Scanned by CamScanner

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 Tr a n sien t A n a ly sis B y L a pla c e T r a n sfo r m

So m e I m po r ta n t Fo r m u la
i V / $-

L Mt ï

L VM V

LH
S

' I
し [ i dt] =
:/
L t e- t
'] (S + a )
L t si nb t ] = /

L t co s bt ] = ·

bz + s2
t ]
L t te- =
'

(S + a ) 2
t S
b
L t e- i nb t ] = s+ a 5 / + b z
A

S+ a
t
L t e- C o sb ] t

#S t e p s t o b e h p p l i e d f o r s o lv in g a n y c ir c u i t by L a p la c e T r a n s fo r m

A p pl ý K
VL or KC L i n t he ci rc u i t at t > O

A f t er ap pl i ca t i on ' f KV L or KC L we wi ll al wa y s g t e di ff er en t i al eq u a t i on , o t ak e t he
s

tra n sfo rm o n bo t h s id e s o f t he i
e qu a t o n

l 1ge t a i on ai ni ng i ni ti al co n d i ti ón , t he va J ue o
f
A f t er t ha t we wi eq u a t co n t
s
o su b s t i tut e
i n i t ia l co n d it io n
* K e e p t he d e pe n d e n t v a r ia b l e o n t h e o n e s i d e o f e q u a t i o n a n d r e m a i n i n g te r m o n t he

o t h e r s i d e o f t h e e q u a t i o n t h e n a pp l y H e a v i s i d e s
'
pa r ti a l f r a c t i o n
l e as a f un c t i on .
F i i nal l y t ak e t he i nv e r s e La p l ac e Tr an s f or m t o ge t t he de p e n d e n t va r i ab
o f t im e <r

.a

Scanned by CamScanner
 I CH A PT E R 4 ] [ EI & ihet»ry】 Trd n s ie n t Ana ly s i s

d o n E x p r e ss i o n
#H eav i s i d e \ s p a r tia l $c ee ' .
L et an y f u n c t i q n , ï ( S)
=

n o n r epe a t e
d
1) If a \ï t h e r o o ts o f Qi s ) a r e

P ( S)
1( s ) =

S+ S * S+ S 2 S + Sn

. ï
:h a
>.
T o f in d K ,

* (S + S1 )

Scanned by CamScanner
[ c H A PT ER 4 ] [ El e c t r i c Ci r c u i t T h e o r y 】 , /i - /<îj
, ,
K 1
=
t h e n PU T S =
0
( S+SXS+6XS+1)

K
i s

A n d Fo r K 2
(5 + 2 )
2 * + 3
ð )
sssxs6xs1

s s ôx s r

ær sx 5 6 XT 5
J
¢ ï
K2 - '
20

A n d Fo r K 3

s s 5 x s ó x s r
K3 - / ·

-
t he n p u t S = 6
s s 5 x s r
( 6 + 2)

K3 -
飞
15

A n d Fo r K4

Ss s x s 6 x s r
K4 -
- t he n p u t S = 1
S ( S + 5 ) (S + 6 )

r x HSX 6 3
1
K4 -

2 6

T hu s
B
飞 嗌
《

1S 5 20 S+ 5 15 S+ 6 20 S+ 1

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ c H A p T ER t } t e¢M1Cï i cm e o ry ] Tr ,l n s ie n c A n a 1y s i s B
la c
e,

2) If so m e o f ro ot of Q(s ) h a s p o w e r

P (S)
1 =

Ss N SSÙZ S S Ù'

T O f in d K
1r

K 1r
-

(S + s N ( s · ( S + Su '

\r t he n p u t S = Sl
(S + s u 1 ( S + s u z

T O f in d K
l (r 1)

K ,(n i , -
Ë j . Fte , d. In dif f e
g r e n t ia t i n
g t h. " pu t s =
. s,
T O f in d K
r (r 1 )

K r (r - 2 ) -

å ] . Fte , do i n
g / 9q if re . N t ia t i n
g th. . pu t s = si
And so o n u t
Ro

" W u " " s+ a f ter

P (m j
·
d o in
g 7 1) t i m es
di frenti ati ngt h e n pu t
s·
Fo r Ex a m p le 4 2l
wsM
^G\Ñ5
.

T o f in d K
S L Tq
K =

X
S
K t he n pu t S

9
= 5
(5 + 1 ) 3
:
4

.
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
[c H A PT ER 4 ] [ El e c t r i c Ci r c u i t T h e o r y 】

Nele Fo r s o lv i n g ho m o ge n o us
Vo - VR + VL
d i Fi r e n t ia l equ a t io n or n

di ho m o ge n o u s d if f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n
Or V o ,
- i* R + L
dt
fr o m L a p la c e T r a n s fo rm n e t ho d

pr o c e d u r e s
dl R Th e a re sam e ,
. .
Or' + i =

dt De p e n d u p o n
pr o c e d u r e do e s n t
L L

l ik e c l a s s ic a l
so u rc e pr e s e n t
T a k i n g L a p l a c e T r a n sf o rm on b o t h s ide s
o ble m
m e t ho d I e s o lv e e v e r y pr

R w it h sa m e pro c e du r e
O r S+ , i (0) + L
. ï =

SL

c ir c u it s o i(0 ) O
g iz e d
-

N o w t o l i n d i (0
'
) u s e i n it ia l co n d it i o n , t h e g i v e n c ir c u it i s d e enef

Fro m co n t in u it y r e la t io n o f i n du c t o r

iu o =
i uo ) = O

°
C i r c u it at F O is
) -

V,
:} v
'
uo }

'
xo O
^ Ï

o r, Sl · ì · : =
f
】
'

o r B【
s · = : t
。

"

Now a p p ly i n g pa r t ia l f r a c t io n ,

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 C H A PT E R 4 ] [ El e c t r i c Ci r c u it T h e o r ]
y

l in d t he r e s s io n f l t a ge T r a n s fo r m m et ho d
e x p o v o a c r o ss in du c to r V 1 (t ) u sin g L a p la ce

A p p ly in g K V ' at t > O
;

Vo · 2V R + VL

JD r , V .
-
[J .
· . Dt ] * 2 R + v ï [s i n c e i = i r
-
;f v . Dt ]

'
Or V . ,
-
[j L .
. . Dt .
L
v L dt ] "
2 R+ v L

Or ,
Vu -
[ i UO 1·. Dt ] ' ' ' ' ' ' [s in c e i1 (0 =
t j .
" dt !

o w to f in d iï
'
(0 ) u s e i n it ia l co n d i t io n ,
t he g iv e n c ir c u it i s e n e r g i z e d s o c i r c u i t a t t -

i r c u it i l (0 )
h
Fr o m t he -

A n d v uo ) = O
"

Fr o m co n t i n u it y r e l a t i o n f o r i n d u c t o r , iu o ) = i i (0 '

) =
6
-

No w ,
c ir c u it a t t- O is

139 P a e
g
Scanned by CamScanner
 -

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
CH A PT E R 4 ] [ El e c t r i c Ci r c u it T h e o ry ] ia

T a k in g In v e r se L a p la c ë T r n s fo r m

T hu s, a c c o r d in g t o t he q u e s t io n t he c u r r e n t s u w l i e d by t h e so u rc e is

1 - i , + i|

l t l t
i (t ) = 10 10e + Se

I t
i (t ) = 10 5e A m p

) 2 I n the n etw o r k s h o ì +n i n fi gu r e be lo w t he sw i tc h K is c lo se d a t t - 0 U sin g L a p 1a ce

]. A n s f o r m a tio n m e t l 1o d f i n d t h e t w o +n e s h cu r r en ts i , a n d i2 ·

t = O

So l u t i o n

A p p ly i n g K V L a t o u te r lo o p a t t > O

75 = 7il + 7i2 + 0 .
2
T a k in g I T . o n b o t h s id e s

'
e n e r giz e d c o n d it i o n i 2 (0 ) i 2 (0 ) Oa n d *
V c (0 ) - O
Si n c e i t '
s a de so = =
a ls o V c (0 )-

. A W ly i n g K V 1 . At lo o p ( I ) a t t > O
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ c HA PT ER 4 ] I El e c t r i c Ci r c u it T h e o ry ]

A n d ,
4 1
=
94I X l
4 0 54053 75
A .1 - (525 + 1 5 S)
S

( 1 SS 2 + 5 2 5 S+ 4 0 5 4 0 5 3 7 5 )
1l ï =

A !" .
6 2
=

(7 8 " o 54 o 5)
4/]
(5 2 5 S 4 0 54 053 7 5)
62= 525
S

'
J
6 2
=

z + szss+ 4os¢osa 7s
(J s s ) 2+
1ss 5 2 5 s + 4 0 5 4 0 S3 7 S
N OW 0, - - -
Sz + 7 7 5 7 S+ 5 4 0 5 4 0 5 )
.
( 1 4 Sz + 1 0 8 5 9 8 1S+ 7 5 6 7 5 6 7 ) 5* 1 4 (

U t i l
I ï=
1 4 S( S + ï o 3 2 ) (5 + 7 6 8 6 6 7)

U s i n g pa r t i a l f r a c t i o n

A B C
1 5 S + 5 2 5 S+ 4 0 5 4 0 5 3 ? S
2
_ + +
1 4 S (S + 7 0 3 2 ) (S + 7 6 8 6 6 )
7 S ( S+ 7 0 3 23 ( S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

To find A

Z
1 5 S + S 2 S S + 4 0 S4 0 5 3 7 5
#
A ° )
1 4 S (S + 7 0 3 2 ) ( S + 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

\
Z
1 SS + S 2 5 S + 4 0 S4 0 5 3 7 S
A = t he n p u t S . O
1 4 (s + 7 0 3 2 ) (S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

15 · 0 + 5 2 5 · 0 + 4 054 0 53 7 5
A =

1 4 (0 + 7 0 3 2 ) (0 + 7 6 8 6 6 7)

A = 5 35

T o fin d B
- m

14 5 P a g ¬?

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C$ A PT ER4 ] I El e c t r i c rcï r c u it T h e o r y ] TU$nsien/iïiálys0s ·

W 1 ' " ) A
B =
)
n s ( s + ? o 3 2 ) ( S+ 7 6 8 6
6 7)

z 7 0 3 2) + 4 0 5 4 0 5 3 7 5
15( 70 3 2) + 52 5 · (
B =

1 4 7 0 32 ( 7 0 3 2 + 7 6 8 6 6 7)

B 5 45

TO f i n d C

1 5 S Z + 5 2 SS + 4 0 5 4 0 5 3 ? S
C =
* (S + 7686 67
1 4 * S( S + 7 0 3 2 ) ( S + 7 6 8 6 3 7 ) )

1 5 S Z + S2 SS+ 4 0 5 4 0 5 3 7 5
'
R =
the n pu t S - _ 7 68 6 6 7
K 1 4 S( s + 7 o 9 2)

- 7)2 + 52 5* ( 7 68 6 6 7) + 4 0 5 4 0 5 7 5
B =

-
< 4 7 6 8 6 6 7( 7 6 86 67+ 70 32)

B =
1 0 80
5i
A
W u s e qu a üo Da o be c o m e s a s

*i= =
45 + 0, 0
_
S([ + ?0 3 2 ) ( S + 7 6 8 6 1
67) S (S + 7 0 3 2 ) (S + 7 6 8 6 6 7)

T a k in g l 1 T

l l (t ) S 3S 7 0 3 2t
. S 4 Se 7686 67t
+ 10 8 0e Am p

a 'd ¬1 4 6
7 i o + m/ 4054 053 75
"
=
Ý '

-
? S. 1 4 * (a z + 7 7
5 7 S + S 4 0 5 4 0 5)
ì B= .
$ 1 4 S (S + 70 3 2"

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ CH A PT E R 4 ] [ EIe c t r i c C i r c u it T h e o r y ] 9ip l a cé

4 054 053 75 A C
. +
- +
J 4 s ( S + 7 o 3 z j (s + 7 ô a ô 6 7
) s (s + 7 o 3 2) (S+ 7 68 6 6 7)

T o f in d A

4 05 4 0 53 7 5
ハ 奉 人
1 4 S( S+ 7 0 3 2 ) (S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7

4055053 75
-
/ U
m en pu t b -
1 4 (S + 7 0 3 2 ) (S + 7 6 S õ 6 7 )

4 0 54 0 5 3 75
A =

1 4 (0 + 7 0 3 2) ° + 76 8 6 6 7)
1
A =
5 35

T o 月n 0 日

4054053 75
8 = . (S + 70 3 2)
] 4 S( S + 7 0 3 2 ) ( S + 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

B =
- t he n pu t S = 70 32
1 4 S (S + 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

4 0 5 4 0 53 7 5
B =

1 4 70 3 2( 0 32 + 76 8 6 6 7)

B = 54

T o 月n d C

4 0 5l o s 3 7 5
C = .
(S B 76 8 6 6 7) .

