Docsity Health and Social Care Knowledge Organiser Y11

Health and Social Care
KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Y11
Nursing
University of Oxford
51 pag.
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Health and Social Care
KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Y11

Contents
Introduction
Unit Sheets p.4
Powerful Knowledge
Learning Aim A Factors p.6
Learning Aim B Interpreting Health Data p. 11
Learning Aim B Needs, Wishes and Circumstances p.18
Learning Aim B Barriers p.18
Key Words p.20
Practice Pages
Learning Aim A Practice Pages p.23

Learning Aim B Practice Pages p.33
Revision Tools
Memory and Recall Questions p.44
Learning Aim A Revision Tools p.45
Learning Aim B Revision Tools p.47

UNIT SHEETS
This section of your

Knowledge Organiser contains
the unit sheets for each topic.
Use them to make sure you know
what is required at each stage of
your learning.

Component 3: Unit Sheets
Assessment Objectives
Section A: Factors Affecting Health and Wellbeing
RAG Complete RAG Before RAG After Revision
Revision
Genetic Inheritance
Diet
Exercise
Substance Abuse
Personal Hygiene
Social Integration
Stress
Access to Services
Financial Resources
Housing
Relationship Changes
Section B: Improving Health
Lifestyle Data
BMI
Pulse Rate
Blood Pressure
Peak Flow
Target Setting

Sources of Support
Barriers

POWERFUL KNOWLEDGE
In this section you can find the key

information your teachers want you to
know, understand and be able to
recall.

Learning Aim A: Factors Affecting Health and Wellbeing
Categories of Factors.
PIES Effects – How a factor impacts Cultural Factors:
our health and wellbeing. This refers to the values, traditions and beliefs
an individual is born into.

Physical - Refers to growth and other
physical changes that happen to our body Examples:
throughout life. • Female who prefers a female doctor.
Intellectual - The development of • Dietary requirements. For example,

language, memory and thinking skills. Muslims they do not eat pork.
Emotional - Refers to the ability to cope
• Individuals may prefer to be called by
with feelings about ourselves and toward their surname. ‘Mr Smith.
others.
Environmental:
Social - Refers to the ability to form
Air, water and land around us.
friendships and relationships and learn to
Pollution – contamination of the environment and
be independent.
Economic: living organisms by harmful chemicals.
Our financial resources. Not having Examples:

enough can cause problems.
• Outdoor air – Chemicals from factories,
Examples:
exhausts
• Income (money)
• Indoor air – Aerosols, mould, cigarette
• Wealth (lots of money and goods)
smoke, carbon monoxide from heating
• Occupation (job)
• Water– Farm fertilisers/pesticides, waste,
• Social class (working or middle)
sewage
• Material possessions.
• Food pollutants – chemicals in food
Lifestyle: A person chooses to do production
something. Examples: • Noise – Machinery and traffic music, loud
neighbours
• Smoking
• Light – Excess lighting, street lights
• Exercise
Effects on Health and Wellbeing
• 7

Physical Intellectual Emotional Social
Fitness levels Memory levels Stress Social engagement
Illness and disease Concentration and Anxiety Social isolation

