m<d;a md,kh

m<d;a md,k kS;s

kS;s{ tia'Ô' mqxÑfyajd

úksúoNdjfhka yd uyck iyNd.s;ajfhka hq;=

m%dfoaYsh wdKavq ^m<d;a md,k& f.dvke.Sfï jevigyk
m%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYh
úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

1
m<d;a md,kh

m<d;a md,k kS;s

m%:u uqøKh 2007 uehs
ISBN 978-955-1655-09-9
msgljr ieleiau yd mß.Kl ieleiau È,Sm fyauka;
uqøKh .af,daí ms%kaáka j¾laia - 011 2329739
m%ldYkh úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh hkq iajdëk foaYmd,k

mCIjdÈ;ajfhka f;dr ixúOdkhla jk w;r th uQ,sl jYfhka
rdcHlrKh iy .egqï ksrdlrKh yd ine¢ .eg¨ flfrys ish
wjOdkh fhduq lrhs' 1996 § úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh msysg jkq
,enqfha uyck m%;sm;a;Ska ms<sn|j jQ lÓldj; i|yd isú,a
iudcfha iÔú odhl;ajh w;HjYH jk njg yd th Yla;su;a
l< hq;=j mj;sk njg jk ±ä úYajdih fmr±ß fldg f.k h'
uyck m%;sm;a;s úfõpkd;aul úu¾Ykhg Ndck lrk"
úl,amhka y÷kd .kakd yd tajd jHdma; lrk m¾fhaIK yd
n,mEï lsÍfï jevigyka fjkqfjka úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh
lemù isà'

jeäÿr úia;r i|yd

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh
m%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYh
32$7" u,a mdr" fld<U 07'
ÿrl:k ( 011-2370801-4 *elaia ( 011-2370802
Bfï,a cpa@cpalanka.org

USAID wdOdr u; wdishdkq moku úiska l%shd;aul lrkq ,enQ

mdroDIHh yd j.lSfuka hq;= m<d;a md,kh ms<sn| jevigyk
hgf;a úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh úiska uqøKh lrk ,§'

2
m<d;a md,kh

fmr jok
fuu l=vd fmdf;ys we;af;a m<d;a md,k
wdh;k j¾. ;=fka n,;, yd ld¾hhka .ek
tu kS;sj, oelafjk foah' mk;a j, i|yka
lreKq jvd ir, f,i;a idrdxY f,i;a
olajkafka mdGlhdf.a myiqj i|ydh' fuh
l%shdldÍkag fukau uyck;djgo tlfia
m%fhdackj;a jkq we;ehs is;uq'

kS;s{ tia'Ô' mqxÑfyajd

3
m<d;a md,kh

4
m<d;a md,kh

mgqk msgqj

1' m<d;a md,kh 7

2' m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK meje;afjkafka

flfia o@ 9

3' m<d;a md,k wdh;k

msysgqjkafka flfia o 12

4' m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, n,;, yd

ld¾hhka fudkjd o@ 15

5' uqo,a yd uQ,H md,kh 30

6' whjeh f,aLkh 35

5
m<d;a md,kh

6
m<d;a md,kh

m<d;a md,kh
m<d;a md,k wdh;k fudkjdo@

1' m%dfoaYSh iNd

2' k.r iNd
3' uyk.r iNd

m<d;a iNd
m<d;a md,k wdh;k fkdfõ m<d;a iNdjla hkq
l,dmhl md,kh i|yd hï iSsñ; jHjiaa:dodhl
iy úOdhl n,;, mejreKQ wdh;k j¾.hls'

m<d;a md,kh i|yd n,h ,efnkafka flfia o@

rfÜ m%Odk kS;sh jQ wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfjks' 13

jk wd'l%'jH ixfYdaOkfha 9 jk Wmf,aLkfha 4'1"
4'2" 4'3 jHjia:d u.sks'

7
m<d;a md,kh

tu n,h ,efnkafka ldgo@ l=ulgo@

m<d;a md,k wud;HdxYhg iy m<d;a iNdfõ Bg

iudk wud;HdxYhg h'

m<d;a md,k wud;HdxYh;a" m<d;a iNdj;a tla ù

m<d;a iNdfõ wdlD;sh" j.lSï" m%;sm;a;s" ks,ld,h
;SrKh fldg m<d;a md,k wud;HdxYhg iy m<d;a
iNdfõ Bg iudk wud;HdxYhg h'

m<d;a md,k wud;HdxYh;a" m<d;a iNdj;a tla ù

m<d;a iNdfõ wdlD;sh" j.lSï" m%;sm;a;s" ks,ld,h
;SrKh fldg m<d;a md,k wdh;k msysgjkq we;'

m<d;a iNdjg mejfrk n,;, fudkjd o@

l,dmh ;=< msysá m<d;a md,k wdh;k lghq;=

wëlaIKhg md,khg yd úiqrejd yeÍug n,h
we;' fï i|yd wdKavqldrjrhd" wud;Hjrhd" m<d;a
md,k flduidßiajrhd" iyldr flduidßiajrhd iy
fjk;a rcfha ks,Orhka f.a fiajh ,nd .efka'

8
m<d;a md,kh

m<d;a md,kh isÿjk kS;Hdkql+, NdIdj l=ula o@

woyia m<lsÍu yd mßmd,kh isÿjkafka isxy,

fyda fou< NdIdjkaf.ks ^wdl%' jH' 19"20 iy 22&
W;=re - kef.kysr mßmd,kh fou< NdIdfjks' hï
Wm Èidm;s fldÜGdihl ck wkqmd;h wkqj fjk;a
NdIdjla Ndú;d lsÍug ckdêm;s úOdk l< hq;=h'

m<d;a md,k wdh;kfha wK mk;a" w;=re jHjia:d

,sms f,aLk" pl% f,aL" wdlD;s m;% tu m<d;a md,k
wdh;kh lghq;= lrk NdIdfjks'

m<d;a md,k ue;sjrK meje;afjkafka flfia o@

wdKavq l%u jHjia:dõ 104 wd' mßÈ ish¨ ue;sjrK

tu fldñIka iNdj iy ue;sjrK flduidßia
ckrd,ajrhd úiska ue;sjrK kS;sh wkqj meje;aúh
hq;=h' tu fldñIka iNdj ;ju msysgqjd ke;s neúka
oekg isák ue;sjrK flduidßiajrhd úiska tu
n,;, Ndú; fldg ue;srK kS;s ls%hd;aul lrhs'