1 4 S(S + 7 0 3 2 ) (S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

B =
- t he n pu t S = 768 6 6 7
1 4 S(S+ 7 0 3 2 )

4 0 54 0 5 3 7 S
B -

1 4 7686 67 ( 7 68 6 6 7 + 7 0 3 2)

B = 0 04 9

T hu s e qu a üo n a o be c M n s as

40540 53 75 5 3S 5 4 0 049
l2n -
+
S (S + 7 0 3 2 ) ( S + 7 6 B6 6 7 ) T (S + 70 32) ( S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7)

l 2= +
T (s + 7o 3 2 l (s + 7ó a 6 6 7)

14 7 t' a e
g

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ c H A PT ER 4 ] [ El e c t r : c Ci r c u it T h e o ry ] !v s

/
p 05 4 0 53 7 5
1 4 S ( S + 7 0 3 2 ) (S + 7 6 8 6 6 7 ) S 70 32) (S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7)
(S+

T o f in d A

4 0 54053 75

1 4 S ( S + 7 0 3 2 ) ( S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7

4 0 5 5 0 53
- - u
/\ [n e n pU I )
1 4 (S + 7 0 3 2 ) (S+ 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

4 0 54 0 5 3 7 5
A =

1 4 (O+ ?0 3 2 ) ° + 7 6 8 6 6 7 )
1
A -
5 35

T 0 f in d B

4 0 S4 0 53 7 S
B = . (S + 7 0 3 2)
1 4 S (S + 7 0 3 2 ) ( S + 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

B =
- t he n pu t S = 70 32
1 4 S (S + 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

4 054 053 75
B =

1 4 70 3 2 ( 7 0 3 2 + 7 6 8 6 6 7)

B = 5 4

T o f in d C

40 05 3 75
76 8 6 6 7)
C =
. (S +
14 S (S + 7 0 3 2 ) ( 5 + 7 6 8 6 6 7 )

4 054053 75
B =
7686 6 7 + 70 3 2)
14 7686 67(

8 = 0 04 9

ao be c o
qu a üo n
s as
T hu s e w
5 3S S4 0 049
4 0540 53 7 5
-
6 7)
l= S(S + 7 0 3 2 ) (S + 7 6 8 6 6 7 ) ( S+ 7 0 3 2) (S+ 7 6 8 6

S (S + 70 32) (S + 7 6 8 6 6 7)

14 7 l p a g e

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
[CH A PT ER 4 ] [ El e c t r i c C i r c u it T h e o r ]
y

20

c i r c u it at t =

* 25
in c e it '
s a En e r g iz e d co n d i t io n so i (0 ) =
i (0 ) = _ 10A
2+ 0 5

'
A n d a ls o V c (0 ) =
Vc (0 ) = 5 'V

2 1 + SI 10 4 0 5 1 0 5 11
.
= 0

2 5 1 + SI 0 5 11 = 10

A p p ly i n g K V L i n L o o p ( 2 ) at t > O

o 5 o. o eJ= h d e h , dÞ o

0 5 (i , n + Vc ( o + îr i . Dt 0

0 5 61r
. D S4 Jþ d t , O

T a k in g L T o n b o t h s i de s

U 3 11 U 3 1 Ï T - "
s î

0 SS 9 60 5S F lt = SY W
Pu t t i n g t w o e q u a t io n s i n m a t r ix fo r m an d s o lv e fr o m C r a m er s
'
R u le ,
w e ge t

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A PT ER 4 j
[ El e c t r i c a r cu i t Th e o r y ] Tra " ' " Ar

j . I dt +i dt +i . 2+ £ = 0
iii
Vc (o +i dt + i . 2 + 9
dt 0

.
+

W - :

c :r

Fr o m t h e c ir c u it at t
+
O i (0 '
=
, ) =
Ol a s i n d u c t o r i [ d e
>v ener
g iz e d ) and
v c (o
)

1 +
3 4i dt + 1
O; 5
. 2 +
dt
_ o

Ta k in g L T i n bo t h s i d e s

WI \
. °

i s + i y i Æ护

Taki ng; T . on bo t h s id e s
l e t
e s lu it A m p
Q 6 So lv e fo r j (t ) j n c ir c u it as shor n i ni ° *
w
.

ito r
c ha rg e d to 20 v o l t s, t h e 6F c a p a c i t o r t 0 10
r e

v a k a mm A ö be' . ^
in w hi c h 3F . a
. 《
pac
- O
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ CH A PT ER 4 ] [ El e c t r i C i r c u it T h e o ry ]

t = O
田 令 旧
v
V

3F20V
今 6F 1o v

So l u t i o n

A p p ly i n g K V L at t > O

Vc r+ v n r+ v n 2+ v c ~
-
O

ëj
3 0
. 0
I dt + 1 . I 4 1 ' i + ~r
6 .à o
i dt = o

å .
i dt + åj : i d t + 1 · i + 1 · i + ~r .
I dt + ì:
'
dt = O

Vc 1 ( o +å i dt + 1 * i 4 1 · i + Vc . ( 0 + ~K i d t = O

F r o m t he q u e s t io n i t i s g iv e n t h a t Vc l ( 0 ) = 20 v o lt an d Vc z ( 0 ) = 10 V O lt

20 + : Ki d t + 1 * i + 1 · i + 10 + | Ki d t = O

T a k in g L T in bo t h s i de s
.

+ 1 +3 Si + + + ¥5 + LS 6
· O
5

I ï 10

3S 6S S

(2 + 2 Ö ¥ * } I
*
=
O
6S S

60

02 S3

15 3 P a g e

Scanned by CamScanner
 s ie n t An a ly s i [ E ý
ry ]
£c H A p T ER 4 ] [ El ed

'

T a k in g ! L T .
on bo t h s i de s

25t A m
i (t ) = Se 0 p

t im t 0 to s e r ie s
p1i e d 1t
= a
Q7 A n ex n a! v o l t a ge 4 e
st b a
e RLc
.
po m
ple te so lu tio fo
L 1H d C F O bta in com n r t he
p r is in g R
=
c o m = . an .

l t a ge a c r o ss t he
t t h r o u g h t he i n d n c t o r a n d z e r
A ssu m e z e r o o vo ca p a c i to r
c u r r en

a p p lic a t io n o f the v o l t age IU s e t r a n s f o n n m e t ho d . 1

So l u t i o n
4

A p p ly i n g K V L a t t > O

4e 3t
. 4i + £+ < i 3
d t + 0¥ Ri d t
3

4e "
. 4 1+ £+ V {o c + 3 4 1d t
Fro m t he q u e s t io n Vc ( o ) = O a n d i (O ) / 0

4e ' '
. 4i + 310+ 3 j :i d t
T a l ch /
' '
¢r .
-

LT on bo t h s i d e 8 .

1 q

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 T 1d ' - "
n t A " "
ie l rai ï

! CH A PT ER ]
cj ' . .

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 L
f C H A PT E R 4]
-
[ El e c t r i c ¡ r c u lt T h e ö r y } T r a n s ie n t A n a l s i
y s By h
p ïa e
e

T hu s e q u a t io n ( n be c o m e s as
sít
V =

(S " "
=
i] + ·
i n
2 12 0 ] Za 1
V =
+ +
is . i i (S+ o 2 9) ( S+ 1 7o)

T a k in g : L T bo t h s i d e s
on w e gc t

v (t ) 2 12e at 02 9t 1 '" t
=
0 I e + 2 3 16 A n 1p

Q 9 A Sin u so i d a l V o l t a e 2 5 s i n 1o t h / ppu d t tim e t

g a = 0 to a s e r ie s
RL i.
R 50 a n d in dn c to r r

_ '
T " o >
r a n s f o r n 1a t i
on ûn d cu r r en t i (t ), A« u m e zer cu r ren t t hr o u gh in du ct
a p p lic a tio n o f v o l t a g« o r

$
£
So l u t i o n

A p p ly i n g Bm at t >
2 SSi n 1 0 t i
= · S+
> ,
i ¥!

T a k in g L T on bo t h s i d e s
J

2 5 · 10 /
- S: + Sï (0 + )
s z + 1o o

Fr o m u e s ti o n i (o
·
) i i o

X9 . _. ; ,

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A PT E R 4 ] rlc c i rc u i t T h ë t i r y 】
Tr a n s ie n t A n a ly s i s By
Lapl ai
[ El e a

Q 2 a l o n g t i m e I t ;i s c l o s e d a t t
T he i t c h i n f i gu pe n e d f o r o
. -
.
sw r e h a s bee n o .

c o n 1 le
p te ex e ss io n tb r t h e r e n t u s i n g Ba p
la e e T r a n s f o r m a t i o n m e t h o d
pr cu r

: 0 IH.

20
lA n s i ( t ( 1 6 7 e .
7 1S ) A m p I
Q .
3 I f t h e i n i ti a l c a r r en t t h r o u g h t he i n d u c t o U b e 1A , f i n d i u t ) a t t > 0 i 1i t h e
belo w u s in g 1 a p la c e T
, r a n s fo r m a t io n 1n e t l r o d .

t = o

IA m i L (t ) a * e A n 1p ]

Scanned by CamScanner
 Ci r c u i t T h e o ry ]
EIe c t r i c
【
I QE C is i n it ia lly c ha r ge d t o Vol t he sw i tc h K is
f k s ho w n , c lo se d A t
t
ne tw o o
=

L a p la c e T r a n s fo r m a t io n m et ho d
m he
.

u sin g
c n t ( ),
i l
t be c a ïT

t = o

< L

lA n s i (t ) Si nt Amp]

v o l ta g e a c r o s s t he c a p a c ito r a t t > O USi g L a pla c e T r a n s fo r m a t io n m e t ho d

t he

t = O

o 5t
l A n s V 1 (t ) - (2 2e ) V o 1t ]

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 i d the ir it he s dy
t he sw it c h s
o pe n an c c u r eac a stea
be lo w F
1h e li g u f e fo o u sin
f c u r r en t in t he in d u to r r t >
g L a p la c e
ir c u it o d F i n d Th e
¡l t bc c itc b i s c lo s e .
Q3 o t b e sw

lt
At F ,
·
sD
t ho
d 10 0
mle: w
W

5V

A Y tr a n s fo r m a t Bo n ]
[H 1n t u s e
067e
3 57t + 0 6 } A m pi
lA n s i (t ) - (0

l A n s V (t ) - ( 3 e 0 5t
+ S ) V o 1t ]
t he
Q1o: In - o F i 11d
t he d at t
.
"
r t u lt ah " "
to
«
b
t\
pr t * io n f
ow n
, sw ha n ge d fr b m po s it io n
itc h is c
a
or ca tho d .

r r en t 1i (t ) a n d i 2 t u s i n L a l a c e T r a n s f o r m a t io n m e
() g p

Scanned by CamScanner
 Tra n s ie n t A n a ly s i s B L
[ C H A P T ER 4 ] a r c u lt Th e o r y ] y a Pla
ce
[ El e c t r l c Tr
i
a

13 g o t i z (t
lA n s i , «t ) - ( 10 4 3 1e
35 9t
+ 0 68e ) A, ) .
(5 3 3? F
+ 0 87e 13 g o t
)A ]

q I 1 In f ig u re be lo w .
Th e c a p a c i t o r s c 1 a n d c 1 a r e i n i t i a l ly d is c h a r g e d T h e sw it c h K
a t t = 0 & n d t he v o lt a g e v (t ) f o r t > o u s in g l a p la c e T r a n s f o r m a t io n m e t ho d
o .

