Unit 9: Earthquakes and Faults • Grade 8

Lesson 9.4
Information About Earth’s Interior
from Earthquakes
Table of Contents

Learning Competency 2
Learning Objective 2
Suggested Time Frame 2
Essential Questions 2
Prerequisite Topics 2
Lesson Proper 3
A. Introduction to the Lesson 3
B. Discussion 8
C. Practice & Feedback 15
Assess Performance 16
Synthesis 17
Bibliography 18
 Unit 9: Earthquakes and Faults • Grade 8

Unit 9 | Earthquakes and Faults

Lesson 9.4: Information About Earth’s Interior
from Earthquakes

Learning Competency
At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency should be met by the
students.
● explain how earthquake waves provide information about the interior of Earth
(S8ES-IIc17).

Learning Objective
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
● explain how earthquake waves provide information about the interior of Earth.

Suggested Time Frame

1 session (or approximately 50 minutes)

Essential Questions
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to answer the following questions.
● How did studying earthquake help in unraveling information on Earth’s interior?
● Why is it important to study the waves generated by an earthquake?

Prerequisite Topics
Students should know the following prerequisite topics before proceeding with the lesson.
● Earthquakes (Science 6, Lesson 12.1: Forces that affect changes on Earth’s surface:
Earthquakes)
● What to do before, during, and after an earthquake (Science 6, Lesson 12.3: What to
Do Before, During, and After Earthquakes)
● Faults (Science 8, Lesson 9.1: Faults)
● Earthquakes (Science 8, Lesson 9.2: Earthquakes)
● Tsunami (Science 8, Lesson 9.3: Tsunami)

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Lesson Proper
A. Introduction to the Lesson
Start the lesson by introducing the following concepts and/or asking the following
questions to the students. The suggested activities after the questions may also be done in
class. You may use any of the suggested activities below.

1. Recall the topic of earthquakes. What is an earthquake? What is an active fault? What
is an inactive fault?
a. Earthquake is the shaking of the ground caused by the sudden release of
energy.
b. An active fault is a fault where movement or slippage is expected to occur.
c. An inactive fault is a fault that has ceased activity for a long time.
d. After the introduction, you may proceed with Option A.

Option A: How Do I Make My Own Seismic Wave?

In this activity, students will be able to visualize how tornadoes happen.

Duration: 20 minutes

Quipper Reference: Lesson 9.4: information from Earth’s interior from

earthquakes; Warm-up activity on pages 32 to 33.

Materials:
● slinky

Procedure:

1. Place the slinky on a flat surface. Have your partner hold the opposite end
of the slinky. In case you don’t have a partner, you can tie one of the ends
of the slinky to the doorknob.
2. Holding the other end of the slinky, walk away from your partner, or from
the door.
3. Stop walking away when the slinky if you feel that there is a slacker or it
cannot be stretched anymore without breaking it. Take note that you
should not pull the slinky too tight.
4. Push your end of the slinky towards your partner or the door. Don't let go
of the slinky to avoid harm. This will be named as Wave A. Observe the

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direction of the movement of the slinky.

5. Repeat steps 1 to 3.
6. Move the slinky up and down. This is will be named as Wave B. Observe the
direction of the movement of the slinky.

Guide Questions:
1. The given line served as the equilibrium position, draw the motion of slinky
in the P and S wave in reference to the equilibrium position.
2. If the equilibrium is the direction of the movement of the wave, what can
you infer on the direction of the particles of the wave p-waves? Is it parallel
or perpendicular? The movement of the p-wave is parallel to the
equilibrium.
3. If the equilibrium is the direction of the movement of the wave, what can
you infer on the direction of the particles of the wave in s-wave? Is it
parallel or perpendicular? The movement of the s-wave is perpendicular to
the equilibrium.

Teacher’s Notes
Earthquakes produce seismic waves that travel through rocks. Knowing the
movement of these waves allows the analysis of the earth’s interior as well as
the effects to the structures where the movement occurred.