focus
Fatigue Self-esteem Relationships with
Skills others
Disability Self-concept
Use of language Opportunities
Weight Attachments to
others Independence and
Blood Pressure
Feeling lonely dependency
Resting Pulse Rate
Peak Flow
Physical Factors
Genetic Inheritance:
Some people experience conditions that are passed on through genetics. This means that
there is a mutation in the DNA of one or both of their biological parents which has then
been given to them. This mutation then causes the individual to have a condition. The effects
of the condition on the individual will differ, depending on the mutation. However, it is
important to note that these conditions can’t be cured.
Disability
Disability is more than being in a wheelchair. Individuals can have a range of different
disabilities including sensory impairments such as visual or hearing problems. Other people
may have disabilities that are caused by chronic illnesses such as arthritis. We must be
considerate of the effects of disability that go beyond the physical limitation and consider
emotional and social impacts such as the effects of discrimination on self-esteem.
Lifestyle Factors
Diet:
An individual’s diet, what they eat, is extremely important to their health and wellbeing. We
should aim to eat a balanced diet which resembles the ‘Eat Well Plate’. Eating too much or
too little of a particular food group would lead to malnutrition. The effects of this could be
obesity, vitamin deficiencies or problems with muscle and bone mass. Excessive amounts of
fat and sugar can also lead to dietary diseases such as Type 2 diabetes.
Smoking
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The most common effect of smoking is cancer. There are many different types of cancer
linked to smoking but lung cancer is the most common. Smoking can however cause a number
of other types of disease, particularly those that affect our respiratory system. For
example, damage to the lungs can be caused and an individual may develop emphysema. If
they have asthma, smoking can make it worse. In addition, smoking increases a person’s risk
of heart attack and stroke as a result of the negative impacts it has on the cardiovascular
system.
Exercise
Many adults in the UK do less exercise than what is recommended. Exercise can have a
number of different physical and emotional benefits. For example, those who exercise
regularly have an increased level of stamina and energy levels. Exercise can also be a great
social opportunity. However, if you are not active enough then you may experience weight
gain due to a calorie surplus. Other people may find their levels of fitness reduce and they
become out of breath quickly.
Substance Abuse
Substance abuse is the improper use of any chemicals or medication. A person who takes a
prescribed medicine in the wrong way may be classed as a substance abuser. The impact that
the abuse has will vary depending on the type of substance used. However, abuse of many
recreational drugs such as cocaine and heroin can lead to overdose, nausea, organ failure and
death.
Cultural Factors
Religion
Religion is an important part of many people’s lives although it is becoming less popular in the
UK. Our religion often forms our norms and values that we identify with and use to guide us
through life. For many, religion is an important source of emotional and social support.
However, other people find that religion can limit the things that they are able to do in life.
Gender Roles
Different communities have varying ideas about the roles of men and women. This can have a
significant impact on health and wellbeing. For example, men are often told that they should
not show weakness. This can lead to them failing to access medical care for physical and
mental ill health when it is needed. Alternatively, women often carry the burden of having to
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run a house, work and look after children. This can leave women with very little time to focus
on their own health.
Economic Factors
Income
A person’s income can have a significant impact on the lifestyle choices that they are able to
make. Those on a lower income may struggle to afford to buy essential items to remain
healthy such as fresh food or access to sports facilities. On the other hand, richer people
may experience less stress if they have fewer money worries.
Occupation
The job that we do may affect the stress levels that we experience. Those who work in
professional occupations such as medicine, law or education may experience greater levels of
pressure in their job which can lead to stress. Manual jobs such as building have risks
associated with the dangers of the job. Those who take part in physical work are much more
likely to become injured at work.
Environmental Factors
Air Pollution
There are many pollutants in the air around is. We may be exposed to second hand smoke if
we live with others who smoke cigarettes. Inhaling this smoke carries the same health risks
as smoking ourselves. In addition, we may live in a built up urban area where we are exposed
to chemical pollutants in the air. Exposure to these can cause respiratory conditions such as
COPD and asthma.
Noise Pollution
Living in a busy area such as a city centre may also expose us to noise pollution. Others may
experience this if they live next to a busy main road, train track or on an aeroplane flight
path. Noise pollution can have a number of emotional impacts on an individual. This can include
broken sleep.
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Learning Aim B: Improving Health
11