9
m<d;a md,kh

uqo,a ms<sn| kS;sh l=ula o@

jßmkï fyda nÿ mekùu l< hq;af;a

md¾,sfïka;=j iïu; lrk ,o kS;shla hgf;a muKs'
^wd'l%'jH 148&

uqo,a l<ukdlrKh .ek ;;ajh l=ula o@

md¾,sfïka;=fõ fmdÿ .sKqï ldrl iNdj iy

m<d;a iNdfõ .sKqï ldrl iNdj .sKqï jd¾;d .ek
fidhd n,hs' tu jd¾;d imhkafka ú.Kldêm;sh '
ta ksid m<d;a md,k - wdh;k j, .sKqï ú.Kkh
lsÍu Tyqf.a j.lSu fõ wd'l%'jH 154^1&}

m<d;a iNdjg" m<d;a md,k wdh;k flfrys we;s

n,;, fudkjd o@

m<d;a iNdj,g mejÍ we;s úIh ,ehsia;=fõ ^9

Wmf,aLkh& m<d;a md,kh tlls ^wd'l%'jH 154 w& ta
wkqj m<d;a iNdjla úiska wod< m<d;a md,k

10
m<d;a md,kh

wdh;k úiska ms<sme§ug kS;s ^m%{ma;s& mekúh

yelsh'

tfy;a mk;a j,ska tkï uy k.r iNd" k.r iNd

m%dfoaYSh iNd mk;a j,ska § we;s n,;, bj;a lrk
kS;s mekúh fkdyelsh' n,;, jeä lrk kS;s
mekúh yelsh' tys§ m<d;a wdKavq ldrhdf.a n,h
m<d;a wud;Hjreka u.ska ls%hd;aul fõ'

m<d;a md,k fiajlhka wh;a jkafka m<d;a rdcH

fiajhg hs' ta iïnkaO n,;, m<d;a rdcH fiajd
fldñiug mejfrkafka wdKavqldrjrhdf.ks'

m<d;a md,k wdh;k j, ¥IK yd wl%ñl;d .ek

meñKs,s úNd. fldg ks¾foaY ksl=;a lsÍug
Tïnqâiaukajrhd fyj;a md¾,sfïka;=
flduidßiajrhdg n,h we;' ^ wd'l%'jH 156&

iajNdúl hqla;shg mgyeksj ls%hdlr we;ehs lshk

meñKs,s Tmamq jqjfyd;a m<d;a md,k wdh;k j,g
tfrysj ßÜ wd{d ksl=;a lsÍug m<d;a
uydêlrKhg n,h mejÍ we;' ^wd'l%'jH 154 .'1&

11
m<d;a md,kh

m<d;a md,k wdh;k msysgqjkafka flfia o@

m<d;a md,k úIhNdr weu;sjrhd .eiÜ m;%fha

m<lrkq ,nk m%ldYhlsks'

msysgqjk m%foaYh iy tys iSud" ks,kduh m%ldYhg

m;afõ' m<uqj msysgqjQ miQ' ckao úuiSï u.ska
mj;ajd .efka'

iSud kshufha § m%dfoaYSh iNd Wm Èidm;s

fldÜGdi j,g wkqrEmj msysgqjkq we;' tu iSudfõ
uy k.r iNd" k.r iNd m%foaY w;a yef¾'

^fï iïnkaOfhka mk;a ;=fkau 2jk j.ka;sh

wod< fõ&

Èk jljdkq" iNsl ixLHdj iy OQr ld,h

weu;sjrhd m%ldYhg m;a lrhs' OQrld,h udi 48
^wjq 4& ls' th wvq jeä l< yelsh' ^u'k'i$k'i' 10
j.ka;sh" m%d' i 5 j.ka;sh& iNdjl idudkH /iaùï
uilg tlla meje;afõ' úfYaI /iaùï wjYH;dj
wkqj h'

12
m<d;a md,kh

lñgq msysgqùu .ek ;;ajh l=ula o@

wod< lreKq .ek fidhd n,d jd¾;d lsÍug lñgq

msysgqjd .; yelsh'

uy k.r iNdjlg (

uqo,a ia:djr lñgqjla iy ;j;a ia:djr lñgq

follg jeä .Kkla k.rdêm;s yer iNslhkaf.ka
muKla iefoa' tla iyslhl=g ia:djr lñgq follg
m;aúh yelsh' uqo,a ia:djr lñgqjg muKla
k.rdêm;s we;=¿j yh fofkls' wksla lñgq j,g
iNslhkaf.ka yh fofkls' f;dard .ekSu ckaofhks'
uy k.r iNdfõ tu lñgqj,g iNdfõ fmd;am;a"
Tmamq" .súiqï" .sKqï" jjqp¾ iy wfkla f,aLk
mÍlaId l< yels h'

uy k.r iNd lñgqj,g ndysr mqoa.,hka m;a l<

yels njla i|yka fkdfõ'

13
m<d;a md,kh

k.r iNd lñgq

WmfoaYl lñgq m;alr .; yelsh' wvla

iNslhkaf.ka yd wvla mqrjeis ksfhdð;hkaf.ka
hqla; fõ' fjk;a k.r iNd iy uy k.r iNd iu.
yjq,a lñgqjlao msysgqúh yelsh'

fufia k.r iNd j,g mqrjeishkag iyNd.s úh

yels h'

m%foaYSh iNd lñgq (

úIhhka y;rlg WmfoaYl lïgqj ne.ska msysgqúh

yelsh'

1' uqo,a yd m%;sm;a;s ielisu'

2' ksjdi yd m%cd ixj¾Okh
3' ld¾ñl fiajd
4' mßir yd myiqlï

fldgila iyslhka f.ka yd fldgila n,

m%foaYfha mÈxÑlrejkaf.ka hqla; fõ' fuu

14
m<d;a md,kh

WmfoaYl iNdj,ska n,;, ld¾hhka yd j.lSï

.ek Wmfoia §u isÿfõ'

m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, n,;, yd ld¾hhka

fudkjd o@

m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=kgu n,mdk bvï yd foam<

mßmd,kh

u'k'i 35" 36" 37 o

k'i 33" 34 o
m%d'i 16" 17" 18 o wod<fõ'

^w'& iNdjg mejfrk foam<

ƒ uqvqìï yd t<suyka ia:dk

ƒ l¿ .,a" lfndla .,a" fndr¨ j<j,a'
ƒ fmdÿ ;gdl yd Thj,a
ƒ fmdÿ jeõ" fmdl=Kq yd we,j,a
ƒ f.dvke.s,s we;s fyd ke;s rcfha bvï

15
m<d;a md,kh

^wd& w;am;a lr .ekSfuka mejfrk foam<

• fmdÿ WoHdk" j;= yd újD; N+ñ

• fmdÿ mdrj,a" ùÓ" we,ud¾." md,ï yd
tajdg iïnkaO bvï yd bÈ lsÍï'
• fmdÿ fj<| fmd<j,a l¾udka; bÈlsÍï
yd tajdg iïnkaO foam<'
• fjk;a ish¨ fmdÿ f.dv ke.s,s yd tajd
msysá ìï'
• ish¨ myka" myka lkq" hlv wdOdrl
wdÈh'

by; i|yka foam< kS;sfhka n,h ,eî we;s

ld¾h i|yd mßmd,khg yd thska ,efnk wdodhï
kS;sfhka bv § we;s ld¾h i|yd fhdod .ekSug o
yelsh' rcfha foam< rchgu wh;a h' mejfrk úg
;snqKq fldkafoais lv l< fkdyelshs'