[A n 1 V 1 (t ) · 6 SS L Ta t
(6 74 e 6 74 e 303408 22t
) V o 1t ]

Scanned by CamScanner
 k ti

Scanned by CamScanner
 F r e q u e n c y Re s p o n s e
[ c H A P T ER 5 ] Th e o r y ] óI
El e c t r i c Ci r c i t l t
【
o
i ok r

e e qu a l ' " " n ' "

ta k e s a v a lu
" '
"
y " "
1f t h e p le x f r e q u e n c y
1(
co m '
s)

n as zero es
fa c to rs
f ac t o r (s z 1) ( s
,
z 2) (s A ) a r e kn o w
qu a l to a n y o n e o f the
ï f t he
"
s ' ta k es a v a lu e e ro o ts
co m p le x f r e qu e n c y of
pm t he n t h e n e t w o r k fu n c t io n n be c o m es
e it he r s =
p. o r p2 or or ,
o3
,
n d t he f a c t o r s (
o í n etw o r k fu n c t io n s a s p r)
ro o t s a r e k n o w n a s p o le s (S p
kn o w n as p o le s fa c to r

# T k f u n c tio n o f tw o po r t N e t w o r k
r a n s fe r fu n c tio n o r N etw o r

V 1 V,

r 4 21þ
1

Tw o po r t N e t w o r k c o n s is t s o f fo u r t e r m i n a ls

T e r m i n a l s pa i r 1 > m a ke i n pu t po r t 1

T e r m i n a l s pa i r 2 2 ' m ak e s o u t pu t po r t 2 :

V ( ) is t h e
r s v o l t a ge a t po r t 1

V 2 (s ) i s t h e lt a ge
v o at po r t 2

: l (s ) i s t h e c u m en t at po r t 1

Ï a (s ) i s t h e c u rr en t a t
po rt 2

Re f e r e n c e as
p o la r i t i e s an d d ir e c t io n o f i
c 1r r e Dt are t a ke n
a bo v e f ig u r e

Scanned by CamScanner
 cir e u it e le m e n t s
itta n c e o f difle r e n t
a dm
e and
da n c
l m pe im pe d a n c e i n
T r a n sf o r m a d m it t a n c e in
ro
¢» T r a n s fo r m
r1» S do m a in
df
s do m a in 1
nt s
如 ni e R
중
俨 R
in 0
i¢d,) SL
1
SL
H
of
n
SC
in F
Capaic)
k PN)
t Ne t w o r
n of
T w o po r
Fu n c t i o
i cko k f u n c t io n
t n e tw o r
Dr iv i n g po i n f sa m e po r t
r Qu a n t i t i e s
o
T he r a t io o

and Y )
d a d m i t t a n c e (Z 1 r
rt
e da n c e a
n
in t i n pu t i m p
i)Dr iv i n g po
V.
ZCS HS He r e Zr t
, Ý

YCS ] Z
d admi t t ance ( 2 2
and Y 22 )
n
im p e da n c e a
o u tpu t
i i)D Dv i n g po in t
Z 2 2 (S =
l 2 (S)
H e r e Z2 2
,
-

Yz 2 (S) =

ll ) T r an s f e r N e t w o rk Fu n c t i o n

s ca l l ed f orv«d
inp u t po r t i
t o qu a n t i ty o
f
R a t i o of qu a n t i ty of ou t pu t po r t

se
d re v e r
c a l le
o r t is
t i t o f o u t pu t p
Rat io of qu a n t i t y o f i n p u t po r t t o qu a n y
t r a n s f er n e tw o r k f u n c t i o n

Scanned by CamScanner
 a +1d
' " h t a n c e (Z z r
m

0ï :) Fo r w a r d

Z 2 1 (S) -
H e r e , Z2 1 · 1
Y2,

/< Yz r ( 0S/) -
y s<
v 1 ( S)
(Z 1z an d l'
12 )

g
/+ Zr z (S) -

:
H e r e , Z1 2 *
12

Y1 2 ( S) =

d Fo rw ar d c u r r e n t r a t io
t r a n s fe r f u n c t i o n ( G 2 1) an
i i i )F o r w ard v o lt a ge r a t i o

f u n c t i o n (U ~ t )

G2 J ( S) = W
V 1 ( S)

I a [S)
: az ÅS HS

# St e ps to li n d t r a n s fe r fu tio n o f gi v e n c ir c u it
i
n c

1) W r it e t he g iv e n n e t w o r k i n S do m a i n
2) C o n s i d e r p o r t 1 a s s o u r c e ha v i n g v o l t a g e V ] an d po r t 2 as g /v en ac cor d i n g to
3) Pe r t o r m s e r ie s p a r a l le l r e du c t i o n o f po s s i b l e R e d u c t i o n [ h o u ld no t in v o lv e a n )

4) W r it e K V L f o r a l l lo o ps

5) Fin d t he v a lu e o f r e qu i r e d t r a n s f e r f u n c t io n

Ex a m p le 1 F i n d Z 1 t fo r
. cir cu i t be l o w

Scanned by CamScanner
 【沙 do n :
so la in s do m a in
Wr it in g
,

m l 1 j [j

2 S V1
V ,

in pa r a l le l so r e du c in g as
an d :n du c to r a re ,

Re s is t o r
W S
2* s

2+ s

V t 器

Z2 1 . s
I1
I2 0
i u ite d i
-
e
He re ,
pe n c r c
po r t 2 is o ,

i n r ig h t lo o p
A p p ly i n g K V L

Vz æ I,

ll S2

Zz r 。
堡。
h 5+ 2

Em a pk i F in d G 11 fo r c ir c u it be lo w
.
Fn d

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 G2 1 =
V1

K V L i n lo o p I
A pp ly i n g

v Ç2 æ I,

A p p ly i n g
K V L in lo o p 2
W As l 2 01
Vz S r
ll 1

V2 S+ 1

% s
A lso ,

=
G2 1 =

G2 1 =
Sz + 3 S + 4
fu tio n o f
t io t r a n s fe r n c
a n d v o l t a ge ra
eda n ce
d i v i n g po
in t in pu t im p
F i d r
E1 a m pl & 3 n

fo l lo w i n g c i r c u i L

Scanned by CamScanner
 : C H A P T ER S ] Ci r c u i t T h e o r y ]
Fr e q ue n c y Respons of N
[ El e c t r i c
Or k

So l u t io n

W r i t i n g i n S. do m a i n ,

T h e d r iv i n 吕 i m pe da n c c o f po r t · 1 i s g iv e n as Zll

:
1

T hu s ,

.
Z 1r -
Z1+

A n d.

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A P T ER S]
i1tt Theor Y
EEEEEE11ectricc l r C

Ex a ïn p le 5 F o t h e gi v r e s is t a n c e n e t w
o r k de te r m in e t he v a lu
r en , I (i i ) G
( i v ) Y 2 1 (v ) /3 11
(j
:
'
a z,
.

·
v n

"
So l u t i o n "
.
ot e A . wa y s t ak e di re c t i oq
of ï ,
W r it i n g K V L f o r e ac h lo o p
a n t ic lo c k w is e r e s pe c t iv
e ly
as
LOOPt s ho w n i n f ig u r e F o r o t h
e r lo
o ps
,
yo u c a n c o n s id e r a n d i
y r e c t io n

港, ひ
L o o p. 2

2 .2 + l + l + l 0
2 2 4
=
[H e r q v , is v o lt a ge ac ro ss 1o h m r e s is t e r I t is n o t soì
m

Loop 4

. L
,
2 14 + l 4 + l + 1 l3
2 4 = 0
t he va i b le i n R H S h e r e v
( r )
W r it i n g a bo v e e q u a t io n s in m a tr ix fo m
__0

Scanned by CamScanner
 i f a ll r e s is t o r
thr o u g h w h ic h cu rre n t lj f lo w s

Ri i = sum o

thr o u g h w h i c h bo t h c u rr e n t ïi an d ï r f lo w s
f a ll r e s is to r
Ri r = Su m o

d ïj in c lo c k w i s e d i r e c t io n
l e I f bo t h I j an
ve va u ,

and Ij in a n t ic lo c k w is e d i r e c t i o n
ï f bo t h I i
v e v a lu e ,

k w is e d t he r in an t ic lo c k w is e d ir e c t i o n
ïf in c lo c an o
+ v e v a lu e ,
one

ve eq
uat io n ,
For abo
RH I V=
ン し

R 12 = 0

1 [ I, an d l 2 bo t h a r e c lo c k w is e , so v e ]
R 13 = -

R 14 = 0

R2 2 = 2 + 1+ 1 = 4

R24 = 1 [ï 2 i s an t i c lo c k w is e an d l4 is c lo c k w is e d i r e c t i o n So + v e ]

Thus m at r ix i s

:1 0 l ol :i 1l ÍW

T hi s e qu a t o n i s
i s a m e a s e q u a t io n (I)
0) Z11 =

So ly in
g by C r a m e r ' s R
u le

Scanned by CamScanner
 '

[ c H A p T ER 5 ] [ El e c t r i c Ci r c u i t T t re o r y ] F" q
Li ncy

ll
41

T hu s

zr - .
£ n
1
h 56

Si n c e V 2 is v o lt a g e ac ro ss lQ
ii) G1l = re s is t o r Fo r r e s isto r c u r
ren t f lo w s
fr o m + to H e r e Di r e c t i o
V2 = 1z * 1 n o f l is
气
o pp o s it e o f t ha t su gge ste d by
Po l a r i l y o f V 2 He n c e v e s ign
,

l2 = = i v<
41

V
V2 = l: 2 = B
41

G2 1 -
2 2 = - =
ii
m zz r
V
ll

V
Z2 1 = . . ·
.

41

Scanned by CamScanner
 e h c y:i sponse o f Ne t u n r R
it T h e o r y]
ic c ir c u
!El e m

iiw
$
느
VZ \ V.
h '

B
=
1 .
Y2 1 41 Vi

=
Yz r

I2

:V)
Oz r
=
í
=
. ,
0 21 41 Só v r

"
Zt 36

s fe r fu n c t io (a )
7 d e t e r m i n e v o l t a ge r a t io t r a n
n
t n e tw o r
iv e n tw o po r
6 Fo r t b e g r m in a te d a t o
£1a m pk i p
in t in pu t i m p e d a n c
e ( b ) Z r 1( S ) I f t h i s n e t w o r k s t e
d d r iv i n g p o k
Gn (S) a n
ted tw o r k iì n d the fo l lo w in g n et w o r
he n fo r t h is t e r m i n a n e
h 20 r es is t o r , t
2w i t a

:u n ct i o n s

m Zz S on Yz S v
m z us
c MS

Vl

So l u t i o n

W r i t in g i n S d o m a in

.上马
Scanned by CamScanner
 r u e n c y Re s p o
i t Th e o r y ]
re q
[ c H A PT ER S ] [ E1e c t r i c a r c u
匾
画 "

No te · I f po r t 2 not t e r m i n a te d I2
.