2. Recall the topic on layers of Earth. What are the layers of Earth?
a. Crust, mantle, and core are the layers of Earth.
b. Crust is the outermost layer. It is classified into oceanic and continental.
c. Mantle is the thickest layer. It is divided into upper and lower mantle. The
upper mantle is the asthenosphere.
d. Core is the innermost layer. It is divided into solid inner and liquid outer core.
e. After the recall activity, you may proceed with Option B.

Option B: Layers of Earth

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In this activity, the students will be able to identify the layers of Earth using a
realia.

Duration: 10 minutes

Materials:
● cutter or knife
● hard boiled egg

Procedure:
1. Ask the students to cut the hard-boiled egg vertically and in half.
2. Ask the students to identify the parts of the egg that signifies the layers of
Earth.
3. In a separate paper, ask the students to write a comparison of the parts of
the egg with the layers of the earth
4. Ask the students to answer the guide questions.

Guide Questions:
1. Which part of the egg can be considered as a crust? Explain. The shell of
the egg shows the crust. It is the outermost layer, and the thinnest as well.
2. Which part of the egg signifies the mantle? Explain. The albumin is
considered to be the mantle. Just like the mantle, it is also the thickest layer
in an egg.
3. Which part of the egg shows the core? Explain. The yolk shows the core. It
is the innermost layer of Earth.

Teacher’s Notes
Crust, mantle, and core are the three layers of Earth. By knowing the
composition of these layers, scientists are able to analyze how different geologic
processes are affected by these layers

3. Recall the topic of magnitude and intensity. What is the magnitude? What is the device
used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake? What is intensity?
a. Magnitude refers to the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
b. A seismograph is a device used to determine the strength of an earthquake.

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c. Intensity is the strength of an earthquake based on the amount of

destruction.
d. After the recall activity, you may proceed with Option C.

Option C: How to Read a Seismogram

The activity allows the students to analyze the magnitude of an earthquake by
reading a seismogram.

Duration: 20 minutes

Procedure:
1. Ask the students to bring out their seismograms.
2. Identify the trend of waves in a seismogram
3. Identify the Richter magnitude of the seismogram by plotting the lag time
with the distance of the wave from the epicenter (given on the
seismogram)

User: Mike Sammartano. December 15, 2013. ‘How to

Determine Richter Magnitude’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFKI1iPmetY.

4. Ask the students to answer the guide questions.

Sample Seismogram:

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Scale:

Guide Questions:
1. What is a seismogram? Seismogram is the output of a seismograph where
data about the magnitude of an earthquake is recorded.
2. What is the information that you can obtain from a seismogram? The
arrival of p-wave, s-wave and surface waves are recorded in a seismogram.
Using this data, the magnitude of an earthquake can be obtained.
3. What is the importance of seismograms? It provides the information about
the strength of an earthquake and it can be used to locate the epicenter of
an earthquake.

Teacher’s Notes
A seismograph is the output of a seismograph where data about Earthquake
can be obtained. The data obtained in a seismogram is essential in predicting
the occurrence of earthquakes in the area.

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Web Box
To provide a better understanding of the process of the lesson, the teacher may
use the video below to allow students to visualize the process being discussed in
the lesson.

Kids know it. 2012. ‘How a seismograph works’

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gbd1FcuLJLQ

B. Discussion
After doing the introductory activity, it is expected that the students are reminded of the
basic information that they need to understand the actual lesson. The teacher can now
proceed with discussing the actual lesson using the flow below.