16
m<d;a md,kh

fjk;a n,;, fudkjd o@

ish wruqo,a j,ska my; i|yka lghq;= l< yelsh

• ud;D odrl iqn idOk lghq;=

• úkakUqjka mqyqKq lsÍu
• ksjdi fhdackd l%u
• mqKH lghq;=
• yÈis iajNdúl wdmod lghq;=
• ÿ¾NslaI" jix.; wdÈ wdmod lghq;=
^u'k'i 188w" k'i'35 wd" m%d'i 19 vii j.ka;s wod< fõ'&

• n, m%foaYfha wOHdmk myiqlï' ^f.dv

ke.s,s" .Dy NdKav" lS%vd N+ñ"
fkajdisld.dr" .=re ksjdi" lS%vd WmlrK"
mqia;ld, myiqlï i|yd ie,iqï wod<
n,Orhkag bÈßm;a lsÍu&

• n, m%foaYfha mdi,a újD; lsÍu" jid ±óu"

taldnoaO lsÍu" kï lsÍu" Wiia lsÍu i|yd
ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu' ^u'k'i 40 ^1&" k'i 36
W!W!" m%d'i' 18x1x wwd&

17
m<d;a md,kh

• wd.ñl W;aij ixúOdkh" oyï mdi,a yd

YdikdrlaIl uKav, meje;aùu" ixialD;sl
uOHia:dk msysgqùu" idys;H fmd;a
m%ldYkh" l,dlrejkag Ys,amSkag ;Hd.
m%odkh" wdÈh ^u'k'i'188 ^1& ta'ta'k'i 159 ^1& wE
wE wE" m%dfoaY iNd' 19^1& xvii&

• È<s÷ iyk ie,iSu

m<d;a md,k wdh;k j¾. ;=kgu n,mdk fjk;a

idudkH n,;, yd ld¾h fudkjd o @

• fiajd fyda NdKav iemhSfï .súiqï we;s

lsÍu
• fmdÿ lghq;= i|yd bvï w;am;a lr .ekSu'
• kvq mejÍu yd mjrkq ,eîu
• fmdÿ ld¾h i|yd bvï uekSug n,h
mejÍu
• fmdÿ ld¾h Ndrlre f,i ls%hd lsÍu'

18
m<d;a md,kh

uy k.r iNd iy k.r iNdj,g muKla wod<

ld¾h ;sfí o@

wdh;khg wh;a bvul iaudrlhla bÈl< yelsh

ta i|yd m<d;a md,k weu;sjrhdf.a mQ¾j wkque;sh
wjYHh ^u'k'i 37" ki 34 j.ka;s wod,fõ&

WoHdk wdÈh kï lsÍu i|yd o tu ls%hdud¾.hu

fhfoa'

uy k.r iNd j,g muKla wod< n,;, ;sfí o@

YS%,xldfjka msg; fiajhla fhoùu fyda NdKav

wdÈh iemhSu i|yd .súiqï we;slr .; yelsh'
^u'k'i 39 ^1& j.ka;sh&

rcfha fyda k.r iNdfõ bvul wjirhla ke;sj

f.dv ke.s,a,la ;ekqjfyd;a Èk 14la l,a § k.r
iNdjg th lvd ±ñh yelsh' ^u'k'i' 42 j&

19
m<d;a md,kh

m%dfoa' iNdjg muKla wod< n,;, ;sfí o@

• f;dgqm,j,a msysgqùu yd meje;aùu

• i;=ka fnda lsÍu .ek m¾fhaIK meje;aùu
• m¾fhaIK f.dúm<j,a yd mÜá .jhka
kv;a;=j'
• .eñ ldka;d ixj¾Okh i|yd lghq;= lsÍu
{19(1) XXII}

• f;drd.;a .ïj, ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s

meje;aùu
• .%du ixj¾Ok iñ;sj,g wdOdr lsÍu'
^m%d'i'19(1& XIV wod< fõ'&

m<d;a md,k wdh;k ;=kgu mejfrk úfYaI j.lSï

yd ld¾hhka fudkjd o@

1' ùÓ$uxudj;a
2' uyck fi!LH fiajd
3' uyck Wmfhda.s;d fiajd - jYfhka lafIa;%
;=kls'

20
m<d;a md,kh

uy k.r iNd - mkf;a 47 isg 95 olajd j.ka;s j,o

k.r iNd wd{ mkf;a 44-102 j.ka;sj,o" m%dfoaYSh iNd
mkf;a 21-77 olajd j.ka;s j,o tu ld¾h i|yka fõ'

wdh;k ;=kgu wod< fmdÿ lghq;= fudkjd o@

1' ùÓ$uxudj;a ;ekSu yd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu'

w¨;a ùÓ$uxudj;a ;ekSu' újD; lsÍu" úYd,

lsÍu' tai|yd bvï w;am;a lr .ekSu' w;a yßk ,o
ùÓ$uxudj;a úlsKSu" nÿ §u" yqjudre lsÍu"
ùÓ$uxudj;a j, ndOl bj;a lsÍu" ùÓ$uxudj;a
kï lsÍu" f.j,a wxl fh§u' ùÓ$uxudj;a kï lsÍu
yd kï fjkia lsÍu l¾udka; fyda jHdmdr i|yd
mdrj,a ;ekSu'

ùÓ f¾Ld iy f.dv ke.s,s iSud ,l=Kq lsÍu' ùÓ$

uxudj;a Tiafia f.dv ke.s,s bÈ lsÍfï§ m'md'
wdh;kfha wjir ,nd Èhhq;=h' tfia fkdjk úg
wkjir bÈ lsÍï f,i i,ld bj;a lsÍu ^u'k'i 42"
k'i 77" m%d'i 52&

21
m<d;a md,kh

fmdÿ r: jdyk fiajd meje;aùu'

ùÓ$uxudj;a j,g ydks isÿjk ls%hd je<elaùu'

uxudj;aj, isÿjk mSvdldÍ ls%hd je<elaùu'

whdf,a hk .jhka we,a,Su'

úfYaI lghq;=j,g ùÓ$uxudj;a m%fhdackhg

.ekSu tkï c,h .Eia" úÿ,sh wd§ uyck fiajd
meje;aùu i|yd

u'k'i iy k'i muKla l<yels lghq;=

g%Eï r: ud¾. ;ekSu yd meje;aùu

m%d'i' muKla wod< lghq;=

m%d'i'g wh;a mdrj,a yd mgqux ,l=Kq lr w;am;a
lr .ekSug kS;Hkql+, f,i lghq;= lsÍu'

uyck fi!LHh

iEu m<d;a md,k wdh;khlau" tkï uyk.r

iNdjlau" k.r iNdjla u" m%dfoaYSh iNdjlau ;u
n, m%foaYfhys

22
m<d;a md,kh

• uyck fi!LHh jeä oshqKq lsÍu iy wdrlaId

lsÍu i|yd fmdÿ mßmd,k wëldßhla fõ'
^u'k'i 96" k'i 103 iy m%d'i' 78 j.ka;s u.ska n,h
mejf¾& m%dfoaYSh iNd" fi!LH ffjoH ks,Odrshd
u.ska tu lghq;= l< hq;=fõ' u'k'i iy k'i'
j,g fjk;a mk;a j,ska o tu n,h mejf¾'
Wod( mSvd ms<sn| wd'm' iy ksjdi yd k.r
ixj¾Ok wd'm'