饩 i n c lu d e K v L
n o n eed
to
- o so ,

f o r 1o o p2 i n m a t r ix

t e r m i n a t e d. 12 4 0 ,
* :f po r t 2
KV L fo r lo o p 2 in
In c lu de

Fo r g iv e n n e tw o r k po r t 2 i s
,
no t æ r m i n a 1e d So w
Ti t i n g K V L f o r l o o p 1 a n d 3 i n m a t r ix

[' [ ]
0
He r e

. - 4s2 + 6S + 1
2S 4S + 1l

l3 =
< =

Bs z . V
VZ = 2S * l
3 = ,

4 SZ + 6 S + 1

A ls o

b) Z, l= Y
I1

Scanned by CamScanner
 <

Zl l == -

yo w k is te r m in a te d a t pon 2 w ith 20 r e s ist o r

l f t h is n etw o r

W r it i n g K V L f o r l o o p 1, 2 an d 3, ä n d pu t t in g in m a t r ix fo rm

-
(2s + 1) F %3 4 1 ] 2s [ 5
2s 3
]
2
= 20 SZ + 2 0S +
3

a z n4 /
l1

分三
Hc
-

-
V1
'
:z s + 3 28
L 2S
4 S + 1l
-
(4 S 2 + 14S + 3
)V

2 0 Sz + 2
0S + 3

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 : CH A P T ER Fr e g u e n cy Re s p o n s e r
5] [ E l e c t r l c Ci r c u it T h e o r y l of

z4 =ANÐ N
ì . I

조 百
뇨 一ユ
三 뇨 。
Z4 一

1+
二
上二 르オゼ
トト主 2s+ 5
2s + 4 2s + 4

>h e n

T a k in g K V L a t lo o p V 1 s ( ) = Z, ll + Z 1 (ï l l 2)

A n d

U sin g C r am e r s r u le ,

V , Za

l l (S ) =
0 (Z z + z 3 m
Zr Z2 + Z r Z3 + Z ] Z 4 + Zz Z4 + Z2 Z4

Ï ] (S) =
(Z z+ Z 4+ Z d] V ,
Z l Z 2 + Z i Z 5 + Z \ Z 4 + Z 2 Z 3+ Z + Z
z 4

A n d J2( s ) '
_
M W
Z , Z 2 + Z i Z 3+ Z 1Z ++ Z ZZ Z ZZ 4
a+

T hu s ,

T h e t r a n s f e r i m pe d a n c e z
z

221
@« z , v 1j (Z j Z 2+ Z i { 5 + z i z + z z + z z 4)
- < z 3 ~
( Z 1 + Z a + Z 4 )V 1 (Z 1Z z + Z 1Z 3+ Z 1Z 4+ Z z + Z ~z 4)
ì a

Z$
:

= \

Scanned by CamScanner
 he o ry】 1 - àYD
ï c c i r c t 1i t T ì
[f ïe c t
r

z 2, -
5
V • {s )
And t r a n s fe r f u n c t io n Gn -

v o lta ge r a t io v r (s )

Z4 U z Y
Z ¢ + Z ~Z 3 B Z 2 Z )
(Z , Z2+Zl ZZr
G2 l V r

$ ! <
.
(2 s 1 5) s

G1i= / i

s {2 s + S)
G 11 -
上 主 三杰2三 十
里十
十 十ブ 百
ss1 s F S F 4 4 5 s 1 s s2s5

i t r a t pÐr t 2 t h e n fo r t his
o r t n e tw o r k is t e
r m in a ted w i t h 20 r e s s o
ï ampk 9 M t be t w o p
i n e tw o r k fu n c tio n s
ter m i n a t e d n e t w o r k f i n d f o l l o w n g
.

(i) G l (i i ) a 21

Solur or

W r it i n g i n S d o m a in

i h

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 I C H A PT ER s ]
[ E1e c t r l c Ci r c u it Th e o r y 】 t ! pt l t r nLy Re s o
p n se o f
N
Ör lt

F r o m t h e f i g u r e 1. = (l 3 + l4 ) ( I)
No te In c ase
w r it i n g K v L o f

L o o p3 : e pe w
n de
.
Æ
1 , Lü KVL dir ec t l
nt ) .
w
y in

2 ( 1a + l 4 ) = l3 + l4 + l3 ll

A pp ly i n g Su p e r m e sh A ËC D

2 14 + i + l + I = O
Æ 3 z

A ls o

l4 l2 <

S u b s t i t u t in g l 3 f r o m e q u a t io n ( 3 ) i n e q u a t i o n (2 )
3 1+ + 4 ( 3 1 l2) ll - 0
4

Now Su b s t i t u t i n
,
g V a lu e of ï4 fr o m e qu a t io n ( 4 ) i n e q u a t i o n (5)
9 [ 12 + + 4 12 + I 1 = O

I/ 26

a 21 - < °
H
li 26

Scanned by CamScanner
 de d CO n s t r U c tin
¢r o fo r
t he q u e s t io n in t im e c o n s t a n t f o r m
n sf er u
f n c t i o n g i v e n by
T r a
it e t he ie s ( t y p e s ) a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a c h f a c t o r o f t h e t r a n s f e r
e
Re w r e r f r e qu e n c
o r n
i f t he c
i de n t y
e

t he a s y m p t o t ic m a g n i t u d e p l o t T h i s p l o t
f r eq u e n c ie s d r a w ,

i t h l i n e s l o p e c h a n g i n g a t e a c h c o r n e r f r e q u e n c y by
in e s e gm e n ts w
l x
z e ro a n
d 20 d B / d e c a d e f o r a p o l e F o r a c o m p e c o n j u g a t e z e r o
0 dB/ de c a de
s l pe
h a n g e s by 土 4
ti l e
po le d dr a w t he pt o t i c ph a s e
-

ie s a sy m
l f o r d i f :e r e n t f r e q u e n c
of an
h h a se a n g e
l u la t e t e p
e Ca c

c u rv e
ai r gle

T#pe 1
t he t r a n s fe r fu n c t i o n gi v e n b y ,
fo
丽 Bo de plo t s
r
l m p加 c
ske t c h t be
as

2 01s + 5)
G( ) (s + 10 )(s z
-
+ 2 1s + 20)

Sol u ti o n
i s g i v e n by ,
Tr a n s fe r f u n c t i o n

G(S) -
m z l s + 20 )

20 {s + 5 )
G(s)
10) (s + l x s + 20 )
=

(6

20 4 5 8 1 +
Cg
1
=

+
10 × l t t 2 0 × I + ( +

Gs
I o5 ·

s å $/
w C9

Pu t j o S

Gkû) ] = ia / 5]
0 5 [t +
;
【 i + j co/ 10 】「
l + j の] 【 1+ j m /2 0 】

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 Type 3
t he t r a n s fe r fu t io n giv en by ,
t o t ic B o d e p lo t s f o r n c
sm b t he a s y m p
20- 4
H(I F z
(S+ ZO) (s + 4 1 S+ 4 0 )

:
So lu ti o n : !
2 0 · S ( S+ 5 )
H(s ) =

s wo x s ¢ o x s B
20· 5 · S

0 12 5 · S ( 1 + ) .
H(s ) =

ñ Æ · s
Pu t S i w

0 125
Hüw ) =

m h + jw ]
1ls co m e r f ie qu e n c i e
s are l( ) 5 (+ ) 2 0 ( ) 4 0 ( )
, ,
ó gn i t u d e ,

pl o t
16 g
a rt i n
g po i n t =
2 0 l o g to 1 2 5 * w ] ,
w -
0 1 r a d/ s e c
°
3 8 0 6 17 d B

19 5 P

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
卵 4

20{ 5)
f o r t h e t r a n s f er f u n c t i o n gi v en b y G (S ) =
2 2
Sketc h t he Bodpl ot 5 ( 9 + 4 1 s + 4 0 ) (s + 2 0 )

Solu t io n

Tra n s fer fu n c t i o n i s g i v e n by ,

2 0
q s'
,

1{ s+40j ( s + 20 )

G(s ) - 2*
5 40 + 20 · (s + 1X 1+ s / 2 0 X 1+ S / 40 )

Gs
1swÆ20ws4Ø .
. .

pu t s j m

có -

üa> H j ù H 201
So Ib H j Ä4 0
co m e r fi e
.

qu e n c ie s ar e I H 5 (+ 2 0
M1g» 1t , ) ( ) 400
u de , ,
plo t

Scanned by CamScanner
 r a d/ s e c
r o1at w - o 4

l Bs s t a r t i n g p o ri n t
is - 2 0 1o g し
V

= 2 1 938
dB

fi n a l
s lü
pe

4 0 d B l de c
a de

5 4+ )

9E '
0 d B/ dec a d e
: 6 0 d B l de
c a de

0( - 2
·
20
8 0 d B l d e c a de
2 0d B /de c a d e
4o(

=·

P h a s e p lo t
°

I t s t a r t in g po in t is
- 18 0

Fa c セ

圈
ぷ兰 ヒ ニヒ
【
O 12 5 l i w l
'
Io w Æ l m. L 0 o / de c ade

LI 4 j f u >
' l( lm 4 5° / de c a d e 4 5° / de cad,

[ L t · rw 5(十) + 4 5 · l de c a d e
Y

'

h
:

Scanned by CamScanner
 了w e 5
n sfe r fu n c tio n gi v en by ,
the tr a
B o de plo ts f o r

sk etc h t
be asmptoti c
2
ZO· 5 (S / _ 2
& (S) -

(S+ Z o ) (S
z + 4 15+ 4 0)

So lu ti o n
i s g iv en by
Tr a n sfe r f u n c t i o n
. . ,

%T
2 0 . S (5 + 5 )
Hs snoxs4oxsr
2 0· 5· sæ
w , °. ° Ä ì ÆW ·
· 1

æ
0 12 5

Pu t s j w
, 12 5 · ljw > -
þ
4 0( )
So it s
,
co m e r f re qu e n c i e s are l( ) 5(4 ) 2 0 ( )
, ,
,

M a gn i t u d e
p Io t
2 0 1 r a d/ s e c
Its s ta r t i n
g po i n t i s - 2 o 1o g t o 1 2 5
.
* m ]a t w -

- 58 06 ] dB

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 t il e 6
f the tr a n s f er f u n c t io n
io t ,
gn it u d e p
o
m pt o t i c
bo d e m a
Dr aw t he y
as

201S
1
HS ( ) ( s + 2s + l o ) (s + 5s )
1

Solu t ion
ñ is + D
h (s)
( s + 5 ) @12 s + 10 )
-
s

20 W s l

pu t s i m

2 0 im N
Hüün =

so j a [[
·· ·· ·
: j )]
H心
田) =
< 业 国画四
j 4J q r ü
r ·

So it s c o
m er fr c u e n i
q c es an : 1(+ ) , M ( ) 5 (+ )
, ,

Scanned by CamScanner
m
m
1a g n i t u d e p l o t
ru i a t t ) - o 1 r a d/ s e c

-
l lt s s M r t in
i
g po i n t s
- 2 0 )o g
Lの J
-
,

- 12 04 i dB

I o l i n d s lo p e o f d if f e r e n t o m er J
I n itia l slo p e Fi nal
Co r n er f r e q u e n c ie s
F a c t o 1s

kolw '
2018
ó 4 Üü1>'
' "
0> ì

40 d B / d e c a d e 40d8
! ++
'
(, ) 2 o dB /d e c a d e 6odB

:<Al ,
'" Ï

>o l i n d s lo pe o r d i f fe r e n t corner f r e qu e n c ie s

c o m er Ef f e c t iv e f r e q u e n c i e s I n i t ia l s lo p e Fi n al

f r e qu en c ie s

j e~
! (+ ) lo I ( 4 ) + 45
°
ldeca
l+ 4 5 °
lde c ade

蹶 国
5( 05 ( ) 4 4 5 l d e c a de
° 90 ldeca°

Scanned by CamScanner
: .

.
Çoïu t io n : n by ,
n ls g iv e
fu n c t io
Tr a n s f e r bu i lt
O Sr a d l
sec ,
=

H(s >
2

(s + 2S
T+ i o o j ,
0
'
sh如
\d' "ea' \\ s bel
eNhet
Ds
i s»
, " S* 1
, þ ·

f r e qu e n Y
c (u ) ax

0 00 1
.
,

P 】t S + w j

+õ ( )
5¢ ) 20( -
)
ar e
,
ie s
so its c o r n e r
f r e qu e n c
,
l se c
r ad
£ 0\
12 5 · ü l at w
20 \o gl
o .

lts s+ar t in g po i n t
is -

38 0 6
dB
= .