1. Discuss and elaborate on the topic of seismic waves. What are seismic waves? What
are the types of seismic waves? You may refer to slides 3 to 4.
a. Seismic waves are waves of energy from an earthquake that travels through
Earth layers.
b. Seismic waves can either be body waves or surface waves.
c. Body waves can travel through Earth’s interior.
d. Surface waves can only penetrate rocks at shallow depths.
e. After the activity, you may proceed with Option A

Option A: Show Me the Waves

The activity aims to help students to how seismic waves move through the layers
of Earth

Duration: 20 minutes

Materials:
● art materials
● short bond paper
● marker

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Procedure:
1. Ask the students to draw the layers of Earth
2. Trace the movements of seismic waves as they are reflected and refracted
through Earth’s interior based on the medium by which the waves can pass
through.
3. Ask the students to answer the guide questions

Guide Questions:
1. What are seismic waves? Seismic waves are waves of energy produced
during earthquakes.
2. What is the movement of seismic waves as they travel through Earth’s
interior? Seismic waves can be reflected or refracted.
3. How did scientists use the data on seismic waves to study the Earth’s
interior? Scientists were able to conclude that there are differences in the
state of each layer of Earth by knowing which media does each type of
wave can pass through.

Teacher’s Notes
Seismic waves are waves of energy produced during earthquakes which can
travel through Earth’s interior. Seismic waves can pass through in a specific
medium which leads to the identification of the different layers of the earth.

2. Discuss the topic of body waves and surface waves. What are the classifications of
body waves? What are the classifications of surface waves? What are the layers of Earth?
You may refer to slides 5 to 8.
a. Body waves can be classified as primary wave (p-wave) or secondary wave
(s-wave)
i. Primary waves are longitudinal waves where particle motion is
parallel to the direction of the wave. It can travel through solids,
liquids, and gases.
ii. Secondary waves are transverse wave whether the direction of the
particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of the wave. It can
only travel through solid materials.
b. Surface waves can be classified as Rayleigh waves or Love waves.
i. Love waves travel in side-by-side motion.

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ii. Rayleigh waves travel in an elliptical motion and it is the last type of
seismic wave recorded by a seismograph.
c. Only body waves are used in studying Earth’s internal structure.
d. By examining the velocities of the primary and secondary waves,
scientists were able to determine the layers of Earth.
e. After the discussion, you may proceed with Option B.

Option B: Tag You’re It

In this activity, students will compare the different types of waves.

Duration: 25 minutes

Teacher’s Preparation:
● flashcards which contain facts about the different types of seismic waves

Procedure:
1. Divide the class into 2 groups.
2. Give each group a set of flashcards
3. The first member of the group will get one flashcard and place it on the
board based on the type of seismic wave that it describes
4. The member should tap the next person who will do the same procedure
5. Ask the students to answer the guide questions.

Guide Questions:
1. What are the types of seismic waves? Seismic waves can either be surface
waves or body waves.
2. What are body waves? Body waves travel through Earth’s interior. It can be
classified as primary waves or secondary waves.
3. What are surface waves? Surface waves can only penetrate rocks at shallow
depth. It can be classified as love waves or rayleigh waves.

Teacher’s Notes
Seismic waves can either be body waves or surface waves. These
waves were classified according to the depth of the rock layer it can
penetrate. By classifying these waves, differences in their effects
during earthquakes may also be identified.

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3. Discuss the topic on locating the epicenter of an earthquake. How do you locate the
epicenter of an earthquake? You may refer to slide 9-13.
a. To determine the distance of a certain station from the epicenter,
follow the steps below:
i. Identify the arrival time of p and s wave based on the seismogram
ii. Subtract the arrival time of p-wave from s-wave.
iii. Use the vertical axis to mark off the difference in arrival time on a
scrap sheet of paper.
iv. Slide the scrap paper along the line graphs until it lines up on each of
the line graphs.
v. Read the distance from the horizontal axis that corresponds to this
spot. This distance is the radius of the circle that surrounds the
station
b. After the discussion, you may proceed with Option C.

Option C: Find the Distance

The activity requires the students to differentiate the types of flood

Duration: 20 minutes

Procedure:
1. Ask the students to read the distance of the station from the epicenter of
Earthquake based on the data provided by following the steps:
a. Identify the arrival time of p and s wave based on the seismogram
b. Subtract the arrival time of p-wave from s-wave.
c. Use the vertical axis to mark off the difference in arrival time on a
scrap sheet of paper.
d. Slide the scrap paper along the line graphs until it lines up on each
of the line graphs.
e. Read the distance from the horizontal axis that corresponds to this
spot. This distance is the radius of the circle that surrounds the
station
2. Ask the students to answer the guide questions.