12

Body Mass Index (BMI)
13

14

15

16

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Meeting Needs and Avoiding Barriers
When setting targets, you will need to consider how they meet the needs, wishes and
circumstances of the individual.
You will also need to think about any barriers they may experience and how you would help
them to overcome them.
Needs, Wishes and Circumstances:
Needs, wishes and circumstances Suggestions
Individual has a low income Think of low cost or even free things they can do.
Planning is key to reduce costs.
Individual has a busy job Plan shorter activities that can fit around a busy
lifestyle. Plan targets into leisure time.
Individual has a low self-esteem Use sources of support to help them to achieve their
target. Set small, easy to achieve targets.
Individual lives in a rural area Use the outdoors to set activities. Be considerate that
many services will require travel to access.
Individual does not have access to Use local services or technology such as the internet.
transport Incorporate walking where possible.
Individual has to look after Plan activities and targets that involve children. Plan
children targets that can be achieved when children are at
school.
Individual has a pre-existing Think about the limitations of this condition. Use
health condition existing medical carers to support targets.
Barriers
Barrier Way to overcome it
Physical barriers such as poor Small targets (baby steps) that don’t cause harm to the
health or disability individual. Think creatively e.g. wheelchair activities or
low impact exercise. Adaptations to the home may be
required.
Emotional barriers such as poor Set targets in the home to achieve. Utilize family and
self-esteem, lack of confidence or friends to support and achieve targets with them. Refer
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low motivation. to therapy/ counselling if needed. Use friends for
healthy competition or support groups.
Economic barriers such as low Planning can always cut costs. For example by reducing
income. food waste if meals are planned. Local facilities such as
an exercise class at a local church are often cheaper
than large gyms.
Environmental barriers such as Use outdoor spaces to allow for more room. If there are
lack of space. a lack of services then plan for activities to be set up
amongst communities.
Social barriers such as childcare Include dependents in the targets where possible. Use
and dependency. evenings to plan in targets where there is more time or
refer to other sources of support.
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Key Words
Word Definition Word Definition
Physical Changes to our health. Physical A barrier we face physically e.g

Development Disability not being able to walk.
Intellectual Changes our thinking, Learning A barrier we face to our

Development memory and skills. Disability learning.
Emotional Changes to the way we Dementia A condition usually experienced

Development think about ourselves by older people where memory
and others is lost.
Social Changes to the Impairment When we are not able to do

Development relationships with have something.
with others.
Physical Factors Health and Disease Anxiety A constant feeling of worry and
Factors nervousness.
Intellectual Learning that affects Stress A physical and emotional

Factors us. response to difficult times.
Emotional Feelings that affect us. Depression A prolonged feeling of being

Factors down.
Social Factors Other people and their Self-Esteem How secure and happy we are in
impacts. ourselves.
Economic Factors Money (income, poverty Self-Concept Who we see ourselves as.
and wealth) and its
effects.
Emotional Feelings that affect us. Social How much we get involved with
Factors Engagement other people/ have friends.
Cultural Factors Religion, language, Social Not being involved with other
norms and values. Disengagement people.
Lifestyle Factors The choices that we Marginalisation Being pushed out of a group or
make. society.
Substance Abuse Misusing alcohol and Discrimination Being treated differently to

drugs. other people.
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Poverty Having less income than Income The money that you earn.
what is seen as needed
to meet your basic
needs.
Occupation Your job. Obesity Being overweight.
Arteries Blood vessels that take Mobility How much you are able to move
blood away from the around.
heart.
Respiratory The breathing system Cardiovascular The heart and blood system.
System e.g. lungs. System
Cancer A disease that is linked Type 2 A disease that is formed due to

to poor lifestyle Diabetes poor lifestyle choices.
choices.
Arthritis A bone disease where Stroke When the brain is deprived of

joint movements are oxygen due to a burst artery or
painful. blockage.
Hypertension When a person’s blood Emphysema A disease of the lungs caused

pressure is dangerously by smoking.
high.
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PRACTICE PAGES
In this section of your

Knowledge Organiser you will
be able to work on practice
examples – in class and at
home as independent tasks.
22

