MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC

OPERATION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex
Division is the process of finding how many times one number (called the divisor)

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
is contained in another number (called the dividend). The result is the quotient,

N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
and any amount left over is called the remainder.

ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
When dividing small numbers, its
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
possible use the multiplication table.
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in

Think of any of the numbers at the

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine

intersection of a column and row as a

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n

dividend. The numbers at the top

is pr or en co
, d al uth nt on

and the left side of the table column

ed tu a co ati

and row that intersect are the divisor

co tel ny Th form

and the quotient. A process known as

n
pi lec un e
li
Al

long division can also be used to

calculate division that involves large
in A

numbers
Rev.00| Pag.11
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
LCM/HCF

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

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a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex
LOWEST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM) AND HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

of
-The lowest common multiple of two or more whole numbers is the smallest positive

h d a e
ro in t re m op
number which is a common multiple of the numbers.

t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
em o ta co s, t a

w
Example:

re ed e s e aw en

.
ag h is l b t l m
The multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ..

n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24…

rit , pu oth nts py g d

r w d s te co in
Looking at both lists gives us 12 as the lowest
io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
common multiple.

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in

-The highest common factor of two or more numbers is the highest number that will
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine

divide in to the numbers.

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

Example:
, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati

The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

co tel ny Th form

The factors of 48 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48.

n
pi lec un e
li
Al

From the list the highest common factor is 12

in A

Rev.00| Pag.12
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
OPERATION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ex w o io n o
A prime number is a number which has only two factors and those factors are 1

N any is d a v rk a rty

of
h d a e
and the number itself.

ro in t re m op
t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
For example, 7 is a prime number. Its only

em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en
factors are 1 and 7. 19 is a prime number. Its

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
only factors are 1 and 19. Here is a list of the

te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
first eight prime numbers: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
and 19.
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in
d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine

Every whole number can be written as a product of prime factors

bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

To write a number as a product of prime numbers, 924 as a product of prime

, d al uth nt on
ed tu a co ati

we continuously divide the number by a prime as 924 ÷ 2 = 462

co tel ny Th form

shown in the following example à 462 ÷ 2 = 231

n
pi lec un e
li
Al
in A

Rev.00| Pag.13
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
Write 342 as a product of primes.

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
PRODUCT OF PRIMES CALCULUS

. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
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ith be
ou
t
Start by dividing the number by its lowest
prime factor. In this case the lowest prime

until the only remainder is a prime number.

factor is 2. Then continue dividing by 3, 5, 7 etc

Rev.00| Pag.14
ARITHMETIC
OPERATION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
Write 630 as a product of primes.

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
PRODUCT OF PRIMES CALCULUS

. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Start by dividing the number by its lowest
prime factor. In this case the lowest prime

until the only remainder is a prime number.

factor is 2. Then continue dividing by 3, 5, 7 etc

Rev.00| Pag.15
ARITHMETIC
OPERATION
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on

When x = 5 and y = 2
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
values they are called variables.

pr loa Unl e c d b tra

io de es on y in
r w d s te co in

Calculate the value of 2 (x + 3y) - 4xy

rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
solution:
using formulae over and over again

Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
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ith be
ou
t
•Common letters used are x, y, t, r, v, h. Because these letters can have different
Letters are frequently used in mathematics, this allows us to calculate quantities

Rev.00| Pag.16
ARITHMETIC
VARIABLE
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
Let's take the fraction 1/9. It's reciprocal is 1/(1/9).

ro in t re m op
m h d a e
A few more examples:

N any is d a v rk a rty
The reciprocal of 6 is 1/6

The reciprocal of 8 is 1/8.

ex w o io n o
The reciprocal of 45 is 1/45

t-A a cu la d f N
The reciprocal of 1/6 is 6 (or 6/1).

T y, i me tion des ex
o ig t-A
The reciprocal of 1/20 is 20 (or 20/1).

Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r T f
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
or nt -A s. l.
How would the reciprocal of a fraction be written?

in en T S
pa ts a
The reciprocal of a number is one divided by the number

rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
Rev.00| Pag.17
ARITHMETIC
RECIPROCAL
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
numbers less than zero.

te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
en r us ted nsi tra re
t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
OPERATION OF SIGNED NUMBERS

T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
Signed whole numbers are also called integers

or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
positive or negative, depending on the values of the numbers.

ith be
ou
t
The sum (addition) of two positive numbers is positive. The sum (addition) of two
negative numbers is negative. The sum of a positive and a negative number can be
Positive numbers are numbers that are greater than zero. Negative numbers are

Rev.00| Pag.18
SIGNED NUMBERS
ARITHMETIC
MATHEMATICS ARITHMETIC
SIGNED NUMBERS OPERATION

or nt -A s. l.
e co ext ight ag

ith be
S

rt, ma gl
a
gl h no N n r T

t
ou
w y
in en T S
ig t-A
Example

T y, i me tion des ex

pa ts
t-A a cu la d f N
ADDITION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBER

ex w o io n o
N any is d a v rk a rty

f
The weight of an aircraft is 2 000 pounds. A radio rack weighing 3 pounds and a

o
h d a e
ro in t re m op
transceiver weighing 10 pounds are removed from the aircraft. What is the new

t f ed in de de pr

,
Sa n nt
ol
en r us ted nsi tra re
weight? For weight and balance purposes, all weight removed from an aircraft is

em o ta co s, t a

w
re ed e s e aw en
given a minus sign, and all weight added is given a plus sign.

.
ag h is l b t l m
n lis rw il h cu
te b e w rig o
rit , pu oth nts py g d
2000 + (−3) +(−10) = 2000 + (−13) = 987

r w d s te co in
io de es on y in
pr loa Unl e c d b tra

m
Therefore, the new weight is 1987 pounds
e s
w ts. f th ct thi
do gh o ote in

SUBTRACTION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBER

d, ri se pr d
te rty u re ine
bu e ed a ta
tri op iz ts n
is pr or en co

To subtract positive and negative numbers, first change the "-" (subtraction symbol)
, d al uth nt on

to a "+" (addition symbol), and change the sign of the second number to its opposite
ed tu a co ati

(that is, change a positive number to a negative number or vice versa).

co tel ny Th form

n
n
pi lec un e
li
Al

Finally, add the two numbers together

in A

Rev.00| Pag.19
 Al
li
in A n
co tel ny Th form
MATHEMATICS

pi lec un e
ed tu a co ati
, d al uth nt on
is pr or en co
tri op iz ts n
bu e ed a ta
te rty u re ine
d, ri se pr d
do gh o ote in
w ts. f th ct thi
n e s
pr loa Unl e c d b tra
io de es on y in
r w d s te co in
rit , pu oth nts py g d
te b e w rig o
n lis rw il h cu
ag h is l b t l m
re ed e s e aw en
em o ta co s, t a
Example

en r us ted nsi tra re

t f ed in de de pr
ro in t re m op
m h d a e
N any is d a v rk a rty
ex w o io n o
t-A a cu la d f N
T y, i me tion des ex
Sa n nt
w ,
gl h no N n r Tof
ig t-A
. ol S
e co ext ight ag
Subtract 20 from −6: −6 – 20 = −6 + −20 = −26

or nt -A s. l.
in en T S
SUBTRACTION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBER

pa ts a
rt, ma gl
w y
ith be
ou
t
The temperature is −26°, or 26° below zero at 15 000 feet above the city.
•The daytime temperature in the city of Denver was 6° below zero (−6°). An
airplane is cruising at 15 000 feet above Denver. The temperature at 15 000 feet
is 20° colder than in the city of Denver. What is the temperature at 15 000 feet?

Rev.00| Pag.20
ARITHMETIC
SIGNED NUMBERS OPERATION