¯ a ge
203

Scanned by CamScanner
h
 Fr e q u e nc y Re s p o
u i t Th e o y ]
r
r H A P T ER s ] [ El e c t r i c Ci r c

fr e qu g c ie s
/ ) ii n d s 1o r d i f fe r e n t co m er

二
Fe o

. . . 。。
かeq · · ·
.
lo w (+ )

m (+ + )

9¥ ·
5( ) 20 d B / d e c a d e

P h a s e p lo t

1t s s t a r t i n g p o i n t i s - 1 9 0°

丁n . l d s lo pe o í d if ï e r e n t co m er : r e t Bu e n c i e s

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [c H A p T ER '

[ E1e c t r Bc c i r c u i t T h e o r y ]
s] r r e qu e n cy Re s p o n se
o F

: ¢ 2 Fo n u m e r ic a l
r t he g iv e n r e s i st i v e n e t w o r k d e t e r m in e t he v a lu e o f

nJ Z Ov Yn V o zï
n
m G zr z n

:A n s Z 11 W G 1 1
- -

16
,
Z 1l -
åf
8
B, Y 1 1- u
16
, a z 1-
å]
8
Q 3 Fo r t he tw o po r t n e tw o r k s ho w n i n li gu re be lo w fi n d lt a ge
G , v o r a t io t r a n
B( S ) a n d tr s fe r
a n s fe r a d m itta n ce Yl 1 (S)

Q 4 Fo r t he n etw o r k s ho w n in agn r e be l o w lin d v o l t a ge

a n d ,
r a ti o tr a n s fe r fu tio n
c u r r e n t r a t i o t r a n s f e r t it n i n c
ct on o zr

10

IA n s G 1 1=
\ , ' " -
] l

Scanned by CamScanner
 l ¢ t w o po
r t n etw o r k de te r m in e v o lt a ge r a t io t r a n s fe r fu n c tio n G 1 l ( s ) 1f
.

i
Q3
Fo t he g
=
k fu nc t io n s
of
n e tw
w in g
fo l l o
lþt
1 (i i i ) V 2 1 f iv ) a 11

Ø Zn
J , - V
l

上
2

V 2
Vr O 5F
0 5F
.

(S) f o r giv tw k
f z 1l ( S), Z ? l (S ) , Y en n e o r
Q6 Fin d t he v a l u e o
1?

10 山口 10
나

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
i i r ier
Se r i e s a n d T r a n sfo r m

la
ta n t fo r m
u
im po r
So M e

·
s i 1w )
dx x
-
[ t× . s i . ( n x ) d x ] å
"
j:
"
{i í si. (n x ) d· }]
, K .

s in r1
x ( ) dx
- -
Î[ co sn x ]
,
-
( - 17
Co s nt t
1

nlt
- Si n 2 T9 - O
1
Sin
- 1
1
Co s 2n Tt
Co s = ev e n
B

Si n - o dd
1

# Si n - o dd
Co s

1 cos
* Co s -
ev e n

f Fo u r ie r se r ies
+rr r i go n o m e t r i c F o r m o

A s i n g le i s p e r i o d i c iï , f o r so m e o s
: iv c v a lu e o f T , t ) =
f (t + T ) fo r a ll t

df (t )

Vo

Hw

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
du B w "

b. -
J f (t ) S i n (n m t ) d ( ( 1) 0

Or ,

2r r
W her
_J ) d (t ) e (ù -

b. / f (Os i . ( n m t , T

e n w a v e tb r m sh o w n
i ser ies fo r t h e giv
onom e
t r i c Fo u r e r
t h e t r i g
Fi n d

So l u t io n
Fo u r i e r s e r ie s is g iv en as
The l r ig i
on o m e tr c

00
4 2n
t < b. . S i n b i o 05 w t
vN · + E (a n Co s n tu
n

n - 】

w a v e fo r m w e
ha v e ,
Fro m t he giv en

V (t ) · (0t O[ u [ r r

· 0 1 兰W t [ 2 冗

2n

-
l h wt d((1) t )
)t
l
0

Scanned by CamScanner
 ICH A & ER S ] I E[. Tt r i · Ci r a , i t & . . Ry ]

" '" n 8
B= s 1o pc
-
-
_ _ d (¢q q

. w o ir . " " .
A n d if Sp e 0" ' " in g
' -
Ir ,
. -
o dd

H. " " 0 . Ri ' " ' " i u. By

予 到
。 。
、。
一 ·
し = 。。 。。。。

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 1a q w
6]
[ CH A PT ER
n ]
V, [t T
-

oj -

; :v >r
-

,
- n

1 Dt
b, V (1) Si" "
-
. 0

ï ic p 2' cos n rr 】
h -
l vo ï ï :c · os n . - c o s u] + vu ' ' s "

b。 一 卜 】
Vo 阻 (イ ) 】

: _ .

Scanned by CamScanner
し 飞
 n
Æ o dd
f or

b 一 云V o

i s e r ie s is giy e n as
e t r ic F o u r e r
i r e d t r i go n o m
r e qu
0 1us th
e

00

ll dd
v (O -
El · Va si" tl fo r a n -
o

r v 1

s e r ie s
i n Fo u r i e r
#sym m e t r y
i r ly s i s T h e r e
p te d in F o u r e
ana
c edu r e can be a do
m m e t r ic a
l s ig n a l ,
s im p li f i c a t io n p r o
Fo r sy
thre e t y pe s o
f s y m m e tr y
ar e

m m etry
( 1) Ev e n f u n c t i o n s y
m e try
(2) Odd f u n c t i o n s y m =

t
(3) H a lf w a v e s y m m e r y

m etr
(l ) Ev e n F u n c t i o n Sy m y
D 1n c t i o n is sy m m e t r ic a l a bo u t
id to be ev en i f f (t ) - t) an ev e n
A fu n c t io n t ) is sa ,

t he v e r t ic a l a x is E x a m p le
V (t ) f

V o

O t
T

3¥
.

215 P a g e

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 El e ci r i c
【
Ci r c u i t T h e o r y ] i
6】
【OR

\> T T

f h a lf w a v e sy m m e t r y , o n ly o dd ha r m o n ie s a r e pr e se n t in t he
The giv e n w a v e f o r m is o
he n n is o dd T he
ld c o n t a in bo t h s in e an d c o s in e te m s w
se r ie s Th e s e r ie s w o u

av e r a ge v a l t j e is ze r o

Fmlnenty Spe c t r u m
f p lo t f t he
The fr cquc n c y s pe c t r u m o f t he f i m c t i o n f (t ) e x p r e s s e d a s F o u r i e r s e r i e s c o n s i s t s o a o

m l it u d e s pe c t r u m )a n d
amplit u de o f t he ha r m o n ie s v e r s u s f r e u e n c
q y ( c o m m o n ly k n o w n a s a p
thc plot of fr eq u e n c y h ic h ca l l t h e pha s e s p e c t r u m
pha s e o f t h e ha r m o n ie s v er su s ,
w w e

Ha m thc fr e qu e n c c a l le d l in e s p e c t r a a n
d it
p o n e n t s be i n g d i s c r e t e , t h e spe c t r a a r e
er , co m
y
iI1m 1u es t h
e f r eq u e n c c o n t e n t o
y f t he s i g n a l H e r e c o
=
ao a n d c .
i s g iv e ï 1 by J + b
. j

*Find t h
e t r i¢o n o m e t r i c Fo i w av e fo rm s ho w n a n d a ls o d r a w lin e
u r e r s e r ie s f o r t h e g iv e n
Spect
m匈

オ 。

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A PT E R
6] tu e c r lc ci i t Th e o r i r】 Fo u r ie r Se r i e s a n At T
r h k
SO l u t i o n
\

T he tr i o n o m et r ic
8 Fo u r ie r s e r ie s is giv e n as

00

f (t ) =
+ E la n
c o s nmt + b, s i n n a t] rr [ bu t [ n
n a
l
B y in s e c ti
·
p on o f g iv e n w a v e fo rm t h e Bi v e n f u n c t i o n i s ha v i n g
, o dd sy m m
e tr
y w hi
c h
ao ·
O

an -
O
No w f r o m t h e iv e n
,
g w av efo rm w e ha v e ,
t) =
Î 国t W t [ rr

And

'
b. .
J
r" f (t ) Si n
; n n (u t d «ù t

T【

bh -
?* Co s ( n n )

fo r n -
ev en

b. -

n rr

f or n -
o dd

b。 -
2
스
nn

T h e t r ig o n o m e t r ic Fo u r i e r se ri es is e n as
CO

f (t ) = E

Scanned by CamScanner
 S ectrum
Fo r lin e p

Co - O

C1 · Ï
C3 - .
i

¢f 1nd t h
e tr i on o
g m et ri c Fo u r ier se r ies fo r t h e g iv e n w a v e fo r m sh o w n a n d a ls o dr aw li n e

1 11 ,

\
. tt t )

ヘ 八
ン江 八 八

にミ뇨ノ 뇨ノ
\
ー こ と '
文
。 。

-
L
2 19 P a g e

Scanned by CamScanner
 ·

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 '

JIÏ.: ,
. _ c Tt r e o r y J I ' " " . .

; j je .

q u a t io n be c o m r * 1s

Rt ) =
+ A 2 j 1u t zjü) t
2 e + A 5t d t + A + A e j u t
+ A +
1e o 1 z e

222 I P àjg e

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 R LJ
I TE
eter s
l m pe d a n
ce (Z ) P a r a m
Ci r c u i t
o pe a
e (í 1 : 2)
"
.
-
.
V ) ,

(V ..
t
Z 12 1 ' V1
l : z 2 2 j L1' '
.j ·

:
iv】 [z 1【í 】
-

c irc u it
V at po r t 1 a n
d m a ke p o r t 2 0 pe n
A ply V o l t a ge ,
( ase I : p

l 2- 0
*I
T pN
V2

Fr o m e q u a t io n ( 1) a n d (2 )

Z 2I -
I 1z ° O

'

Case 2: A pply V o l t a ge V 2 a t p o r t 2 an d m a k e po r t ] O pe n c ir c u it

h o -

Vt T PN

Fr o m e q u a t io n ( ] ) a n d (2 )

1F O

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ CHAPTER
Z. -
zl h s o

ia n eter s'
N pa
t ta n c e
c ir c u
it A dm i
2) s ho r t

田 = [V l t 】

Sh o r t c ir c u it
1 an d m a ke po r t 2
c a se I : A pp ly v o l t a ge v r at po r t

r>
Fr o m e qu a t io n ( 1) a n d ( 2 )

Y n
. .

C a s e 2 : A pp ly V o l t a g e V 2 a t p o r t 2 d m a ke
an
po r t 1 Sho r t c i r c u it

PN

Fr o m e qu aü o n 1 an d 2
11

Scanned by CamScanner
 Note
Y 12
-
il
vz l v / - o
[s ho r t c ir c u it a dm it ta n c e m a t r ix l
Y 22 -
il Vp O
lo p e n Ci r c u it im p e da n ce m a t r ix ]
L
i e [Y ] =
[Z ]

IY N Y 1 21 lz n Z121
-
Ly 2 > y 2 2j Lz 2 1 z 22j

T C ha in A BC D pa r a m te r s
3) T r a n s m i s s i o n ( )
or o r e .