Section A: Practice Pages
Q1a) Explain two social factors that could have a positive effect on Damien’s health and
wellbeing. (4)
1.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B) Explain one enironmental factor that could have a positive effect on Damien’s health and
wellbeing. (2)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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C) Explain two physical factors that could have a negative effect on Damien’s health and
wellbeing. (4)
1.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
D) Explain one economic factor that could have a negative effect on Damien’s health and
wellbeing. (2)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Q2a) Explain two effects of having less contact with his daughter on Damien’s emotional
wellbeing. (4)
1.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
B) Explain one impact of divorce on Damien’s social wellbeing. (2)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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How to structure your answers
Question 1.
Identify one factor
Give a clear reason for why this is positive/negative
Model Answer
Q1a) Explain two social factors that could have a positive effect on Damien’s health and
wellbeing. (4)
One social factor that could have a positive effect on Damiens health and wellbeing is that
he has a wide circle of friends. This is positive because this means he has a supportive
network which can give him a sense of belonging.
Question 2.
Identify an effect or impact.
Give a clear reason for why this effect/impact will be positive or negative on health and
wellbeing.
Model Answer
Q2a) Explain two effects of having less contact with his daughter on Damien’s emotional
wellbeing. (4)
One effect of Damien not seeing his daughter is that his bond with her may be broken or
reduced. This will impact his emotional wellbeing negatively, as this may cause him increased
anxiety or worry.
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Case Study 2
Location:
Bernadette is 42 years old and currently lives with her elderly mother Doreen and her
daughter Harriet. Doreen is unable to look after herself since her hip replacement. They live
in a 2 bed bunglaow in a quiet village. They do have a large garden which Bernadette enjoys
spending time in. The nearest shops are half hour away.
Medical history:
Bernadette has arthritis in her knees. She was recently diagnosed with this after having
time off work due to the pain in her knees and to look after her mum. Bernadette has been
prescribed painkillers to help with the pain but has started to take more than the
recommended amount.
Family, friends and social interaction:
Bernadette’s daughter Harriet also helps support Doreen. She does have a wide circle of
friends that she sees often. They meet up once a week for a drink in their local pub.
However, Bernadette has not meet her friends for the last two weeks due to the pain caused
when she drives.
Day to day life:
Bernadette works in the local supermarket and enjoys her job, she relies on this income to
support herself and her mum. Bernadette has had to reduce her hours because of the pain
she is in. This has made her become more isolated from her friends and her daughter.
Bernadette spends her days caring for her mum and watching TV.
Question 1 A
Explain two environmental factors that could have a negative effect on Bernadettes health
and wellbeing. (4)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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1B
Explain one physical factor that could have a negative effect on Bernadettes health and
wellbeing. (2)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Question 2 A
Explain two social factors that could have a positive effect on Bernadettes health and
wellbeing. (4)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2B
Explain one emotional factor that could have a positive effect on Bernadettes health and
wellbeing. (2)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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Bernadette’s was made a widow 5 years ago after her husband passed away suddenly. She has
struggled to come to terms with being alone, which prompted her to move in with her mother.
Explain how bereavement may affect Bernadettes social and emotional wellbeing in different
ways. (4)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Practice Pages
Case Study 1: Samuel

