanged then servers and client are no more connected with each
other. 
 It is a request and response protocol based on client and server requirements.  
 It is connection less protocol because after connection is closed, server does not
remember anything about client and client does not remember anything about
server. 
 It is stateless protocol because both client and server does not expecting anything
from each other but they are still able to communicate.  
  HTTP is media independent; it specifies that any type of media content can be sent by
HTTP as long as both the server and the client can handle the data content.

How HTTP works? 

First of all, whenever we want to open any website then first we open web browser after that
we will type URL of that website (e.g., www.facebook.com). This URL is now sent to Domain
Name Server (DNS) . Then DNS first check records for this URL in their database, then DNS will
return IP address to web browser corresponding to this URL. Now browser is able to send
request to actual server. 
After server sends data to client, connection will be closed. If we want something else from
server, we should have to re-establish connection between client and server. 

a) 1. It enables global reach

Over one third of the world’s population is online, which means that the global use of the
internet has increased exponentially over the last 15 years. CDNs provide solutions through
cloud acceleration with local POPs.

2.Increase in the number of Concurrent Users

Strategically placing the servers in a CDN can result in high network backbone capacity, which
equates to a significant increase in the number of users accessing the network at a given time. 
3.Cost Reduction

A global CDN will reduce costs of a website because you don’t have to pay for expensive foreign
hosting. This is perfect for small web businesses on a tight budget.

4.Increased Reliability

Content viewed via a CDN is likely to be more reliable when it comes to delivering HD quality
online video while maintaining a high quality of service.

5.Reduced Network Load

The lower the network load, the higher the performance. Network loads are typically higher
during peak periods due to the number of visitors on one server using resources and thus
reducing performance for all others.

b. How a CDN Works?

When a visitor requests for static content from a particular location (e.g.
London), that static content will be retrieved from the original server. Upon
being delivered, the content will be cached on the London edge server (or
the nearest POP to the visitor). If the visitor requests for the same content
again, the request will be directed to CDN PoP edge server to check if the
content has been already cached.  If yes, the visitor gets a response from
that server. And, if not, it will be cached again from the origin server.

CDN hosting operates with CDN management server.  In response to a web
query, the nearest server is provided to the user. The content traveling
distance is reduced, thereby speeding up the delivery of the content.

c.
 A CDN delivers content as quickly as possible, while cloud computing is based on
flexibility, scalability and on-demand delivery of applications and data.

 Cloud can be defined as the delivery of computer services over the internet,
including servers, databases, software, networking, and intelligence. CDN always
entails multiple computers spread all over the globe to deliver the content that
you need.