Case ï : A ppl y V o l t a g e V ï at po r t 1 a n d m a k e po r t 2 0 pe n c i r c u it

l2 0
-

T PN
V2

Fr o m e q u a t io n
( 1) A n d (2 )

A =
il 12 - 0

C =
fl 12 - 0

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A P T ER 7 -
】 IEli ttri
"

C B1s e 2 : A
'
m
p p ly V o l t a g e V , at po r t 1 a n d m a k e p o r t 2 Sh o r t c irc ú it

I1
一 V1 T PN

Fr o m e qu a t io n ( 1) a n d (2)

B =
/< Vz = o

D =

Vz ° O

4) T r a n sm issio n (T ' ) or A' ·

c ' D ' pa r a m ete r s
( V z *2 )
,
=
f (V . ! l)
.

.z] . : ] . ]
=

i e

l2 -
C V 1+D ( Ï
l) 一
(2 )

c ase 1: A p l V o l t
p y a ge V at
2 po r t 2-
An d m a ke
p o r t I o pe n c i r c u it

I 1= O
V1
T PN

Fr o m u aü o n
w o an d 12 1

A '
=

1i o

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 【
y n P T ER ?】 [ El e c t r ïc c l r c u l Th e o r y ] rw o P o r t Pa r
a t +\ p
t
q
C a se 2 : A N etu
p p ly V o l t a g e v d m a ke
z at po r t 2 an po r t 1 o pe n c ir c u it

I 1= O
1 T PN

Fr o m '
/
eq u a t o n ( 1) a n d (2 )

h. . -
Il 1, e o

h. -
Ël Jr · O

6) ï hy b r i d ( ) a r
n v e r ge
g p a m ete r s .

( B, V 2 ) f ( V , I )
.
=
2 .

ï b w e
j

Ca se l A p p ly V o l t a
ge V 1 at Po r t l an d m ake
Po r t 2 O pe n c irc u it

I]
V l 2= 0
, T pN

V2

Fr o i n e qu a t io n ( 1) a n d (2 )

giB TËl
1z n o

-
921
1, i o
ñ

Scanned by CamScanner
 d k e po r t 1 Sho r t c i rc u it
e V2 at po r t 2 an m a

A ply V o l t a g
se
: p
ca

h
一
百
T PN
iï 4

liL
r om eq u a t i on ( ï ) an d (2) N o t e

1
íg n g q ih n h 121
8 22
-
~lV/ - .
i °
2 922j
.
.h 2 1 h2 2j

#Con di t i o n fo r R e c i p r o c i t y o f a t w o p o r t N e t w o r k

A ncM r k i s te r m e d as r e c i pr o c a l i f t h e ra t io o f r e s po n s e v a r a i b le t o t he ex c it a t io

« main s ide n t ic a l i f t h e po s it io n s o f t h e r e s p o n s e a n d
ev en e x c it a t i o n in t he ne

intcr chan e d M a t he m a t i c a l l w e c a n s a f r o m f i g u r e b e l o w
g y , y

(a )

Scanned by CamScanner
 Ch c u t t Th e o r y 】
: CH A P Tw o P o r t Pa
T ER 7 ] [ El e c t r l c
t
amet er

(b )

\ 1n t e r m s o f Z. p a r a m et e n

V2 - Z l 11 + z ?2 Ï 2

F r o m f i g ur e (a ) [V -
Vs ,
ll - ll , V2 - 0 Iz - [; ]
,

e r e fo r e Vs - Zrt II Z I '
, I2 2

d O =
Zz1 Ï , Z 22 > 2

Hence I: =

L
F r o m f i g u r e (b ) 【
Vz =
Vs ,
l2 - Iz , V - 0, l 1 - i :]

Th e r e f o r e O - . Z r r > 1+ Z r z ï 2

an d Vs -
Z? r r + Z 11 l 2
\

Hence ï:

C o m pa r i n I ' d>
8 2 an i, w e ge t

Z 1z = Zu

( T h i s i s t h e C o n d it i o n s )
f e te r
o r e c i pr o c i ty in t e r m s o f z pa r M

· ダ

Scanned by CamScanner
 e te r s
s of
y pa r a m
ter ø
: Bn
.
Y V t+ V V |
., .
rr lz

l2 - Y 21 V r + Y 22 V 2

l 1 , Vz O, I , [/]
Fr o m f i g u r e (a ) : N = Vs I .,
- = -

Vs I, l 2, V = 0 ll - I ]
F r o m f i g u r e (b ) [V z =
,
- ,

1 " Y 2 V s

> d I l, w e ge t \
pa l in g 2
an
Co m

Yt z = Yz 1
f Y pa r a m e ters )
o n d it i o n o f rec i p r o c tt y in te r m s o
t he c
( T hi s i s

T pa r am eter s
3 I n ter m s o f
-

V :
- A V z+ B ( l 2)

Iþ Vz - 0, l 2 - I ]
Vs 0. -
Fr o m f i gu r e (a ) [V = ,

* =

0, I, i = i:]
V
-

Vs I, - l2, -

(b) N =
F r o m f ig u r e
.
2

1: = vs (W
d it io n o f re c ipr o c i ty ,
A bo v e d is c u s s io n le a d s t o t h e co n

AD BC = 1

O r AT .
= 1

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A P T ER
7】 [ El e c t r i c C1 l t Th e o r y ] Tw o Po r 1 Pa ¢a n
lete
r Of

. u t er m s
of Tl _
ar a me t er s
N
gm
C o n d it i o n o f re c ip m c i By i n c ase o f T ' pa r a m e t e r s is
param s im ila r
e te rs to
.
s in
ca
se

A 1D ' B'C - 1

Or , AT ' = 1
S In tei
n s o f h pa r a m ete rs

V ,
-
h 11 I 1+ h t 2 V z
l2 -
hl 1 ll + hzr v r
Fr o f ig u r e
m (a ) [v -
Vs ll - Il Vz 0, l 2
, i - - I á]

/ =
Vs hh
,

Fro m f i g u r e (b)
2 =
Vs l2 - l2, V1 - 0, l 1
, - I ]
h
.: =
Vs g
h1 t

Co m pa r in g I ' 2 an d I' I, W e
, :
ge t
Ji
h 1z = h z1
q _

(T h i s i s t he C o d i t i
n on o f re c i pr o c if
y ig t e r m s o f g
> n 1s o f g pa
pa r a m e t ers )
ra rs

c ase o f g pa r a m
e te r s is s im i la r t o as in c a se

gi 2 = _
9 21
#C n n d i ti o n fo r Sy m m e tr
y o f a 1w o o r t
p Netw o r k

w it ho u t a It e r i n g t h e p o r t v o i ta ge s apd cu r
r e n ts M a t he m a t ic a l l bc k
y , w e c a n sa
y f r o m f i gu r e

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ c H A PT ER 7 1 [ El Y r l c i r c u i t
Tw o Po r t P a r a

tu
Zz} -
ïl
Ia '
4 0

Fr o m t he de f i n i ti o n of Symmet r y ' l ,. - .
-
l ,I 1 = 0
le a d
. .
.
_£ /
'

.
Z 11 = Z zz

2 I n te r m s o f V
pa r a m e te r s

Fr o m fi g u r e (a ) [V =
Vs ,
ll = I1, V2 -
V2 ,
l2 - 0]

I, -
Y rÏ V s+ y 1z V

0 / Y 2l V s + Y 22 V 2

F r o m f 1g ú r e ( b) 2 Vs ,
l2 - l2, V -
V ,
ï1 - 0】
O =
Y ,! V t+ y Vs
1z

l2 ·
Y 2I V 1 + y V.
z2

F r o m t he de f i i
n t io n o f Sy m m e w l
,

V/ r - Yz z

3 ï n te r m s o f T pa r a m ete r s

/ Vt / A V ~+ B
( I 1)
-
,

1 =VS I, . I1 Vz
V[ -
AV2
, =
Vz .
I2 - 0]
i ï
·
CV ,

Scanned by CamScanner
 ' "

i0 tY A
.
1. C

Vs I 2 l2, V V I0 0】
( b ) [V 2 = - - -

Fr o m f 1g u re , ,

V ï
- AV ( l 2)s
+ B

O- C V s + D ( l 2)

虫 。
으
t2 C

t he de f in it io n o f sy m m e t ry , l .. .
-
l .. - .
Ie a d s t o
Fr o m -

A = D

' r a m e ter s in c a se o f
s o f T pa is s im i la r to a s
4 I n te f m f T
'
pa ra m
e te r s
in c a se o
f Sy m m e try
io n o

par am l
A
'
. D
f

t rs
ra m e e
5 +n t e r m s o f h pa
V
V Ï
. HÏ Ï r i + h t 2 2
v u j
h : l + h ~z 2 l2 -
:2 ·
zt Iþ Vz - V2 ,

Vs Ï1 .

(a ) 【
V1 - ,

J Fr o m f ig u r e
V
V s hn hr 2 2

V2
O h2 r h h z z

. W
づ
l2 = IZ, V
= VS ,

Fr o m f i g u r e (b )

V
v l ' "

虫。 上
1. Hz z

g e
P a
24 1

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A P T ER 7} [ El e c t r i c c i r c u i t T h e o r y ] Tw o po r t p a
ra r r 1e t ii

F r o m t he d e f i n i t io n o f svm' " ' " , l ,, . ,

-
l ,,
Ie a d
s to ·
. ,

h 11 0 22 h 12 h 2 1 = 1

j . h - 1

6 ï n te r m s o f g pa r a m eter s

C o n d it i o n f Sy m in
o m e tr y c a se o f g pa r a m e te r s is s im
p r a rn e t e r s i l a r to
as in c as
e

9119z2 g i z 9 21 = 1

Or ,
Ag - 1

Co n d it io fo
n r rec ipr o c ity I di t i on fo r sy m m e t r
y
Z t - Z

ï Ri pnj AD BC - 1
H B C D1
' ' ·
'
A D ' ' '
B C . 1 A' = D'
lh ï hr z = hzr
h 11 h 2 h 12 h 2 1 1
2 =

_
:g j i 912 =
9 21
9 119 2z 9 1z 9 z 1 = 1

R e la tio n s h i ps be t w ee n
pa r a m ete r s

1 Z - iì n te r s i a T g r m
a Z
s
g g t p a ?a m etm
p a r a m e ters in ter m s o f Y pa r a m ete
A s in t h is rs
c a se w e kn o w
,

.Y m M
A n d V z w
T he re tbr e l z j 1V] 1
=

Scanned by CamScanner
 eter s in t e r m s o f T pa r a m e te r s
b Z pa r a m

kn ow
A s in t h i s c a se w e ,

R e w r it i n g e qu a t io n (b )

A n d fr o m e q u a t io n (a ) an d ( 1)

Co m pa r i n g e q u a t i o n ( I ) a n d (2 ) w i t h t h a t o f Z p a r a m ete rs e q u a t io n ,
w e ge t

A AD BC 1 D
Z21 andz2
T hu s , Z 1 1 -
ì ; z 1z -
C
-

c. Z pa r a m e te r s in te r m s o f T pa r a m e te r s

A s s im i la r t o a bo v e c a se ,

d Z pa r a m e t e r s in te r m s o f h T pa r a m e te r s

A s i n Th i s c a se w e kno w ,

Re w r i t i n g e q u a t io n (d )

A nd » o m t io
equ a n ( b) a n d (a )

coM
pa r i n g e q . A t i . " ( 3 ) . N d (4 j w i t h t ha t xz pa r a m e te r s e q u a t io n ,
w e ge t
Thu s Z
tr , -
ei22
: Z 12 ° b
hz 2 '
: z1
Z = h
hz2
a n d Zz2 -

e, Z
pa r a m e t e r i
s n te r
m g o f g pa r a m ete r s
As si
m i la r t
o a bo v e c ase
,

24 3 1 p n

Scanned by CamScanner
 TWo Po 9
i c Ci r c u
it T h e o r y]
[ CH A PT ER 7 ] [ E1e c t r

gj /
gz . a n d Z
z
1 ; Z2 1 =

; Z1z
=
Zn -

2 L pa r a - Ter m s ogt e£r a n æ er s

a m ete r s
in ter m s o f pa r
a Y p a r a m eter s

A s i n t h is c a se w e kn o w ,

[t] 【Y】
-
飞厂
And V z 1H
1
T he r e f o r e [Y ] [Z ]=

in t e r m s o f T pa r a m eter s
b Y . pa r a m et er s

A s in t h i s c ase w e kn o w ,

Re w r it i n g e qu a t io n (e )