Samuel is 32 years old and lives on a farm. He works on the farm that is owned by his
parents. Samuel has recently been experiencing depression and this has had an impact on his
relationship with his family members and his friends. Samuel hasn’t seen most of his friends
for the past three months and instead spends all of his time on the farm or out running. He
has found that running helps him to clear his mind and feel better. Samuel has been
prescribed anti-depressant medication from his doctor. He has found that this medication
helps him but he is now becoming addicted to the medication and often takes more than he
should. He also takes a large amount of pain killers each day. When he doesn’t take them, he
feels sick and has a headache.
Samuel grew up in a very religious family and used to attend church every week. Last year,
Samuel decided that he no longer felt that he believed in his religion and left the church.
This caused some arguments between Samuel and his parents who were disappointed in him.
Since then, he has been exploring other religious that he identifies more with.
Explain how one cultural factor could have a positive impact on Samuel’s health and
wellbeing.
A cultural factor that Samuel is experiencing is that he has started to explore new
religions that he can identify with better. This will have a positive impact on him
emotionally because he will start to form a better self-concept. This is because he will start
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to understand himself and what he believes in better rather than believing what he has
been told to believe in the past.
Explain how one social factor could have a negative impact on Samuel’s health and
wellbeing.
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Explain how one factor has a positive impact on Samuel’s physical health and wellbeing.
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Three years ago, Samuel went to prison for six months for fraud. Samuel and some other
farmers tricked a company out of thousands of pounds and Samuel got caught for it. The
other farmers got away with what they did. Samuel comes from a family that have never
broken the law and this shocked all of the people who live in the small rural village that
Samuel comes from.
Explain how going to prison may have affected Samuel’s emotional health and wellbeing
in two ways.
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Case Study 2: Linda
Linda is 72 years old and lives in a rural area with her husband Peter. They have four children
together and ten grandchildren. All of her family live close by to them and they see them
regularly. Linda owns an online craft business where she sells knitting supplies. She is also a
member of her local knitting club. Her business earns her enough money that she and Peter
can live comfortably in their retirement.
Last year, Peter was diagnosed with dementia and Linda has noticed a lot of changes in
Peter’s personality and behaviour. He is now very difficult to deal with and Linda is his main
carer. Linda’s children have asker Linda to move Peter into a nursing home but Linda wants to
keep looking after him herself. This has got harder recently because Linda had a heart
attack. Her doctors told her that this heart attack was a result of smoking but that her
stress levels have made her health worse.
Explain how one economic factor will have a positive impact on Linda’s health and
wellbeing.
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Explain how one environmental factor will have a negative impact on Linda’s health and
wellbeing.
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Explain how one factor would have a negative on Linda’s emotional health and wellbeing.
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After many months of her children trying to persuade her, Linda has finally agreed to move
Peter into a nursing home for people with dementia. This will be the first time that Linda will
have lived alone for over 50 years. Linda has chosen a nursing home that is a half an hour
drive away from her home. Peter will live there permanently from now on.
Explain how living alone will affect Linda’s social development.
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Explain how Peter moving into a nursing home will affect Linda’s emotional health and
wellbeing.
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Case Study 3: Neeta
Neeta is 19 years old and has recently moved to university to study adult nursing. Neeta’s
university course requires her to complete nursing placements where she works in hospitals
and also attend lectures. Neeta has moved into a halls of residence, where she lives with
four other nursing students from around the country. In her halls, she has her own bedroom
but shares a living room and kitchen with the other students. Neeta is a Hindu and lives with
people from a range of different ethnic and religious backgrounds.
Although Neeta works at her placement 5 days a week, she also has to work a part time job
at a restaurant for two nights each week to help financially. This is because Neeta comes
from a family that lives in poverty and her parents cannot afford to help her financially
whilst at university. Working so much makes Neeta feel very tired and it is having an impact
on her progress at university.
Explain how one cultural factor could have a positive impact on Neeta’s health and
wellbeing.
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Explain how one economic factor could have a negative impact on Neeta’s health and
wellbeing.
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Explain how one factor may have a negative impact on Neeta’s emotional health and
wellbeing.
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Neeta decided that she wanted to become an adult nurse following the death of her brother
four years ago. Her brother had cerebral palsy and had experienced health barriers for all
of his life. Neeta had helped to care for her brother whilst she was growing up and often
attended medical appointments with him. They were very close and he always made her laugh.
Explain one emotional effect of Neeta’s bereavement.
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Explain one way that caring for her brother will have affected Neeta’s social wellbeing.
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Section B: Interpreting Health Data
Oliver is 24 years old and works on a building site. He is physically active throughout the day
and does lots of heavy lifting. Oliver likes to go out drinking with his friends all weekend and
he also uses cocaine.
Resting Pulse Rate 85
Blood Pressure 152/97

Use the health indicator sheets earlier in the booklet to complete your health analysis.
Lifestyle Pulse Rate Blood Pressure
Current Effects
Future Effects
Riaz is 49 years old. He is a Muslim and therefore does not drink alcohol. He does however
smoke cigarettes and eats a high fat diet. Riaz loves food from his local takeaway and drinks
lots of fizzy drinks.
Peak Flow 420 (he is 1.7m tall)
BMI 34
Use the health indicator sheets earlier in the booklet to complete your health analysis.
Lifestyle Peak Flow BMI
Current Effects
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Future Effects
Interpreting Data Example: Oliver

