Non – Exact Differential Equation

If , in M(x,y) dx + N ( x, y) dy =0

             δM   ≠   δN

              δy          δx

then the equation is “non- exact”

Solution:  Reduce the equation into  exact DE form  by determining the “integrating 

factor” symbol Ø

                     M Ø dx   +  N Ø dy = 0

such that  

                  

                 δØ M  =   δ Ø N

                 δy          δx

Special case for finding Ø

Case 1  When  Ø  is a function  of x alone

                 Ø   =  Ø( x)
 

       Test  : If  1 ( δ M      -      δN)     =  f(x)

                        N    δy              δx

                   then    Ø =   e ʃf(x)dx

Case 2 :  When  Ø  is a function  of y alone

     Test  : If  1 ( δ N     -      δM)     =  g(y)

                    M    cx              δy

                   then    Ø =   e ʃg(y)dy

 

CASE 3  When  
Ø  =  xm yn
 

                         Test : if Mn/y –Nm/x =

    δN   -   δM

                                                                  δx          δy

                    

Example: Find the solution  of the  non-exact  DE

         xdy – ydx  + x2 dx = 0

         (x2  - y) dx    +  xdy  = 0

            δ  M =  (x2  - y)   =    -1         δ N   =  x  =  1   Non- exaxt DE

             δ   y                                 δ x

To find the integrating factor , use CASE 1

       If  1 ( δ M      -      δN)     =  f(x)

            N    δy              δx

            1  ( δ(x2  - y)     -      δ(x)     =  f(x)

            x    δy                   δx

                    1  ( -1    -    1)     =     -2    =  f(x)

                    x                                  x             

                   then    Ø =   e ʃf(x)dx

                            Ø =   e ʃ-2/xdx      Ø =   e-2 ʃdx/x      Ø =   e-2 ln x  

Ø =   e ln x-2               Ø   =  x-2

                                              
 

   Multiply the  given DE  by   Ø   =  x-2

        

 x-2    (x2  - y) dx    +  xdy  = 0)

                        

              (  1  -  x-2  y) dx    +  x-1dy  = 0 Testing for exactness of the DE

        Therefore

    M  =(  1  -  x-2  y)       δ M        =  δ(1  -  x-2  y ) =  =      - x-2                                    

                                        δ y             δ y     

                                           

           N = x-1                           δ  N     = δ x-1        = - x-2

                                         δ x        δ x

                                     

The  new DE in now exact 

 
               (  1  -  x-2  y) dx    +  x-1dy  = 0

Using indirect method

      a) ʃMdx  +f(x)  = C

         ʃ(  1  -  x-2  y) dx + f(x)   = C

                x -  x-1  y      + f(x)  =  C

                     -1

                 x +    y      + f(x)  =  C

                          x

              

            ʃNdy  +g(y)  = C

                  ʃx-1dy  +g(y)  = C

                    x-1 y  +g(y)  = C

                 y     +   g(y)  = C

                 x
 

By comparison

      x +    y       =  C  or

               x

x2 +    y    =  Cx answer

Another method

Direct method

               (  1  -  x-2  y) dx    +  x-1dy  = 0

               a) Direct  method

           ʃ Mdx  + ʃ (N  -   δ   ʃMdx ) dy  =  0

                                                  δ y

      ʃ (  1  -  x-2  y) dx  + ʃ (x-1  -   δ   ʃ(  1  -  x-2  y) dx ) dy  =  0

                                                  δ y

       x  +  x-1  y  + ʃ     (x-1      -   δ        (  x  +  x-1  y  ) dy  =  0

                                                  δ y

 
        x  +  x-1  y  + ʃ     (x-1           -  x-1    ) dy  =  0

                                                   

    x  +  x-1  y        =  c

                                                   

    x  +      y        =  c

                 x    

    x2  +      y        =  c x

Another problem

2) ( y2  -xy) dx  + x2 dy = 0

 M = y2  -xy      δ  M =  2y -x

                         δ   y                                

  

   N =     x2                      δ  N =  2x DE is non -exact

                                      δ   x  

Finding  the integrating factor   Ø  =  xm yn

 

Mn/y –Nm/x =
  δN   -   δM

                             δx          δy

       (y2  -xy )n   -  x2 m        = 2x  -  (2y-x)

              y              x

         (y  - x)n    -x m    =  2x  -  2y+x

          (y  - x)n    -x m    = -2y +  2x    +x

          (y  - x)n    -x m    = -2(y - x  )  +x

Where:                (y  - x)n      =  -2(y-x)

                                       n  =  -2

                             -xm = x

                                 m =   -1

 
 

Ø  =  xm yn  =   x-1  y-2
 

 
( y2  -xy)( x-1  y-2) dx  + x2 (x-1  y-2)dy = 0

    (x-1 – y-1) dx    +  x y-2dy  =0

 M = x-1- y-1        δ  M =   y-2  

                         δ   y                                

N  =  xy-2            δ  N =  y-2

                          δ   x  

Therefore  DE is an exact equation

Indirect  Method

ʃMdx  +f(x)  = C

 ∫(x-1 – y-1) dx    + f(x) = C

   lnx  -   x   + f(x)  = c

               y

  

 ʃNdy  +g(y)  = C

ʃ x y-2dy  +g(y)  = C

   -  x  y-1   + g(y) = c

           

Answer

   lnx  -   x       -  x  y-1      = c   or

    lnx  -   x       -  x /y     = c      or

                              

ylnx  -   x y      -  x      = c y     

              

 
Lecture
◄ Attendance -Oct 20,2021