A n d fro m e q u a t io n (f ) a n d ( c )

Co m pa r in g e qu a t io n ( ) a n d (6) w it h t ha t o f Y' pa r a m e te r s e q u a t io n , w e get

Æ AT 1 A
È; Y l z ; Yz l
Ëa n d 7 z 2
T hu s Y 1 1 - - - -
ï Ê

c .
Y pa r a m ete r s in t e r m s o f T '
.
pa r a m ete r s

A s s im i la r t o a bo v e c as e ,

Ar 1 aT1 D1
Y1 =
; Yr =
; Yz

d Y pa r a m e te r s in te r m s o f h pa r a m eter s

A s in t his case w e kn o w

R e w r it i n g e u a t i o n
q (g )

A nd fro m e q u a t io n
( h ) a n d (g )
Scanned by CamScanner
 °

ric Cir c u it T h e o r y] RRa r « me t e f ; o f Net wor ks

h10 h 11

r in g e q u
a t io n (7 ) a n d ( 8 ) w it h t ha t o f Y pa r a 1n e te r s e q q a t io n .
w e ge t
Co 1Tt pa

r a m eter s in te r m s o f g pa r a m e te r s
e Y T pa

A s Si m i l a r t o a bo v e c ase

Y 11 - - - a n d Yz2 -

922 922 92z 822

3 T me t e r s in T e r m s o f O the r P a mme t e
a T pa r a m e te r s in te r m s o f b pa r a m e te r s
A s in t h i s case w e kn ow ,

Re w r it i n g e q u a t io n (j )

A n d fr o t io n (i) d
m equ a an (j )

Co m pa r i n
. g e q u a t io n (9 ) a n d ( 10 ) w ith t ha t o f T
pa r a m e te r s e qu a t io n ,
w e ge t
z
Thu A . 5.
; B .
z
;C / Z
zz t Zz r
-
a n d D _
Zz r Z2 1

b T
pa r a m e t e r s in ter m s o f Y pa r a m e te r s

八s s i m i l
ar to a bo v e c ase
,

1
AV
Vz

As w
e kn o
w ,
t he T '

pa r a m e te r s in m a t r ix fo rm
,

Scanned by CamScanner
 A r

" ï a n d D =

; C
=

T hu s A .
= -
i ;B =
i n

m eter s
i t ei m s o f h pa r a
d T
. pa r a m ete r s n

A s i n t his c ase w e kn o w ,

Re w r Mn g e qu at i o n m

n d f rom eq u a t i on ( k) an d (1)

Co m pa r in g e q u a t io n ( I 1) a n d ( ] 2 ) w i t h t ha t o f T p a r a m e te r s e q u a t io n , we gd

T hu s , A =
I:B l = C = . n d D =
%
e .
T pa r a m ete r s in te r m s o f g pa r a m ete r s

As s im i la f t o a bo v e casç,

A 1 B
g z<
c ga
= = = an d D .
92 1 gz t gz t gz :

4 E t e 1s in Ter m s o f O t he r P a r a m e te r s
F
b T pa r a m e te r s in te r m s o f A pa r a m e te r s
A s i n t hi s c as e w e kn o w ,

Re w r it in e q u a t io n
g (m )

A n d fr om e qu a t io
n (m ) a n d (n )
Scanned by CamScanner
 0 41
i ( ] 3 ) a n d ( 14 ) w it h t h a t o f T '
e te r s e
a r in g e q
uat o n pa r a m q u a t io n ,
w e ge t
com p
'
Thu s A =
Z1z Z 12 Z 1z Z12

e te r s in te r m s o f Y pa r a m ete r s
pa r a m
'
b T

A s s in l i la r t o a bo v e c a se ,

A
1
=
h B
'
= L c 1 _ aYn d D/ = b
V1 2 Y rz 1z V1 z

c .
T' pa r a m e t e r s i n t e r m s o f T pa r a m e t e r s
A s w e k n o w t h e T p a r a m e t e r s in m a t r ix f o
'

, rm ,

R e w r it i n g e qu a t io n

Thu s, A' =

l B' _
c ' =
ï . n ù D' -
1
d T r
pa r a m e te r s in te r m s o f h pa r a m e te r s

A s in t h is c a se w e kn o w ,

Re w r it in e u a t i o
g q n (o )

A n d fr o m e qu a t io n (o ) a n d ( p )

Co m
pa r i n g e q u a t io
n ( 15 ) a n d ( ] 6 ) w i t h t h a t o f T '

pa r a m e te r s e q u a t io n ,
w e ge t
Th" A ' , .
B' .
ïî. ;c
'
.
£+ì . . d D' .
Iii
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ El e c t r i c Ci r c u it T h e o r y]
1
IW

in t e r m s o f " pa r a m e ter s
m ete rs
d ,
pa r a
b
r to bo v e c a se
A s s im i la
a ,

in te r m s o f g pa r a m e te rs
h pa r am ete r s
e

1
As w e kn o w [i1] [g ]
=

e @& in t e ri it & e jo t he r p a r a m e te r s
6 £= æ r<u
te r s in t e r m s o f Z pa r a m ete r s
a g pa r a m e
A s in t hi s c a s e w e kn o w ,

Re w r i t in g e qu a t io n (u )

A n d fr o m equa t io n ( u ) a n d (v )

it h t ha t f * e t e r s e q u a t io n ge t
Co m pa r i n g e q u a t i o n (2 ] ) a n d ( 2 2 ) w o pa r a m ,
w e

b g pa r a m eter s in te r f Y r a m ete r s
m s o pa

A s s i m i la r to a bo v e c a se,

g 1l -
l 22
9 12 - g21
Yz 2
-
<
Yz 2
a n d g z2 -
Y2 2

C g pa r a m eters in te r m s o f T r a m e te r s
pa
s i n t hi s case w e k Do w ,

24 9 P a g e

Scanned by CamScanner
 I C H A P T ER 7] [ El e c t r i c c ipc h t Tor y] Tw o P o Ut p a
ra e t
Re w r i t i n g e q u a t io n (w )

1
J 人 人
A n d fro m e q u a t io n ( w ) a n d (x )
*I -
v 十 (뜻 D) , , ( 24 )
C o m pa r i n
g e q u a t i o n (23 ) an d (2 4 ) w it h t h a t o f g pa r a m e t e r s e q u a t io n
we
c ï
,
·
get
T hu s . 910 L Î;g
A ' 12 -
aT
T ; gu -
1
)i a n d 8z
z -
Î
=Ë
d g pa r a m e te r s in te r m s o f T ' pa r a m e te r s
'
/ " " 1a r Bo a b o v e c a s e
.

,
Dr D1

e g
.
pa r a m e te r s in te r m s o r a m ete r s
As kn o w
w c
. I 8 ] [ h]
=
'

u h h
= JB h
dh

#i n ter co n n e ti
c o n o f tw o po r t N etw o r ks
1 Se r i e r C o
.
n n ec tio n

m Tw o T PN i n Hes

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 [ C H A P T ER 7】 [ El e c t r i c Cl r c u lt Th e o r y ] Tw o Po r t
Pa
W >r h r e e T p N i n ser i es a

I 2

He re ,

[ j [ -

a ] >ü

A ls o

[1j 9} ] [ H -
/

分
N o w ,

Fr f tg [ 1 f ïa ï ib
tï
"
o m = -
I 1c an d l 2
- " '
, -
ï J= w l zb = i 1
c

Scanned by CamScanner
 n d (7 )
equ ( I ) (3) 45 ) a
, ,

f ro m
+ Z r ï 1 ïz1 + Z 1l b ï l b + Z 11b l 2 h + Z Ilc l 1c + Z 1Jc I 2c
Vt £ Z 111 ï l a
Zm, Zn N H Z 12 a z n b z l z Nz
Z n :
m v, ,

' er e ,

+ Z l 1c and Z I2 - Z + Zl lb + Z
ZI ï - Z r ï a · Z 11b 12 1 l zc

+ Z ~l b + Z z 1c
Zt : · Z z t 1

Z22 - Zt 21 + Z 22b + Z 2 2c

i
2Pa r a l le l Co n n e c t i o n

m T w o T PN i n pa r a ue L

j
;
,

r ele r +
yI
a pa r a ll e l co n nec t io n o f tw o t w o po r t n e tw o r ks Na and Nb w i t h s ho r t c
ir c u i t
登
. an d Yb res
pe c t i v e l y , i e fo r n e tw o r k
, N a)

Scanned by CamScanner
 : CH A PT E R 7] I£ l e r lc o ry ] rw o Po r t P a
ra m e
t
h
H ì a p l a Y12 a ì W 1 ·

112 a l .y 2 1 a y 2 2 a l . vz a J
:
i 1n i l a r i Fo
y r ne M o rk N.

T he n , t h e i r p a r a l l e l c o n n e c t i o n r e q u i r e s t ha t

ll = ll a
+ ll bB l 2 = Iz a + l 2 b

And V Va
- -
V b V2 ,
-
Vz a -
Vz b
N( w
ll = l l a + Im (Y1 1 a v
-
a +Y/ 2 a . ) + ( Y1 1 b v b + Y1 Z b V
zb )
-
(Y1 1 a + Yn )V + ( 712a + Y
b 2b ) Vz
(s i n c e V -
V. Vb d V2
-
an -
V2 . -
V2 b )
A n «i s i m i l a r ly I2 - I z a + Iz b ( Y2 1 a s l
.

i b ) V/ + ( Yz 2 a + Y2 z b ) Vz
So In m a t r ix f o r m t he Y
f t he p a r a l l e l
.
pa r a m e ter s o c o n n ec l r d co m bin a t io n be
can w r itten

:l · 1 IY 1 1 .
Y 1 2 11V l
. 1• ] .y 2 1 Y2 2l l vz l
W he r e , Yu h a Yu b

Y Z
- Y12 a + Y
2b

yz 1 = Yz l + Y? 1 b
a

Yz 2 -
Yz{ + Yz z
b

Scanned by CamScanner
 [ EI e c t r i c C: r c u it T h e o r y] Tw o Ro
°

y a ra

T PN in pa r a lle l
b r ee
fü)T

Fr o m Fig u r e

Vr - V la
- V lh
- V i c

Fo r N e t w ork
"
a
"

Fo r n etw o r k " b"

Fo r n etw o r k "
C·

r, C ·
Yr t CV i c +
y 12c V
1c ·

Scanned by CamScanner
 I C H A PT ER 7]
i "
"

[ E1e c t r i c a rcun Th e o r v ] Æ
A ls o f ro m iìg

Fr o m e qu ( 1) (3 ) ( 5 ) a n d ( 7)
, ,

r, V yllV ic + y 12 c V i c
-
y n . la + y l 1a V ?a + y n bv ]b
+ y 1~bv 2b
+ ,

Or I, (y r l y 1t b + y 12 c ) V 2
-
+
. y llb + y l 1c )V ï + l y 】2 a
+ .

W he r e

S i m i la r l U;
y

W he r e
,

y 22 °
y 2 2a +
y 22 b +
y c

3 Ca sc a de
.
o r Ta n dem c o n n ec t io n

m Tw o T p N in C . . " .

: X t

re
l W P·
.
' " w ° " . an d Nb w itlr

. . ' " "

S i m Ha r Jy b r n e h vo r k N b, n
,

Scanned by CamScanner
 IW i
T he n t h e i r s
,
c a sc a de c o n n ec t io n re qu ir e s t ha t

A ï 1d V - V1 a ,
V2 a -
V b, Vz b -
V2
IF

\ or* ,

t he T pa r a m e te r s o f t he Ca s c a d e c o n n e c te d com b i n a t io n can be
fo r n ì
so , in n l a t r i x

n as
ï t iüc

W he r e , A = A a A b + B a Cb

B = A a Bb + Ba D b

C = C. A b + D a Cb

Æ = C. B b + D a D b

Th r e e TP N i n Ca s c a ó .