• c,dmjykh
fmdÿ ldkq bÈlsÍu" kv;a;=j" jid ±óu
ms<sn|j u'k'i 97-104" k'i 104-109" m%d'i 79-84
j.ka;s wod<fõ' jeys j;=r nei hdug ndOd
lrk whg tfrysj kS;s u.ska ls%hd l< yelsh'
wjir ke;sj tu ldkq Wäka f.dvke.s,s
;ekSu jrols' tajd lvd ±óug m'md
wdh;khg n,h we;'
ldkq iïnkaOfhka uy k.r iNdj,g wu;r
fldkafoais mekúh yelsh'

23
m<d;a md,kh

• jeisls<s
^u'k'i' 118-121" k'i 110-117" m%d'i' 85-92 j.ka;s
wod,fõ&

ish¨ ksjdi" f.dvke.s,s yd bvï i|yd

m%udKj;a jeisls,s myiqlï iemhSu iy;sl
lsÍu" uyckhd .ejfik ia:dkj, fmdÿ
jeisls<s myiqlï ;sîu yd fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿ
jeisls<s ksis f,i mj;ajd .ekSu .ek fidhd
ne,Su yd w¨;a jeähd lsÍu" jid ±óu yd
lvd bj;a lsÍu i|yd ksfhda. l< yelsh'

• fi!LHhg wNs;lr f.dvke.s,s

ksis fi!LH ;;ajfhka meje;aùug ksfhda.
l<yels w;r tfia ke;súg lvd bj;a lsÍug
n,h we; ^uki 122-123" k'i 121 - 122" m%d'i 96-97
wod<h&

fi!LHhg wNs;lr f,i ksjdi j, ksjeishka

isák úg th je<elaùug mshjr .; yelsh'
kvq mejÍugo ^u'k'i 124" k'i 123" m%d'i 98&
n,h we;'

24
m<d;a md,kh

• ksjdi j, yqKq .Eug kshu lsÍu

fldgil fyda uq¿ ksjfia yqKq .Eug kshu l<
yelsh' ^u'k'i 125" k'i 124" m%d'i 99&

• u,dmjykh iy li< fYdaOkh

mdrj, l=Kq bj;a lsÍu" jeisls<s ksis mßÈ

mú;% lsÍu'
neyer lrk li< yd u, m'md' wdh;kfha
foam<la fõ'
^u'k'i 129-131" k'i' 118-120" m%d'i 93-95 j.ka;s&

mSvd je<elaùu

m%foaYfha je<elaúh hq;= mSvd fudkjd±hs"

m'md' wdh;kh jßkajr fidhd ne,sh hq;=h'
^u'k'i 132-136" k'i' 126-128" m%d'i 108-107&

• fm!oa.,sl bvïj, mSvdldÍ j.=reìï" c,dY

mqrjd ±óug ls%hd lsÍu'

• ùÓ <uhskaf.ka isÿjk mSvd - Ndrlrejkag

j.lSu mejÍu
25
m<d;a md,kh

• fmdÿ kdk ia:dkj, i;=ka kEùu" frÈ fia§u

;ykï lsÍu
• we,j,a wmú;% lsÍu .ek kvq mejÍu'
• l¾udka; Yd,dj,ska isÿjk mßir ¥IKh
je<elaùu'
• wka;rdhodhl .ia lmd ±óug ls%hd lsÍu'

• uy k.r iNdj,g muKla ^128j'& l¾udka;

Yd,djla fyda jHdmdrhla jid ±óug
ufyia;%d;a wêlrKfhka wd{djla ,nd.;
yelsh'

• wdidok frda." jix.; frda. je<elaùu i|yd

ls%hd lsÍug uy k.r iNdj,g n,h mejÍ
we;' ^137-144 j.ka;s&

• wm%ikak fyda wka;rdodhl l¾udka; i|yd

n, m;%§u yd wj,x.= lsÍu uy k.r
iNdjkag muKla mejfrk n,hls' ^145-148&

26
m<d;a md,kh

uyck Wmfhda.s;d fiajd

• c,iïmdokh
• ùÓ" fmdÿ ia:dk yd f.dvke.s,s wdf,dalu;a
lsÍu
• úÿ,s wdf,dalh fyda úÿ,s n,h iemhSu
• fmdÿ kdk ia:dk we;s lsÍu'

fuu fiajd myiqlï iemhSug iEu m<d;a md,k

wdh;khlgu j.lSu mejf¾'

fj<| m<j,a we;s lsÍu o mejfrk w;r uy

k.r iNdj,g ñksia mßfNdackhg kqiqÿiq wdydr
mdk úlsKSu md,kh lsÍfï n,h we;'

k.r iNd iy m%dfoaYSh iNdj,g

- jeisls<s ,E,s ksmojd ksmehqï ñ,g iemhSu'

- ÿmam;a whg ksjdi iemhSu'
hk j.lSï o mejf¾'

^u'k'i 40^o&" 155-160" k'i 129-152" m%d'i 108-121 j.ka;s

wod<fõ&

27
m<d;a md,kh

.dia;= yd jßmkï nÿ mekùu

uyck Wmfhda.s;d fiajd meje;aùu Wfoid .dia;=

fyda jßmkï nÿ wh lsÍug k.r iNdj,g o ^130&
m%dfoAYSh iNdj,go ^109& n,h we;'

wfkla m<d;a iNdj, tlÕ;ajh we;sj" .dia;=

whfldg hdno m%dfoaYj,g fuu fiajd iemhsh
yelsh ^k'i 131" m%d' i 114&

fj<| m<j,a

uy k.r iNd úiska fj<| m<j,a iemhSu" l=,S

wh lsÍu" w;=re kS;s uÕska md,kh lsÍu" tu ia:dk
nÿ §u" úlsKSu l<yelsh' ^u'k'i 159&

k.r iNd úiska fmdÿ fj<| m<j,a msysgqùu yd

meje;aùu" msßisÿ lsÍu wdÈh l< hq;=h' fm!oa.,sl
fj<| m<j,a md,kh" wëlaIKh l<hq;=h n,m;%
§u" n,m;% fkd§u" jid ±óu l< yelsh'

fj<| m%foaY kshu l<yels w;r" uia" ud¿"

t<j¿ úlsKSu hï kshuhkag hg;a l<yelsh'