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Seismographic Data:

Seismograph Data

Graph:

Seismograph

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Answer Key:
● The difference between the p and s waves is 4 minutes and 50 seconds.
● Locate the 4 minutes and 50 seconds in the vertical line of the graph. Put
one arrow on 0 and another arrow on 4 min 50 secs. This is shown as red
arrows in the graph below.
● Prepare a scrap of paper and draw two arrows that has the same distance
with the red arrows. This is shown as black arrows below.
● Move the scrap of paper with black arrows along the line graphs until it
lines up on each of the line graphs. Read the distance from the horizontal
axis that corresponds to this spot. In this example, the epicenter distance is
about 3 x 103 km.

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Guide Questions:
1. How many stations are required in order to locate the epicenter of an
earthquake? There should be at least three seismographic data
2. Which seismic waves are read in order to locate the distance of a station
from the epicenter? The arrival of p-wave and s-wave are recorded to
locate the distance from the epicenter.
3. What is the importance of analyzing p and s-waves? It helps seismologist to
determine details of Earthquake occurrence.

Teacher’s Notes
In locating the distance of a station from the epicenter, the arrival of p and
s-wave must be recorded. By knowing the distance of the epicenter from a
location, scientists will be able to plot the occurrence of the earthquakes,
identify active faults and provide evacuation plans that are well suited for the
location.

Web Box
To provide a better understanding of the process of the lesson, the teacher may
use the video below to allow students to visualize the process being discussed in
the lesson.

WestburyHSES. 2012. ‘How to locate an epicenter’

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=694yaY2ylTg

Link to the downloadable presentation slides: 9.4 Information about Earth's interior

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C. Practice & Feedback

Use the following materials to serve as practice activity in assessing student’s
understanding of the lesson. Make sure to provide feedback after doing the activity.

1. Define the following terms.

Terms Definition

i. Primary wave

ii. Crust

iii. Secondary wave

iv. Rayleigh wave

v. Love waves

Answer Key:

Terms Definition

ii. Primary Wave Longitudinal waves where particle motion is parallel to

the direction of the wave

iii. Crust Rigid, thin, and the uppermost layer of Earth

iv. Secondary wave Transverse wave that can only travel through solid
materials

v. Rayleigh wave Travel in an elliptical motion and the last to be

recorded by a seismograph

vi. Love waves Travel in a side-by-side motion

2. List down the steps to locate the distance of a station from the epicenter.
i. Identify the arrival time of p and s wave based on the seismogram.
ii. Subtract the arrival time of p-wave from s-wave.
iii. Use the vertical axis to mark off the difference in arrival time on a scrap
sheet of paper.

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iv. Slide the scrap paper along the line graphs until it lines up on each of the line
graphs.
v. Read the distance from the horizontal axis that corresponds to this spot. This
distance is the radius of the circle that surrounds the station.

Assess Performance
Use the additional materials to assess the understanding of the students
regarding the lesson.

1. Ask the students to answer the following individually on their notebooks. , it will be
checked and graded.
a. Identify what is being referred to by the following statements.
i. These are waves that can only penetrate rocks at shallow depths.
Surface waves
ii. It is composed of a solid upper part and partially molten rock layer.
Mantle
iii. The two types of seismic waves. Body waves and surface waves
iv. These are waves that travel in an elliptical motion. Rayleigh waves
v. The types of body waves. Primary and secondary waves
vi. The types of surface waves. Love waves and Rayleigh waves
vii. The innermost layer of Earth. Core

2. Use the Check Your Understanding section in the study guide pages 52-53. Students
may answer it on their notebooks and will be checked and graded afterward. Choose
only selected items if not possible due to time.
a. Fill in the missing information that will correctly complete the statement.

