MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA

OPERATION

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T y, i me tion des ex
NUMBER BASES

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
The binary number system has only two digits: 0 and 1

N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

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Sa n nt
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The prefix in the word "binary" is a Latin root for the word "two" and its use was

en r us ted nsi tra re

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first published in the late 1700s.

re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
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-The use of the binary number system is based on the fact that switches or valves

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have two states: Open or Closed (ON or OFF)
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- Primary uses of the binary number system include computer architecture and
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digital electronics. In computers, information is stored as a series of 0's and 1's,

te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta

forming strings of binary numb

tri op iz ts n
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ed tu a co ati

-Binary numbers are written with a subscript 2, for example 100112 and 10001102
co tel ny Th form

are binary numbers

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When reading or pronouncing a binary number, it is common to simply say "1" or "0"
in A

moving from left to right until all the digits are pronounced
Rev.00| Pag.91
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION

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PLACE VALUES

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
The decimal number system used in every day life is a base-10 system. There are 10

Sa n nt
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en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
digits available for use as place value holders; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9

re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
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te b e w rig o
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do gh o ote in
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When positioned in a number, they are also positioned to represent a place value. If
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
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9 is exceeded, the place value resets to 0 and a 1 must be placed in the next place
, d al uth nt on

value column to the left

ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

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The figure illustrates the decimal number system place values. They are derived by
li
Al

sequentially raising 10 to a higher power moving from right to left. Thus, each
position has a value 10 times that of the position to its right
in A

Rev.00| Pag.92
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION

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t
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T y, i me tion des ex
PLACE VALUES

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
The binary number system is a base-2 system. There are 2 digits available for use as

Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

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place value holders; 0 and 1. Each place value in the binary number system

re ed e s e aw en

.
represents 2 raised to a sequentially higher power (from right to left)

ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
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io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
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do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

This is similar to the decimal system we use in everyday life. The figure illustrates the
, d al uth nt on

place values of the binary number system. It shows to what power 2 is raised to
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

establish value and the decimal number system equivalent of each place
n
pi lec un e
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Each place value position has a value 2 times that of the position to its right
in A

Rev.00| Pag.93
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e

to binary numbers
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
digits available are 0 and 1.

d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
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io de es on y in
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rit , pu oth nts py g d
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ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
PLACE VALUES

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
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or nt -A s. l.
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pa ts a
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To exceed 1, the place value is reset to 0 and a 1 is placed in the next place value
column to the left. Place values are used to convert our every day decimal numbers
When writing binary numbers and placing digits in positions of place value, the only

Rev.00| Pag.94
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
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is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
PLACE VALUES

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w , of
ig t-A
left by placing a 1 or a zero in the binary place value positions

gl h no N n r T
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or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
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ith be
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The figure illustrates how the decimal number in the left column is built from right to

Rev.00| Pag.95
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
4578 has place values shown in the table below:
The octal number system has 8 digits 0, 1, 2…, 7.

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
THE OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
provides an abbreviated method of writing Binary numbers

Sa n nt
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One use of octal numbers is that they can be made from binary numbers by

ou
t
octal number has a place value that is a power of 8. For example, the octal number

grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three so the Octal number system
Octal numbers are written using a subscript 8, for example 12 3058. Each digit in an

Rev.00| Pag.96
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
THE HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
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The first 16 hexadecimal numbers are 0, 1, 2…, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

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or nt -A s. l.
Hexadecimal numbers are written using a subscript 16, for example

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pa ts a
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A is equivalent to 10 in decimal, B is equivalent to 11 and so on

ith be
ou
t
make up all numbers, to make 16 digits the letters A, B, C, D, E and F are used.
The hexadecimal number system has 16 digits. Since there are only 10 digits that

Rev.00| Pag.97
ALGEBRA
OPERATION
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION

or nt -A s. l.
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ith be
S

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a
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t
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T y, i me tion des ex
THE HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
The hexadecimal number system has 16 digits. Since there are only 10 digits that

Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
make up all numbers, to make 16 digits the letters A, B, C, D, E and F are used.

re ed e s e aw en

.
The first 16 hexadecimal numbers are 0, 1, 2…, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
A is equivalent to 10 in decimal, B is equivalent to 11 and so on

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi

Hexadecimal numbers are written using a subscript 16, for example

do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine

Each digit in a hexadecimal number has a place value that is a power of 16.
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

For example, the octal number A4F716 has place values shown in the next table
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
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in A

Rev.00| Pag.98
MATHEMATICS ALGEBRA
OPERATION

or nt -A s. l.
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ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex
THE HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
The hexadecimal number system has 16 digits. Since there are only 10 digits that

N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
ro in t re m op
make up all numbers, to make 16 digits the letters A, B, C, D, E and F are used.

t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
The first 16 hexadecimal numbers are 0, 1, 2…, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

en r us ted nsi tra re

em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
A is equivalent to 10 in decimal, B is equivalent to 11 and so on

n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
r w d s te co in
Hexadecimal numbers are written using a subscript 16, for example
io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi

Each digit in a hexadecimal number has a place value that is a power of 16.
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d

For example, the octal number A4F716 has place values shown in the next table
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati
co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al

Hexadecimal numbers are used to describe locations in computer memory

in A

Rev.00| Pag.99
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
number by its place value and add

pr loa Unl e c d b tra

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
NUMBER SYSTEM CONVERSION

t-A a cu la d f N
BINARY, OCTAL AND HEXADECIMAL TO BASE 10 (DECIMAL)

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
This is quite simple, just multiply each digit in the binary, octal or hexadecimal

Rev.00| Pag.100
ALGEBRA
OPERATION