28
m<d;a md,kh

m%dfoaYSh iNdj, n,;,

fmdÿ fj<|m," .ïno fmd<j,a msysgqùu

meje;aùu" md,kh lsÍu l<yelsh'
fm!oa.,sl fj<|m<j,g n,m;% §u l<yelsh'

iEu uy k.r iNdjlg u kd.ßl

ufyaia;%d;ajrhl= isáh yelsh' mk;a rdYshl jerÈ
ms<sn| kvq úNd. l< yelsh' ^161-169&'

uy k.r iNdjlg kd.ßl flduidßiajrfhla

isà' k.rdêm;s <Õg isák m%Odk úOdhl ks,Orhd
fõ ^170-172

uy k.r iNdjlg fhdackd iïu;fhka mqKH

flduidßia Oqrhla we;s l< yelshs' Tyqf.a lghq;=(

• mqKH iñ;sj,g iyh ùu

• wdOdr uqo,a md,kh lsÍu
• È<s÷lu" jHik" ú/lshdj .ek fhdackd
bÈßm;a lsÍu'

29
m<d;a md,kh

• iyk ie,iSug ls%hd lsÍu ^174&

uy k.r iNdjl úOdhl ks,OdÍka jkafka

fhdackd iïu;fhka m%ldY lrKq ,nk whhs' tkï'
tu ld,fha iNdm;s o" mqKH flduidßia o" kd.ßl
flduidßiao úOdhl ks,OdÍyq fj;s ^175&'

m<d;a md,k fiajfha fkdjk fiajlhka m;a lsÍu'

úkhdkql+, lghq;= lsrSu" w¾:idOl wdÈh ms<sn|
lghq;= flduidßia u.ska isÿfõ' ^183&

uqo,a yd uQ,H md,kh

fï iïnkaO kS;s Í;s m<d;a md,k wdh;k j¾.

;=kgu wod<j we;'

uy k.r iNd

uy k.r iNd wruqo, - Kh" - whjeh f,aLkh"

weia;fïka;=" .sKqï" .súiqï jßmkï iy nÿ
jYfhka úia;r ù we;'

30
m<d;a md,kh

uyk.r iNd wruqo, ^185-190&

w& jßmkï nÿ" nÿ" ;Sre nÿ" .dia;= yd

fjk;a wh lsÍï'
wd& kd.ßl wêlrKfha ovuqo,a" fjk;a
ovuqo,a
we& uqoaor .dia;=
wE& úlsKSï" nÿ§ï j,ska ,efnk uqo,a
b& foam<j,ska fyda fiajdjkaf.ka ,efnk
uqo,a'
B& md¾,sfïka;=j úiska mjrd fokq ,nk
wdodhï
W& weu;sjrhd fjkalr fok §ukd'
W!& iNdfõ n,;, yd ld¾hj,ska WmÈk uqo,a

uy k.r iNd wruqo,a kñka tu uqo,a weu;sjrhd

wkqu; l< nexl=jl .sKqfuys ;ekam;a l< hq;=h'
^186&

tu uqo,a j,ska fldgila wdfhdackh l< yelsh

^wdKavqfõ iq/l=ï m;aj," rdcH Wlia yd wdfhdack

31
m<d;a md,kh

nexl= Kh lr j," wdKavqfõ fjk;a iy;sl iq/l=ï

m;aj, ^187&

wruqo, m%fhdackhg .ekSu ^188-1&

^w& lïlre jkaÈ f.ùu

^wd& foam< rlaIKh i|yd
^we& kS;shla hgf;a f.ùug kshñ; uqo,a
^wE& ùÓ" md,ï ;ekSu" wdf,dalh iemhSu" kv;a;=
wd§ lghq;=
^b& fj<| fmd<j,a" fi!LH lghq;=" c, iemhSï"
lS%vd msÜgks jeõ" <sx wdÈh ;ekSu yd md,kh
i|yd
^bb& iNd /iaùï j,g ix.%y úhoï
^B& ksjdi fhdackd" f.dv ke.s,s kv;a;= wdÈh'
^W& ùÓ" ldkq msßisÿ lsÍu" mSvd k;r lsÍfï
úhoï'
^W!& mdi,a i|yd iNdfõ f.ùï'
^t& kd.ßl fiajd i|yd f.dvke.s,s ;ekSu yd
ñ,g .ekSu

32
m<d;a md,kh

^ta& ud;D yd odrldNsjDoaê lghq;=' wdmod úhoï

iy mqKHdOdr'
^tata& wd.ñl" ixialD;sl" idys;H lghq;=
ixúOdkh'
^T& úfkdao lghq;=" È<sÿ iyk" wdndê;hka
mqkre;a:dmkh mqKH fyda iqn idOl wdOdr
§u'
^´& fmdÿ W;aij
^l& fmdÿ jeo.;alñka hq;a W;aij úhoï
^l& 289 j' hgf;a k.rdêm;sf.a iy iyslhkaf.a
§ukd
^.& .sks ksjk yuqodjla meje;aùu
^.1& iyslhkag ks, ÿrl:k iemhSu
^j& hï fjk;a kS;shla hgf;a uyck fiajd
lghq;=
^c& uyck mqia;ld, meje;aùu '
^cc& ksjdi ia:dk kv;a;=jg Èß .ekaùfï §ukd
^g& Lksc f;,a mk; hgf;a kd.ßl flduidßia
f.a úhoï
33
m<d;a md,kh

^v& kS;shla hgf;a ls%hd lsÍu ksid k.rdêm;sg

flduidßiag" ks,Orhl=g jk úhoï'
^K& kS;shla hgf;a f.ùug n,h ,efnk uqo,a

wruqo,ska f.ùug n,h mejreKq ks,Orhka

fofokl= w;aika l< hq;=h' fld<U uy k.r iNdj
jd¾Islj fld<U kS;s mqia;ld, lñgqjg uqo,la
f.úh hq;=h' ^188-2-3&

uqo,a Khg .ekSu ^191&

weu;sjrhdf.a wkque;sh wjYHh'

^w& ndr.;a jevla lrf.k hdug

^wd& fmdÿ fiajhla i|yd
^we& ta i|yd bvula f.dv ke.s,a,la .ekSug
^wE& tu ld¾hhkag wjYH hkaf;%damlrK .ekSug'

Kh ,nd .ekSfï iSud ^192&

idudkH jd¾Isl wdodhu fuka oi .=Khla fkd

blaujd uqo,la ,nd.; yelsh' rcfha Kh we;súg

34
m<d;a md,kh

kshñ; iSudj blaujd Kh .ekSug weu;sjrhdg

úêu;a f,i wkqu;h Èh yelsh'