During earthquakes, (1) seismic waves are produced. These can be classified
as (2)body waves ,which can penetrate through the interior, and (3) surface
waves, which can only travel near Earth’s surface. Only the (4) body waves are
used to study Earth’s internal structure. (5)primary wave can travel in all
types of media while (6) secondary wave can only travel through (7) solids. As
these waves travel through Earth’s interior, the (8)waves change and these
waves (9)refract. Through studying these waves, scientists were able to
identify to differentiate the different layers of Earth. (10crust is the outermost
rocky layer. The next layer (11)mantle which is composed of (12)partially
molten rock materials. Lastly, the innermost layer of Earth is composed of

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(13)liquid outer and (14)solid inner . (15) body waves were used to
differentiate its parts since they can selectively travel through media.

b. Write​correct if the statement is true while write ​incorrect ​if the statement is
false.
1. Primary wave has particles which move that travel parallel to the
direction of the wave, hence, it is considered as a transverse wave.
Incorrect
2. Reflection of wave explains the change in the direction of seismic
waves as it passes through the layers of Earth which have a difference
in density. Correct
3. Body waves are used by scientists to differentiate the layers of Earth.
Correct
4. Rayleigh wave is faster than Love waves. But, most of the ground
shaking is caused by the Love waves. Incorrect
5. The mantle is the densest layer of Earth occupies the largest volume.
Correct

Synthesis
To end the lesson, the following strategies can be done:

1. Provide a brief recall of the concepts of information about Earth’s interior.

2. Ask the students to create a concept map on the board that focuses on information
about Earth’s interior. The following should also be included:
a. types of seismic waves;
b. classification of waves from each type of seismic wave; and
c. steps in locating the distance of a station from the epicenter.

3. Ask the student the following synthesis questions:

a. Is knowing the distance from the epicenter necessary? Yes because it
provides data about the occurrence and strength of earthquakes occuring in
an active fault.
b. How did scientists use the seismic waves to gather information about Earth’s
interior? Scientists discovered that seismic waves travel in different media at
different velocities. This help the scientists identify the composition of each
layer of Earth.
c. Can surface waves be used to study Earth’s interior? Explain. No because
surface waves does not travel through the layers of Earth.

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Bibliography
The Associated Press. 2016. The World’s Deadliest Earthquake Since 2000. Accessed June
13, 2018.
https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/the-worlds-deadliest-earthquakes-since
-2000/

Environmental Literacy Council. https://enviroliteracy.org/land-use/plate-

tectonics/earthquakes/. Accessed June 29, 2017

ESA21: Environmental Science Activities for the 21st Century. Nd. Plate Tectonics:
Earthquake Epicenter. http://esa21.kennesaw.edu/activities/epicenter/epicenter.pdf.
Accessed June 29, 2017.

Dutch, Steven. 2010. Faults and Earthquakes.

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/earthsc202notes/quakes.htm. Accessed June 29, 2017

Lagmay, A.M.F., Eco, R. and Ybanez, R. 2013. Magnitude 7.2 temblor rocks Bohol,
Philippines (Initial assessment). Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards.
Accessed July 7, 2017.
http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/2013/10/20/magnitude-7-2-temblor-rocks-
Bohol-Philippines-initial-assessment/

Lyell, Charles. 2005. Principles of Geology. Reprinted. Penguin UK.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. 2008. PHIVOLCS Earthquake

Intensity Scale (PEIS). Accessed July 7, 2017.
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4
5&Itemid=100

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. 2008. About PHIVOLCS. Accessed

July 7, 2017.
http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id
=13&Itemid=19

Sabornido, S. 2015. Top 10 Strongest Earthquake to Hit the Philippines. Accessed

June 13, 2018.
https://faq.ph/top-10-strongest-earthquakes-to-hit-the-philippines/

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Tarbuck, Edward J., and Frederick J. Lutgens. 2015. Earth Science. New Jersey: Pearson
Prentice Hall.