Lifestyle Risks to current health: The lifestyle data shows that Oliver is a regular
Data
substance abuser. He drinks a lot of alcohol and also abuses recreational drugs.
This would have a significant impact on his current health because he is poisoning
his body. He is most likely to experience hangovers and withdrawal from the
drugs that he abuses at weekends, this could mean that he often feels fatigued,
sick or has headaches. He may also find the this abuse is lowering his immune
system, leading him to picking up illnesses more often such as the common cold.
Risks to future health: If Oliver continues to abuse drugs, it is likely that he

will lower his life expectancy. This could be because he would be at risk of a drug
overdose where he could die. In addition, he is more likely to experience diseases
of the liver due to the damage the alcohol does to his body. This would also lower
his life expectancy if his liver is unable to function correctly.
Pulse Risks to current health: Oliver’s pulse rate is high, which means that he is
Rate
unhealthy. This is because his heart, which is a muscle, is being put under strain
to pump blood effectively around the body. This can be caused by Owen’s abuse
of the drug cocaine. When he is using the drug his heart will be put under further
strain and could become damaged. He is most likely to be affected by this at this
point by feeling like his heart is racing in his chest, causing breathlessness.
Risks to future health: If Oliver does not successfully lower his resting pulse
rate, he will increase his risks of having a heart attack. This will be because his
heart is under so much strain that it eventually stops working effectively. This
would most likely be seen in his heart rate becoming irregular, leading to cardiac
arrest. If he did not get treatment for this he could die.
Blood Risks to current health: Oliver’s blood pressure is high, meaning that he is
Pressure
unhealthy. This could be because there is a narrowing in his arteries. This is most
34

likely caused by his abuse of alcohol, which raises your blood pressure. As a result
of this, Oliver may frequently feel dizzy or fatigued. This will also put his heart
under increased stress as it is having to work harder to push the blood through
the narrowing in the arteries.
Risks to future health: Having a high blood pressure will make it likely that he
will experience a stroke. This is when there is a blood clot or haemorrhage in the
brain, causing damage to the tissue. This happens because there is a build-up of
pressure. A potential consequence of this could be that Oliver then develops
vascular dementia which is a more common form of dementia amongst younger
people, caused by damage to the brain. Other effects of stroke could be paralysis
as a result of damage to the part of the brain responsible for mobility.
Explain what the health data tells us about Riaz’s physical health.
Lifestyle Risks to current health:
Data
Risks to future health:
Peak Risks to current health:

Flow
35

Risks to future health:
BMI
36

Key Words
Obesity Respiratory System Stroke
Limited Mobility Heart Attack Inflammation
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Justifying Health Improvement Plans
When you are planning health and wellbeing targets, you must consider how they meet the
needs of the individual. The case study will have lots of information in it that will shape the
targets that you should set.
You will be asked in question 5 of the exam to justify the targets that you set. There are a
number of points that you can consider.
Model Responses:
I set Hillary the target of becoming more active by going on walks because this would be a type of exercise that is more
suitable for her medical needs. For example, her heart condition could make it difficult for her to run so a low impact
walk could help her to increase mobility whilst not causing any further harm.
I thought that it would be a good idea to give Richard the target to stop smoking based on the physiological health
data. For example, his blood pressure is high and his peak flow is low, showing that he has problems with both his cardiac
and respiratory system. As a result, it is vital that he improves his health before he dies of a premature death.
When planning Zainab’s targets, I was considerate of emotional wellbeing. The case study states that she isn’t very
confident. This is why I planned for all her targets to be achieved alongside her husband and daughter. Therefore, her
family can provide her with emotional support and encourage her to be more successful.
38

Model Response
One of the targets that I set Olive, so that she could become more active, is to start going
for a walk each night. I chose to set her this target because she wants to increase her
activity levels. Walking would be a good choice for Olive because the case study said that
she works part time and has a low income. This would mean that Olive may have more time
than other people to go on walks because she is not spending all her time at work. In addition,
going walking is free. She won’t have to pay anything in comparison to going to a gym where
the membership could be expensive. This would be beneficial to Olive because she doesn’t
have much money so wouldn’t be able to afford these fees.
Now have a go: Choose one of the other case studies above and justify the target that
you set them. (Tip- use the connectives listed below to show the justification skill)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………….
Justification Connective Included
I have chosen to set the target…
I did this because…
This would be suitable because…
The benefits of this would be…
39