Kh ,nd.; yels l%u ^193&

^w& Wlia u.ska

^wd& Khlr u.ska
^we& ksjdi ne֕lr u.ska

ksYaph lrk ,o ld,iSudj ;=< Kh wdmiq

f.ùfï ksfhda. wd{d mkf;a we;'

whjeh f,aLkh ^211&

k.rdêm;s úiska jd¾Isl wdodhï yd úhoï ms<sn|

f,aLkhla" ia:djr lñgq úuid iNdjg bÈßm;a l<
hq;=h' Èk 7lg fmr iNslhkag Èh hq;= w;r
uyckhdg mÍlaId lr ne,Sug bv ie,ish hq;=h ta
wdldrfhka u mßmQrl whjeh f,aLkhla bÈßm;a
lsÍug o k.rdêm;sjrhdg bv ;sfí' ^214&

whjeh f,aLkhkag ixfYdaOk bÈßm;a lsÍug

iyslhkag bv ;sìh hq;=h ^215&

35
m<d;a md,kh

tfy;a whjeh f,aLkh iNdfõ iïu; lrf.k

ixfYdaOk fkd;ld k.rdêm;sg ls%hd;aul l<
yelsh' ^215w&

whjeh f,aLkfha YS¾Ij, úhoï wvqjeä lsÍug

o YS¾Ij, uqo,a udrelsÍug k.rdêm;sg n,h mejÍ
we;' tfy;a wkqu; lr we;s uqo, fkdblauúh
hq;=h' ^216& wod< j¾Ifhka miq úhoï lsÍug n,h
ke;' ^217&

.sKqï

jd¾Isl mßmd,k jd¾;djla k.rdêm;s úiska

iNdjg bÈßm;a l< hq;=h' ,eîï iy f.ùï ms<sn|
úia;r i|yka úh hq;=h' ta ms<sn| iNdfõ fhdackd
iys; jd¾;djla weu;sjrhdg bÈßm;a l< hq;=h
^218&'

ú.Kldêm;sjrhd úiska iEu uy k.r iNdjlu

.sKqï ú.Kkh l< hq;=fõ ^219&

36
m<d;a md,kh

úKldêm;sjrhd fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;=j we;s

fmd;a" Tmamq" .sKqï" jjqpr" f,aLk ksis f,i bÈßm;a
fkdlsÍu o~qjï ,eìh yels jrols' ^221&

ú.Kk jd¾;d iNdjg bÈßm;a lsÍu o j¾I

wjidkfha § weu;sjrhdg heùuo wjYHh ^222&

.sKqïj, wl%ñl;d" wêNdr kshu lsÍu iy ta

iïnkaO ls%hd mámdáhla o we;'

.súiqï

j¾Ihlg fkdjeä ld,hla i|yd .súiqï we;s lr

.ekSu kd.ßl flduidßiajrhdf.a ld¾hhls' ta
i|yd whjeh f,aLkhlska uqo,a fjkaù ;sìh hq;=h
^227&

jevla" fiajhla fyda øjH iemhSula i|yd .súiqï

we;slr .; yelsh' ^228&

fgkav¾

^w& .súiqug t<öug fmr wem ,nd.; yelsh'

37
m<d;a md,kh

^wd& ta i|yd flduidßiajrhd úiska fgkav¾

le|úh hq;=h'
^we& fgkav¾ msgm;a iNdjg bÈßm;a fldg"
whjeh f,aLkfhka uqo,a fjkalr we;s nj
ikd: jQ miq .súiqu iNdj wkqu; l<hq;=h'

iNdj wkqu; fkdlf<d;a weu;sjrhdf.a wkque;sh

we;sj k.rdêm;sg .súiqug we;=<;a úh yelsh'

jßmkï nÿ iy nÿ

• jßmkï nÿ i|yd foam< ;lafiare lsÍu

• nÿ mekùfï iy whlr .ekSfï ls%hd ud¾.h
^230 - 244 yd 247 i|ykafõ&

• jdyk yd i;=ka f.ka nÿ whl< yelsh' ^245-

246&
• ia:dk nÿ §u fjkqfjka jd¾Isl n,m;% .dia;=
whlsÍu ^247 w&
• uy k.r iNd iSudfõ we;s l¾udka; j,ska nÿ
.ekSu ^247 w&
38
m<d;a md,kh

• fj<| jHdmdr nÿ mekùu' ^247we&

• m%fhdackhg fkd.;a bvï j,ska nÿ wh lsÍu
^247wE&
• bvï fjkafoais j,ska nÿ .ekSu ^247 b&
• f¾kao fmd<j,a msysgqùu yd nÿ .ekSu ^284&
• nÿ whlr .ekSfï ls%hd ud¾.h 252-266
i|ykafõ' iq¿ uqo,la ùu yd È<s÷lu u; nÿ
uqo, w;ayer ±ñh yelsh'

k.r iNd mk;

• iEu k.r iNdjlau wruqo,la msysgqúh hq;=h

^k'i' 158&
• ov uqo,a
• uqoaor .dia;=
• fuu k'i' mk;ska mkjk nÿ" .dia;=" f.ùï
wdÈh'
• fj<|dfuka yd .kqfokq j,ska ,efnk wdodhu'

39
m<d;a md,kh

• iNdfõ foam<j,ska yd fmdÿ fiajd md,kfhka

,efnk uqo,a'
• iNdfõ foam<j,ska yd fmdÿ fiajd md,kfhka
,efnk uqo,a
• fjk;a mjrd we;s wdodhï ud¾. j, uqo,a
• md¾,sfïka;=fjka mejefrk wdodhï ud¾.j,
uqo,a
• ish n,;, yd hq;=lï Ndú;fhka ,nd .kakd
uqo,a

tu uqo,a <Õu lÉfÉßfha fyda wkqu; nexl=jl

;ekam;a l< hq;=h'

wruqof,ka úhoï ^159&

• fiajd yd hq;=lï bgqlsÍfï úhoï

• lïlre jkaÈ f.ùu
• lïlre jkaÈ rCIK f.ùu
• mdßfNdaysl §ukd'
• wdmiq f.ùï'
40
m<d;a md,kh

• È<s÷ iyk wirK yd wdndO iys; whg

§ukd
• wd.ñl yd kv;a;=j fjkqfjka Èߧukd
^209 A mßÈ&

• fmdÿ W;aij i|yd

• iyslhkag ks, ÿrl:k myiqlï
• mqia;ld, wdÈh i|yd
• /iaùï i|yd úh|ï

ks,OdÍka i|yd úY%du yd mdßf;daIsl l%u we;sl<

yelsh ^159A&

jßmkï nÿ

- jßmkï nÿ mekùu yd whlsÍu ^160&

- tu noafoka ksoyia lsÍu ^161&

nÿ yd n,m;% .dia;=

- jdyk yd i;=ka ms<sn| nÿ ^163&

- n,m;% .dia;= ^164&
- l¾udka; nÿ ^165&
41
m<d;a md,kh

- l¾udka; lSmhlg nÿ ^165 ww&

- jHdmdr yd jD;a;Ska i|yd nÿ ^165 ww&
- ixj¾Okh fkdl< bvï j,ska nÿ wh lsÍu
^165&
- we;eï bvï úlsKSu iïnkaO nÿ'

foam< ;lafiare lsÍu

jßmkï nÿ i|yd foam< ;lafiare lsÍu ^236-241&

±kaùu" mqoa.,hka le|ùu" mÍlaIK meje;aùu

iNdm;sg l<yelsh'

jßmkï iy fjk;a nÿ whlr .ekSu .ek uy

k.r iNd úêúOdk ^170-171& k.r iNd j,g wod<
fõ' nÿ iy wdodhï ms<sn| iNdfõ f,alïjrhd ls%hd
lrhs'

wh lsÍu w;ayer ±óuo uy k.r iNdj, fuks'