United States Geological Services. USGS: Science for a changing world. Sept 20, 2009.
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/kids/eqscience.php. Accessed June 29,
2017.

United States Geological Services. Earthquake Glossary - dip slip.

https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=dip%20slip. Accessed July 7, 2017.

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Appendix A1. Assess-Recall Worksheet (With

Answer Key)
Instruction: Read the question carefully then choose the best answer.

Question 1 Explanation
What do you call the waves of energy produced Seismic waves are waves of energy
during earthquakes? produced during earthquakes.
A. seismic waves
B. energy waves
C. Rayleigh waves
D. body waves

Question 2 Explanation
What are the types of seismic waves? Body and surface waves are the
A. body and surface waves types of seismic waves.
B. surface and p waves
C. p and s waves
D. Rayleigh and Love waves

Question 3 Explanation
What is the classification of body waves? Primary and secondary waves are
A. primary and secondary waves the classifications of body waves.
B. primary and surface waves
C. Love and primary waves
D. surface and Rayleigh waves

Question 4 Explanation
Which of the following refers to longitudinal Primary waves are longitudinal
waves where the particle motion is parallel to the waves where the particle motion is
direction of the wave? parallel to the direction of the
A. primary waves wave.
B. secondary waves
C. Love waves
D. Rayleigh waves

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Question 5 Explanation
Which of the following refers to a transverse wave Secondary waves are transverse
where the particle motion is perpendicular to the wave where the particle motion is
direction of the wave? perpendicular to the direction of
A. secondary waves the wave.
B. primary waves
C. Love waves
D. Rayleigh waves

Question 6 Explanation
What are the two types of surface waves? Love waves and Rayleigh waves are
A. Love and Rayleigh waves the two types of surface waves.
B. Love and primary waves
C. primary and secondary waves
D. Rayleigh and secondary waves

Question 7 Explanation
Which of the following refers to waves that travel Love waves travel in side-by-side
in side-by-side motion? motion.
A. love waves
B. primary waves
C. secondary waves
D. Rayleigh waves

Question 8 Explanation
Which of the following refers to waves that travel Rayleigh waves travel in an elliptical
in an elliptical motion? motion.
A. Rayleigh waves
B. p waves
C. s waves
D. Love waves

Question 9 Explanation
Which type of seismic wave can travel through Body waves can travel through
Earth’s interior? Earth’s interior.
A. body waves
B. surface waves
C. Love waves
D. Rayleigh waves

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Question 10 Explanation
Which type of seismic wave can only penetrate Surface waves can only penetrate
rocks at shallow depths? rocks at shallow depths.
A. surface waves
B. p waves
C. s waves
D. body waves

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Appendix A2. Assess-Comprehension Worksheet

(With Answer Key)
Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. Why can’t scientists use surface waves to study Earth’s interior?

Because surfaces waves can only travel rocks at shallow depth and cannot
penetrate through Earth layers.

2. How did scientists discover the difference in the composition of each Earth layer?

They have observed the changes in the velocity of seismic waves as it travels
through the layers.

3. Why are seismic waves reflected or refracted?

Because seismic waves can travel at specific media which affects the direction at
which they travel.

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Appendix A3. Assess-Application Worksheet (With

Answer Key)
Instruction: Answer the following questions.

1. You were tasked to analyze the seismic data of a community vulnerable to

earthquakes. What will be your response from this task?

Analyze the trend provided in the seismic data of the community. Based on that
data, identify the magnitude and intensity of the earthquake and create an
evacuation plan for the community.

2. You were in a building when an earthquake occurred. Which type of wave will more
likely cause the building to collapse? Explain.

S waves will create greater damage because it shakes the ground vertically and
horizontally.

3. You are living in a village. The news reported that a fault line has been discovered in
your area. Explain what will you do.

Read about the fault line that has been discovered if it is active or inactive. Check
the occurrence of movement of this fault line then create an evacuation plan in
the case of earthquake occurrence.

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