Barriers
After planning your targets, you must consider the barriers your individual may face in
meeting them. The case study will have lots of information in it that will give you ideas about
the barriers that they will have.
You will be asked in question 6 of the exam to explain the barriers that your individual may
face. Once you have said what the barrier will be, you need to explain how they can overcome
the barrier.
The acronym below will help you to think about the barriers that your individual could face.
O Others- how do other people impact on their likelihood to succeed? Do they have to
look after others?
Overcome by: getting childcare, asking friends for help.
B Beliefs- if they have a religious belief, how might this affect their actions?
Overcome by: choosing actions that are reinforced by their beliefs.
S Support- do they have people around them to motivate them?
Overcome by: seeking support from a professional or joining a group.
T Time- how can you fit the targets in if they are busy?
Overcome by: planning short activities, assigning time during in the week to do the
activities, planning.
A Access- how easy can they access services?
Overcome by: accessing online and telephone services, travelling further.
C Cost- how much will it cost to achieve the targets? Can they afford this?
Overcome by: choosing activities that are free, using community facilities, planning.
40

L Lifestyle- how does the way that they live their life affect the targets?
Overcome by: making further lifestyle changes.
E Emotions- how will they feel about the targets? Do they lack confidence?
Overcome by: using support from friends, set short term targets that are easy to
achieve.
Model Response
One of the potential barriers that Ryan could face in reducing his alcohol intake is that he
works in a pub. This would make it hard for him to become motivated as other people around
him could always be trying to talk him into having a drink. This would then make him probably
decide to have one if he feels like he is missing out. To overcome this barrier, I would
suggest that he shouldn’t cut drink out fully. Instead he should reduce the amount he drinks
at first. For example, instead of drinking pints of lager he could drink half pints so that he
isn’t drinking as much. Another option would be to choose less alcoholic drinks instead of
stronger ones, so that it is still having less of an impact on him. He could even choose to
drink alcohol free beer so that he is still getting the taste and it will look like he is drinking
but he is not.
Now have a go: Choose one of the other case studies above and explain what barriers
they face, giving a way that this could be overcome. (Tip- use the connectives listed
below to show the skill)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………….
41

Justification Connective Included
A barrier that could be faced is…
This would be a problem because…
A way to overcome this would be…
This would be beneficial because…
Exam Tips for Success!
Question Top Tips
1&2 • Make sure you write about the right categories and factors.
• Double because your answers- what is the impact and why is it positive or
negative.
3 • Make sure you write in the correct section for each type of data.
• Make a judgement about health- are they healthy or unhealthy.
• Current needs to be what would affect them now.
• Future is the more serious health effects that could happen if they don’t
change.
• Only write about physical health.
4 • Make sure your targets link to your action, they shouldn’t be a mix of
different things.
• Short term target is 6 weeks.
• Long term target is 6 months.
• Make it SMART.
5 • Write at least one paragraph for each target you set.
• Include what need you considered and how your target takes it into
account.
• Make sure you use justification connectives.
• Top answers refer to needs and health data.
6 • Pick out barriers from the case studies.
• Write about why it would be a barrier.
• Make sure you explain how you would overcome the barrier.
42

REVISION TOOLS
Use this section of your
Knowledge Organiser to support
you with revision.
Test yourself and then use the
revision resources to help you fill
the gaps in your knowledge.
43

Revision Tools:
Memory and Recall Questions
Set 1
1. Identify the category of factors that smoking fits into.

2. Identify the category of factors that speaking a different language fits into.
3. Identify the category of factors that being in poverty fits into.
4. Identify the category of factors that living in a busy city falls into.
5. Identify the category of factors that living alone fits into.
6. Identify a current physical effect of binge drinking alcohol.
7. Identify a future effect of binge drinking alcohol.
8. Identify a potential cause of emphysema.
9. Identify a current effect of having a BMI in the obese category.
10. Identify a way that a person could reduce their BMI.
Set 2
1. Identify an emotional effect of bereavement.