Kh .ekSu ^173-175&

jßmkï iy nÿ wemhg ;nd Kh .ekSu l<

yelsh'

42
m<d;a md,kh

.sKqï" weia;fïka;= iy whjeh f,aLkh ^176-180&

jeh ms<sn| .sKqï ;nd.; hq;=h

tu f,aLk k.r iNd jeishkag n,d .ekSug

i,id ;sìh hq;=h'

ckjdß udifha .sKqï m%isoaO l< hq;=h'

flduidßiajrhdf.a wkque;sh we;sj k.r jeishkag
n,d.ekSug bv ;sìh hq;=h'

whjeh f,aLkh ^178-179&

whjeh f,aLkh kshñ; Èkhl§ iNdjg bÈßm;a

l< hq;=h' mßmd,k jd¾;djlao bÈßm;a úh hq;=h'
,eîï yd jeh ms<sn| úia;r iNdjg wjYHh ^180&'
i;s yhlska flduidßia u.ska weu;sjrhdg heúh
hq;=h'

ú.Kkh

iEu .sKqulau ú.Kldêm;sf.a ú.Kkhg hg;a

h' ish¨u ,sms f,aLk mÍlaId lsÍug ú.Kk
ks,Odßkag yelsh' iydh fkd§u o~qjï ,eìh yels
jrols'
43
m<d;a md,kh

uqo,a ms<sn| m%dfoaYSh iNdfõ n,;, yd ld¾h

fudkjdo@
124-176 olajd j.ka;s wod< fõ'

m%d'i' wruqo, yefokafka flfia o@

• ov uqo,a ^fojk Wm f,aLkfha mßÈ&
• uqoaor .dia;= ^;=kajk Wmf,aLkfha m%odk&
• weu;sjrhd úiska lrkq ,nk m%odk
• jßmkï" nÿ" ;Sre nÿ" .dia;= iy wh lsÍï'
• úlsKSï" nÿ §ï j,ska ,efnk uqo,a
foam<lska fyda fiajdjlska ,efnk uqo,a
m%d'i'g kS;Hdkql+,j ysñ wdodhï ud¾.'
• md¾,sfïka;=fjka mjrd fok uqo,a yd
wdodhï
• Khg .kakd uqo,a
• fjk;a wdldr j,ska ,efnk uqo,a

44
m<d;a md,kh

weu;sjrhd .eiÜ u.ska zzwkqu;l< nexl=jlZZ

m%dfoaYSh iyd wruqof,a uqo,a ;ekam;a l<hq;=h ^125&

tu wruqo,ska flfia úhoï l< hq;=o@

ksYaÑ; iq/l=ï m;aj, fldgila ;ekam;a l<

yelsh ^126&

• fuu mk; fyda fjk;a kS;shla hgf;a

mejfrk hï ld¾h bgq lsÍug'
• lïlre jkaÈ
• foam< yd lïlre rlaIKh i|yd
• m%dfoaYSh iyd lghq;= j,§ ydks isÿjk whg
fok iyk §ukd'
• kshñ; wdmiq f.ùï
• mqKH lghq;= - yÈis wdmod i|yd úhoï
• .sks ksjk yuqodjla meje;aùu i|yd
• fmdÿ fiajd yd lghq;= mejeÍfï úhoï
• fiajl iqn idOk úhoï

45
m<d;a md,kh

• wd.ñl" ixialD;sl" wOHdmksl W;aij

i|yd
• úfkdao lghq;=" mqia;ld, lS%vd lghq;=
i|yd
• ld¾hhka i|yd hemSï iy úhoï '
• m<d;a md,k wdh;k ix.ï meje;aùug
• /iaùï" iïfï,k .uka úhoï
• m%d'i' ks,Orhkaf.a ^iNdm;s" f,alï&
• fï mk;ska fyda fjk;a kS;shlska f.ùug
n,h ,efnk úhoï

jßmkï nÿ

ksYap, foam< u; jßmkï nÿ" fylafghrhlg

jeä f.dú bvï j,g wlalr nÿ mekúh yelsh

wd.ñl ld¾h i|yd fhfok bvï" fkdñf,a

wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd jk bvï jßmkï noafoka
ksoyia l< yelsh ^134&

46
m<d;a md,kh

jßmkï wemhg ;nd m%d'i'g Kh ,nd.; yelsh

^rcfhka" mqoa.,hkaf.ka fyda ixia:dj,ska& ta i|yd
weu;s wkqu;h wjYHh' ^172&

w;=re jHjia:d hkq fudkjd o@

m<d;a md,k wdh;k mk;a j, i|yka ke;s
tfy;a mejÍ we;s n,;, yd hq;=lï ls%hd;aul lsÍu
i|yd kS;s mkjd .ekSug m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g
n,h ,efí' tu kS;s w;=re jHjia:d kï fõ'

uy k.r iNd wd'm' 267-275

k.r iNd mk; 153-157
m%dfoaYSh iNd mk; 122-128

weu;s wkqu; fldg md¾,sfïka;=fjka iïu; úh

hq;= tu w;=re jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh lsÍug yd
wj,x.= lsÍug o m'md' wdh;k j,g n,h ,efí'

w;=re jHjia:d mkjkafka l=uk ldrKd .eko@

47
m<d;a md,kh

uy k.r iNd w;=re jHjia:d mekúh yels lreKq

fudkjdo@

• k.rdêm;s" ksfhdacH k.rdêm;s" kd.ßl

flduidßia" mqKH flduidßia" kd.ßl
ufyaia;%d;a hk Oqr we;s lsÍu
• m<d;a md,k fiajfha fjkajk iNdfõ
ks,Orhkag yd fiajlhkag jegqma" §ukd wdÈh
f.ùu'
• Tjqkag ksjdvq §u'
• ks,Orhkag" fiajlhkag ld¾h mejÍu'
• wia;fïka;=" whjeh f,aLk" m%ldY" jd¾;d
wdÈfhys wdlD;s ye§u
• .sKqï ;eîfï wdlD;s
• kshñ; fmd;a" kduf,aLk fyda fjk;a f,aLk
wdlD;s

48
m<d;a md,kh

f.dvke.s,s yd l¾udka; .ek

• w¨;a ùÓj, uÜgï" È. m<,

• f.dvke.s,s ì;a;s" w;a;sjdrï" ÿï ljq¿
jHqyh" wd§ lreKq
• Wÿka j," ;rmamqj, jHqyh" ñksia jdihg
iqÿiq ;eka j, Wi" jd;dY%h" f.ìïj,
jHqyh'
• jdhq ixirKh .ek
• f.dvke.s,s wdYs%; újD; ìï m%foaYj, .,a
we,a,Su'
• Ndú; l< hq;= øjHj, ;;ajh
• f.dvke.s,sj, bÈß iSudj
• fma,s f.dvke.s,sj, ùÓhg fmkqu
• w¨;a f.dvke.s,s fyda tajd fjkia lsÍu
.ek - .dia;= wh lsÍu
• ldkq" c," jeisls<s" leisls<s" kdk ia:dk
wdÈh ie,iqï lsÍu'
• tajd mÍlaId lsÍu yd .ia;= kshu lsÍu
49
m<d;a md,kh