业 。
,. _ Ih
协- 늬 - ^ o +

H l iN i e N. d Nb w it h
s ho w s a tw o po r t n e t w o r ks
an
in n
c a s c a de co n nec t io n o f tw o
N.
q cn n et w o r
k .
fo

§EAï TlB / j [
m ' " c t v e 1y , i ' ,
r

È .
]

Scanned by CamScanner
 Ci r c u i t T h e o r y 】
IC H A PT ER 7 ] Tw o Po r t Ra r a m e t
[ El e c t r i c el &
S i m i l a r lv Fo r n tw o r k Nb ,

A n d fo r n e tw o r k N. .

T he n t h e i r i s c a s c a de c o n n e c t io n r e qu ir e s t ha t
,

And y V V2 . Vb V2 b V
=
. .
-
,
-
. Vz c =

N o w

So In m a t r ix fo rm t he Z pa r a m e t e r s
.
o f t he s e r ie s c o n n e c t e d
as
c o m b in a t io n c an be w it

W he r e A . A aAbA
.
c + B C A + A a Bb c + B D c
. b c
c . b c
B . A a Bh B + B
c a
Cb B c + A B B
a b c + Ba D b D
c
C . Ca A b A + D
c Cb c . + C B
b c c + Da Db c c
a
.

D = Ca A b B + D
c Cb B + C B D
b c + Da D b D c
a c a

Scanned by CamScanner
 i c Ci r c u i t T h e o r y] T mo · Po et P ä r a m e t e* ¡ f Në t wFYk i
£E1e c t r
i
M n l&
l
i n fig u r e c a lc u la te
k s ho w n ,
of
n elw

Y W T Ov T V h
Z m W g
m e t e r ti
pa r a

i n 20

l + l 2

Vt 30
V ,

Z pa r a m e t e r s

z n
-
Yl l, 2. - ü
z 12
-
el l l - 0

l l - 0
1z · O
Apply V
, a t po r t 1
an d OC
po r t 2

l 2
Æ 0

V 2

V, 4 I
Zr J /
r
40

2 S9 B
P 3

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 KV L fo lo o p 2
A ls o A p p ly
r
,

3 5 0

Fr o m e q u a t io n (a ) an d (b)

Y 2 】- / = 1+
V 11

Fr o m e q u a t io n (a ) an d (c )
"
V 4 11
5
.F dI
S
1

II
Vt 11

2: Apply V 2 a t po r t 2 an d SC p o r t 1

A Pp ly K V L f
o r lo o p 2

A ls o A l
, pp y K V L f o r l
oop ] -

4 1r + 3 :
2 =
0

ll =
3
_
'2

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 : C H A P T ER ?] [ El e c t r i c Ci r c u i t T h e o r y ] T w o ci :p "
y Yi
a
> of

Ca se i : A p p ly V
~ a t po r t 2 a n d O C o r t I
p

1 2

V - '
i t2

V ,
·
3 *z

A' _ .

i 碰
' 0
C .
.

Case 2 : A pp ly V ï at po r t 2 an d SC p o r t 1

A Pp l y K V L i n l o o
p ]

A l s o , A PP l y 6VL in lo o p 2

m 351Z V1

Scanned by CamScanner
 7】 【e c t r l c C i r c u it T h e o 旷 川 1 " 妞落 臼
乒ふミ
^ '
Ï 奇石
v 2
"
Ï1
<
B '
_ _ f1
; 3

D' . .
ll 3

h pa r a m e t e r s
(v )

hr l -
Yl 1, '
,vz - 0
hz r -
tl Vz - O

ll - 0 2 ll - 0

Case 1: A pply V , at po r t 1 a n d SC p o r t 2

'
3
叮ら가 一 e

A p p ly K V L f
o r lo o p 1
Oi

A ls o A l
, PP y K V L f o lo o p 2
a ,
r

3I ï+ 5:
z =
O

:{
. =
3
"
_
.

Fr o m
e qu at i
o n ( I) a n d ( m )

l
[ l I5 1

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 l K V L fo r lo o p 3
A lso A pp y ,

Fr o nn e q u a t i o n (a ) a n d (b )

Ï 1
5 5

V 2 - 2 13= 1

Z 11
ll 5

22 = . n
ll 5

(aì 2: Apply v l at po r t 2 an d O C p o Ft 1

卷 パ杭
下 厂

'
/

A PPl y K V L f
o r lo o p 2
! q
.

ls o A l
PP y K V L f o
,
lo o p 3
a r -

212+ 5 ï
3 -
0

l 3= 3

Fr o m
e qu a t i
on
(C ) a n d (d )

=
\I 5
4
2

26 9
P a g e

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 ] Tw P o t t P a r a m e t e r o f N e t \ n1o r k s
i c Ci r c u it T h e
o L
o ry
[ E1e c t r
i 1]

l K V L i n lo o p 2
A l s o A pp y ,

(e ) d (g )
Fr o m e qu a t i o n an

V - 9 12 + l z - 8 12
1

1
Y Zt .
/ - U
V1 8

Fr o m e q u a t io n (e ) an d (h )

3 3

Y l r
Vt B

Case 2 Apply V 2 a t p o r t 2 an d SC p o r t 1

W r it i n g K V L i n
m a t r ix fo rm

[- ] ì j L.] U1
'
. -

27 1 P a g e

Scanned by CamScanner
 A, ·
; . ï ì .
- z vz

A, -
t ; b j . 14 vz

í, . y -
#v z

业 づ 三V2
lz s
T

?
. U
Vtz -
i
: =
<u
=
Y rt =
i 8

ers
W T pa r a m e t

, =
l ,z- O
V
D =
AlV z
- O

po r t : d OC po r t 2
C a s e 1: A pp l y V , at an

20 20

2o J v 2

A p p ly K V L f o r l o o p 1

Scanned by CamScanner
 K V L f o r lo o p 3
A l s o A p p ly
,

I 1 5 14 O

Or

Fr o m e q n a t io n ( i ) a n d (j )

5 5

V2 - 2ï 3= Ì1
A = . . 7
Vz 2
O

C =
/ . U
Vz 2

t o r t 1 a n d SC p o r t 2
Case 2: Apply V , a p

20 20

10 20 V - 0
2

4
"
"
° '

v,
( ·
LT v ,= o

A PPly K V L i n l o
op ì
ot

A l so A
Cl Pp ly K V L i n l o o p 2
,

Scanned by CamScanner
 (m )

ll d (m )'

; o rn
e qu
at io
n

-
(k ) a

8l2
£
_ 9 1z + : z
V r°

丘多 即
B h

s 3
Dづ 二
た

A ls o l i n d
n i n k gu r e
r k sh
ow
Bb e n e tw o
of
e te r s
c ir t ü
i t pa r a m
O bt a i n o pe n

V1
50
V

So l u t i o n

O pe n c ir c u it pa r a m e t e r s (Z = p a r a m e t e r s )
( i)

12 0 - O

z 22 - ÏÎI,l l, - 0
z 1r -
55l l2· O

C a s e l A p p ly V J a . p o r t l and OC po r t 2 -

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 i 1r c t e
rs
Y pa ï a

z 12 1
rv n
Yq .
íz n
lv21 v 22j .z 2 1 z 22j

3
r 38 214 t l
.r j -

. 32
/51 35
/5 1l

e te r s f t he n e tw o r k ho w in iìg u A ls o he c k if th e
tr a n s m is s i o n pa r a m o s n r e c

s ym m e t r i c a l o r n ot

V V

,
¡l

v t Jw し
,

T
·

T pa r a m e t e r s o f t he n e tw o r k i s g iv en as

l2- 0

V2 - 0

1 1 1 l p
a

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 > 2
'

K V I i n l o o p (2).

K V I i n l o o p (4) .

V2 - 214 + 3(1+ l 2)

No w a dd i n g n F a n d 0 21

F r o 1n UF and 0 31
\ ,
'

2
- 3 12 3 (V z )

o r, 4V2 - 3 12 4

Now ,
o m 0 01 0 41 ,

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 ]
CHA P TE R-
7

o f k
in netw
E x a m pl e
6
.
of B
b l lo w g
s
m eter
Z pa r a
De t e r m in
-
e

_
. /
,
: V,

No t e
s o lu tio n

a l f t he v a lu e o f de pc nda i
pa r a m e t e r
z s
v o lta g e s o u r c e i s z e ro ,

s ho r t c ir cuit
re p l a c e i t by
. f the va l ue of dep en d ent

£ x .

C a s e 1: A pp l y V , at po r t ï an d OC po r t 2

V t
2

[3 12 O】

A PPly K V L i n 1
o o ph l

Vr U S Js
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 Ex a m p le 8 .

F in d T f t he fo llo w i n g n e tw o r k
pa r a m eter s a n d » pa r a m e t e r s o

100

+ V. 5
Vx
V , 5 00 V,

So l u t i o n

T pa r a m e t e r s

A =

Bl l, 2 - 0
c =
l l2· O

B = l ' I D = / l
1"
V2 0
*z l
-
v ,
- O

C a s e 1 : A p p ly V , a t po r t ! an d O C po r t 2

V ,

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 L
[ c H A P T ER 7] Tw o
[ E1e c t r i c c ir cu it The o ryl po r t pa r a m e t
er o f
eh
' k,
A p p ly K V L i n S u p e r m e s h PQR S

Or
S1a SOOl B1 0

5 5 13 5 0 11 = 0

3 t oll

10

: ij
A ls o ,
A p p ly K V L i n l o o p· 1

Or
V - 6 0 +1 5 0 13

V - 6 0 11 50 *
Î^I 1 Fr o m e q u a t io n (6 )

Vr b I+

Fr o m e q u a t io n ( 5 ) (4 ) ( 6 )
, ,

10

52 =

& i【

B =
·
.
G n
l2 3

D = / .
5
:2 6

1
l6 55
/6l
No w to f in d Z
£t P :"
pa r a rn e t e r s

Z, = 20 0

Z ïz
-
= 50 n

Scanned by CamScanner
 c i r c u it T h e o r y】 agg P o r t Pa r a m e . e r. o f Ne i k
[ Æe c t r i c

¢ w Z 22 ·
.
= s n

rz o so 1
[Z ] =
. 6 55 l

blem
pro
m ete r s o f t h e g iv en r e s is t e r n e tw o r k c o n t r o lle d v o lt a ge so u r c e
I : Fi n
d V pa r a
oo n
O1ö
i. B
10 10

T I2

3 2U V ,

[A n s :Y ] =
[ 3
'
]
question 2: Fi n d b p a r a m ete r s o f the n e tw o r k ço n t a in in g s h o w n i n fo l lo w in g fig u r e

10 IH
+ -

l2 +

29 1 P a r .

Scanned by CamScanner
 ' " igu r' "' "w and
. 00 . a】

xt . x. Bx
. 1o
"

20
+ +
l2
1 1

V1 ·

I A. " [z ]
-

. .
; ,
No t r ec ip r o ca l ]

cir c u it co n tr o lle d Cu r r e n t so u r ce For

co n t a in s
.

k a
4 T h e gi v en n etw o r
Qu e s t i o n

n etw o r k fi n d Y pa r a m eter s

1ひ
' "
+
° l2

V ,
, 10 10 "

Scanned by CamScanner
 f llo w in g tw k , Bi n d Y
giv e n i n o
n e o r
value pa r a m e ter s
j Fo f t b e
BW io1
o1¢ 0 5F .

V1 V2

: A m q& 4 T. &. X
en6 De t e m 1i n e A p a r a m e te r s o f the n etw o r k sho w n in fo llo w in g fig u r e .

20
m

T
'
.

2
Vz

l
W
13 l p
P r
Scanned by CamScanner