2. Identify a social effect of divorce.
3. Identify a physical effect of stress.
4. Identify a way that a person could reduce stress.
5. Identify a potential cause of a stroke.
6. Identify the three things that are considered when measuring peak flow.
7. Identify the category of effects that weight gain falls into.
8. Identify the category of factors that a genetic condition falls into.
9. Identify a genetic condition.
10. Identify the addictive drug that is in cigarettes.
Set 3
1. Identify the category of factors that living in a small town fits into.
2. Identify a benefit of living in the countryside.
3. Identify a benefit of having lots of friends.
4. Identify a potential negative effect of having a busy job.
5. Identify a lifestyle choice that is influenced by income.
6. Identify the category of effects that memory loss fits into.
7. Identify the term used to describe the misuse of drugs and alcohol.
8. Identify a social effect of poor personal hygiene.
9. Identify an economic factor.
10. Identify a way that someone could increase their peak flow.
44

Learning Aim A:
Category of Factor Definition Examples
Physical
Lifestyle
Cultural
Economic
Environmental
45

Effects of
Different Factors
of Health and
Wellbeing
46

Learning Aim B:
Interpreting Data
Pulse Rate
Complete the following table:
Healthy Unhealthy
Andrew is 47 years old and his resting pulse rate is

81.
Frank is 68 and his resting pulse rate is 70.
Sheila is 63 years old and her resting pulse rate is

77.
Louisa is 19 and her resting pulse rate is 82.
1. Explain a potential current effect of having a high resting pulse rate.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Explain a potential future effect of having a high resting pulse rate.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
47

3. Explain why a lower resting pulse rate would suggest that a person is healthy.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
BMI
Healthy Unhealthy
Karl’s BMI is 28.2.
Rochelle’s BMI is 17.9.
Leanna’s BMI is 38.4
Mohammed’s BMI is 23.1
1. Explain a potential current effect of having a high BMI.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Explain a potential future effect of having a low BMI.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Explain how a person could increase their BMI in a healthy way.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
48

Blood Pressure
Healthy Unhealthy
Shanice has a blood pressure reading of 114/68.
Barney has a blood pressure of 143/82.
Salma has a blood pressure of 88/56
Nigel has a blood pressure of 160/90
1. Explain a potential current effect of having low blood pressure.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Explain a potential future effect of having a high blood pressure.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Explain what the consequences could be if a person is suffering from hypertension.
49

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Peak Flow
Healthy Unhealthy
Dave is 47 years old and is 185cm tall. His peak flow

is 616l/m.
Stew is 38 years old and 164cm tall. His peak flow is

482l/m
Marvin is 28 years old and 195cm tall. His peak flow

is 690l/m.
1. Explain a potential health complication that could lower a person’s peak flow.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Explain a potential current effect of having a low peak flow.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Explain how smoking affects a person’s peak flow.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
50

Current &
Future Effects
on Physical
Health
51


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Unit Sheets p.4

Learning Aim A Practice Pages p.23

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This section of your

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Section A: Factors Affecting Health and Wellbeing

RAG Complete RAG Before RAG After Revision

Section B: Improving Health

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In this section you can find the key

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PIES Effects – How a factor impacts Cultural Factors:

an individual is born into.

physical changes that happen to our body Examples:

throughout life. • Female who prefers a female doctor.

Intellectual - The development of • Dietary requirements. For example,

Our financial resources. Not having Examples:

Lifestyle: A person chooses to do production

something. Examples: • Noise – Machinery and traffic music, loud

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Fitness levels Memory levels Stress Social engagement

Illness and disease Concentration and Anxiety Social isolation

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Needs, Wishes and Circumstances:

Needs, wishes and circumstances Suggestions

Barrier Way to overcome it

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Word Definition Word Definition

Physical Changes to our health. Physical A barrier we face physically e.g

Intellectual Changes our thinking, Learning A barrier we face to our

Emotional Changes to the way we Dementia A condition usually experienced

Social Changes to the Impairment When we are not able to do

Intellectual Learning that affects Stress A physical and emotional

Emotional Feelings that affect us. Depression A prolonged feeling of being

Substance Abuse Misusing alcohol and Discrimination Being treated differently to

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Occupation Your job. Obesity Being overweight.

Cancer A disease that is linked Type 2 A disease that is formed due to

Arthritis A bone disease where Stroke When the brain is deprived of

Hypertension When a person’s blood Emphysema A disease of the lungs caused

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In this section of your

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B) Explain one impact of divorce on Damien’s social wellbeing. (2)

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Identify one factor

Give a clear reason for why this is positive/negative