• c,dmjdyk lghq;= i|yd .dia;= kshu lsÍu

• w¨;a ùÓ yd mdrj,a i|yd li<" ldkq yd
c,dmjdyk l%u iemhSu'
• fmdÿ jeisls<s Ndú;h úêu;a lsÍu'

c,h iïnkaO lghq;=

• c,h wmf;a heùu je<elaùu

• c,h f.k hdu" mdúÉÑhg §u" úêu;a
lsÍu" /ialsÍu .ek kshuhka mekùu'
• fmdÿ c, iïmdokh
• fm!oa.,sl fiajd u.ska c,h iemhSï
• ñkqï l%uhg c,h §u
• .Dy ld¾hhka fkdjk lghq;= i|yd c,h
iemhSu'
• c,h i|yd uqo,a wh lsÍfï ld¾h mámdáh
kshu lsÍu'
• c, l¾udka; md,kh

50
m<d;a md,kh

ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=

• lror je<elaùu
• u, uq;% bj;a lsÍu
• ldkq" jeisls<s mÍlaId lsÍu -ukqIH jdihg
kqiqÿiq f.dvke.s,s jid ±óu'
• fmdoa.,sl ia:dkj, li< fYdaOkh
• wdidol frda. md,kh
• ;djld,sl f.dv ke.s,s" wdidÈ; NdKav
msßisÿ lsÍu
• W!rka we;s lsÍu md,kh
• uef,aßhd wd§ frda. je<elaùu
• wiay,a" .jy,a wdÈhg n,m;% §u
• iNdfõ fkdjk kdk yd i;=ka kdjk ia:dk
wêlaIKh
• ùÓ iïnkaO lghq;=
• ùÓ ÈhqKq lsÍu
• ùÓj," mdrj, ndOl bj;a lsÍu

51
m<d;a md,kh

• r: jdyk .ukd .ukh úêu;a lsÍu

• ùÓ ±kaùï mqjre wdÈhg .dia;= kshu lsÍu

bvï iy foam<

• f.dv ke.s,s" bvï" j¾. lsÍu yd ;lafiare

lsÍu
• bvï yd f.dvke.s,s whs;slrejkaf.a kdu
f,aLkh ye§u
• Wlia ysñhkaf.a kï ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu
• nÿ whlr .ekSug ;ykï foam< .ek
±kaùu'
• fm!oa.,sl yd fmdÿ bvï uekSï'
• fmdÿ ;Kìï n,d .ekSï'

fj<| fmd<j,a" fmd<j,a" fílß iy wdydr øjH

.ek

• fílßj,g yd tys fiajlhkag n,m;% §u

• we;slrk i;=ka úlsKSu" fmd<j,a md,kh

52
m<d;a md,kh

• k.rhg f.fkk wm:H uia" ud¿ ;ykï

lsÍu
• fj<|y,a meje;aùug n,m;% §u'
• w;=re jHjia:d j,g mgyeksj fj<odu
je,elaùu
• ñ, ,ehsia;= m< lsÍu'
• ñkqï fyda lsreï fyda jYfhka NdKav
úlsKSu úêu;a lsÍu
• wdydr øjH f;d. yd is,a,r ñ, kshu lsÍu'
• f.da >d;l ia:dk" l<ukdlrKh
• whdf,a hk .jhka .ek kshuhka
• i;=ka
• tkak;a lsÍu
• jßmkï nÿ tl;=lsßu
• .dia;= yd wh lsÍï kshu lsÍu ^fï mk;
hgf;a&
• ieÆkaj,g n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu'

53
m<d;a md,kh

• mSvdldÍ fyda wka;rdhodhl l¾udka;"

jHdmdr wëlaIKh yd md,kh lsÍu'
• uqo,a udre lrkakkag n,m;% §u'
• .KldêldÍjrekag yd ú.Kljrekag
n,m;% §u
• fmdÿ úfkdao ia:dkj,g n,m;% §u'
• wdydr øjH úlsKSu fyda .nvd lsÍu md,kh

ixpdrl fjf<kaoka

• n,m;% yd fldkafoais ksl=;a lsÍu'

• NdKav úlsKsu .ek kshuhka lsÍu'

f,dkavß lghq;=

• f,dkavß i|yd n,m;% §u

• f,dkavßj, ffjoH mÍlaIK meje;aùu'
• wdf,dalh" ixjd;kh" c,dmjykh .ek
ksuhka
• f,dkavß u.ska frda. fndaùu je<elaùu'
• tk hk f,dkavß NdKav mÍlaId lsÍu
54
m<d;a md,kh

• wdydr" lEu j¾." f;a" fldms úl=Kk

;ekaj,g n,m;% §u'

lsß mÜá
• lsß mÜá lghq;=j,g n,m;% §u'
• lsß yrl=ka mÍCId lsÍu'
• lsß fokqka md,kh .ek kshuhka lsÍu'
• lsßy,aj, msßisÿlu
• lsßj,ska we;súh yels frda. .ek fmr
Wml%u'
• lsß m%ñ;s lsÍu'
• Wl= l<" uqojdmq lsß" lsß f;,a" fj~re"
flacq wdÈh .ek kshuhka'
• lsß mÜá ksid we;s úh yels frda. .ek
mÍlaIdj'
• lsß mÜá fkdjk ;ekaj, fokqkag n, m;%
§u'
• f¾kao fmd<j,a msysgqùu yd mj;ajd f.k
hdu'
55
m<d;a md,kh

• .sks ksjk yuqodfõ iyh ,nd .ekSu'

• ±kaùï m%o¾Ykh .ek
• c, iïmdokh" úÿ,sh iemhSu" fj<|
fmd<j,a" fmdÿ ia:dk wdÈh .ek .dia;=
kshu lsÍu'
• fjk;a uyck fiajd .ek .dia;='
• wmú;% c,fhys uiqka we,a,Su ;ykï lsÍu'
fjr< nv uiqka we,a,Su myiq lsÍu'
• Yío úldYk hka;% md,kh lsÍu'
• nÿ yd n,m;% .ek jd¾;d f;dr;=re
iemhSu'
• l¾udka; wmøjH md,kh lsÍu'
• n,m;% §u úêu;a lsÍu'
• fudag¾ jdyk keje;aùu l<ukdlrKh
lsÍu'

56
m<d;a md,kh

fï f,aLKh i|yd Wojq jQ fmd;a

1' m<d;a md,kh i|yd YS% ,xld wdh;kfhka m< lr we;s fmd;a

2' YS% ,xldfõ wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj

3' uy k.r iNd w{d mk; 1947$16

4' k.r iNd wd{d mk; 1939$61

5' m%dfoaYSh iNd mk; 1987$15&

57