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Welcome to Course Unit 1

Course Module 1
College Algebra - Part 1
Preliminary Concepts,
Equations and Inequalities

1
Review of
Basic Concepts
 “
Let’s play
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Respond at
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3
Learning Objectives

In this section you will:

• Classify a real number as a natural, whole, integer, rational, or irrational
number.
• Perform calculations using order of operations.
• Use the following properties of real numbers: commutative, associative,
distributive, inverse, and identity.
• Utilize rule of exponents; simplify exponential expressions; and use
scientific notation

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Part 1.
Fractions, Decimals
and Percents
Recalling your elementary
and high school mathematics

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Fractions

3 ← Numerator
Fraction Bar →
← Denominator
8

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Classification of fractions

Proper fraction Improper fraction

𝟏 𝟐 𝟗 𝟐𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟖
, , , , , ,
𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟎 𝟐𝟓 𝟐 𝟓 𝟕 𝟏𝟎
○ Numerator is less than ○ Numerator is greater than or
denominator. equal to denominator.
○ Value is less than 1 ○ Value is greater than or equal
to 1.

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Fractions

◎ Lowest Term of Fractions

◎ Improper Fractions and Mixed Numbers
◎ Operations with Fractions:
◎ Multiplication and Reciprocals
◎ Division
◎ Addition and Subtraction

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Exercise No. 1

◎ Write each fraction in lowest terms.

10 15 150
(a) (b) (c)
15 45 200

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◎ Write as a mixed number.
8
4
◎ Write 6 as an improper fraction.
7

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Exercise No. 2

3 4
◎ Write • as a mixed number.
8 9

◎ Divide. Write answers in lowest terms as needed

3 8 5 2 1
(a) ÷ (b) ÷ 10 (c) 1 ÷ 4
4 5 8 3 2

◎ Divide. Write answers in lowest terms as needed

2 3 4 5 15 4 1 3
(a) + (b) + (c) − (d) 4 −1
10 10 15 9 6 9 2 4

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Decimals as Fractions

◎ Converting a Decimal to a Fraction

◎ Operations with Decimals:
◎ Addition and Subtraction
◎ Multiplication and Division
◎ Multiplying and Dividing by Powers of 10

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Exercise No. 3

◎ Write each decimal as a fraction. (Do not write in

lowest terms)
(a) 0.95 (b) 0.056 (c) 4.2095

◎ Add or subtract as indicated.

(a) 6.92 + 14.8 + 3.217 (b) 47.6 − 32.509

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Exercise No. 3

◎ Multiply or divide as indicated.

(a) 29.3 × 4.52 (b) 0.05 × 0.05 (c) 8.949 ÷ 1.25

◎ Multiply or divide as indicated.

(a) 48.731 × 10 (b) 48.731 × 1000
(c) 48.731 ÷ 10 (d) 48.731 ÷ 1000

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Fractions as Decimals

◎ Converting a Fraction to a Decimal

Exercise No. 4

◎ Write each fraction as a decimal.

19 2
(a) (b)
8 3

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Percents as Decimals
and Decimals as Percents
◎ Percent, Fraction, and Decimal Equivalents
◎ Converting Percents and Decimals

Exercise No. 5
◎ Convert each percent to a decimal and each decimal
to a percent.
(a) 45% (b) 250% (c) 9%
(d) 0.57 (e) 1.5 (f) 0.007
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Percents as Fractions
and Fractions as Percents
◎ Writing Percents as Fractions
◎ Writing Fractions as Percents

Exercise No. 6
◎ Write each percent as a fraction. Give answers in lowest terms.
(a) 8% (b) 175% (c) 13.5%
◎ Write each fraction as a decimal.
2 1
(a) (b)
5 6
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17
Part 2.
Sets and Real
Numbers
Algebra Essentials

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 SET
A collection of objects

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 { 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 }
The set containing the elements 1, 2, 3, and 4

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 { 𝟒, 𝟑, 𝟐, 𝟏 }
The set containing the elements 1, 2, 3, and 4

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4 ∈ { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
4 is an element of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4 }

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5 ∈ { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
5 is not an element of the set { 1, 2, 3, 4}

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𝑆 = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
**Capital letter S is used to name the set.

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SETs
Two types:
Finite and Infinite

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 finite set
has a limited number of
elements

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 Example 1

P = { 0, 3, 6, 9, … , 99}

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 Example 2

A set of all English Alphabets

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 Example 3

𝐀 𝐬𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫

M = {January, February, March, April,
May, June, July, August, September,
October, November, December}

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 “
Cardinality of Finite Set
If ‘a’ represents the number of elements of set
A, then the cardinality of a finite set is
n (A) = a

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 Example 1

A set of all English Alphabets

𝐧 𝐀 = 𝟐𝟔

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 Example 2

A set of months in a year

𝐧 𝐌 = 𝟏𝟐

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Finite Sets - Types
Non-Empty Finite Set
either the number of elements
are big or only starting or
ending is given
N = { 1, 2, 3….n}
S = { a set of the number
of people living in India}
Empty Finite Set
An empty set is a set which
has no elements in it and can
be represented as { } and
shows that it has no element.
P ={}
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infinite set
has an unending of distinct
elements

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𝑵 = {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, . . . }
Natural (counting numbers)

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 Example 1

A set of all whole numbers

W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }

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 Example 2

A set of all points on a line

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 “
Cardinality of Infinite Set
The cardinality of a set is n (A) = x, where x is the number of
elements of a set A. The cardinality of an infinite set is

n (A) = ∞
as the number of elements is unlimited in it.

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Set-Builder
notation

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{ x | x is a natural number between 2 and 7} = { 3, 4, 5, 6}

The set of all such that x is a natural number

elements x between 2 and 7

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS – Using Set Notation and Terminology

Identify each set as finite or infinite. Then determine whether 10 is an

element of the set.

◎ { 7, 8, 9, . . . , 14 }
◎ 𝑥 𝑥 is a fraction between 1 and 2 }
1 1 1
◎ { 1, , , ,...}
4 16 64
◎ 𝑥 𝑥 is a natural number between 9 and 11 }

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS – Listing the Elements of a Set

Use set notation, and list all the elements of each set.

◎ 𝑥 𝑥 is a natural number less than 5}

◎ 𝑥 𝑥 is a natural number greater the 7 and
less than 14}

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 universal set
Contains all the elements (U )

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empty set or
null set
represented by
special symbol Ø

CAUTION: {∅} is not an empty set.

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Set of Numbers
as SUBSETS

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𝑺 = { 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒}
𝑺⊆𝑵
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 Example 1

𝑨 = { 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟗}
𝑩 = { 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}
𝑨⊆𝑩
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 Example 1

𝑨 = { 𝟐, 𝟓, 𝟗}
𝑩 = { 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟎}
𝑩⊆𝑨
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 “
Every set is a subset of itself.
Also, Ø is a subset of every set.

If A is any set, then A ⊆ A and Ø ⊆ A.

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 Venn
Diagram

B
A
A⊆B
U

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 “
Two sets A and B are equal whenever
A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.

{ 1, 2, 3 } = { 3, 2, 1 }

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 “
Two sets A and B are unequal
whenever A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A.

{ 1, 2, 3 } ≠ { 0, 1, 2 , 3}

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Examining Subset Relationships

Let 𝑈 = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
𝐴 = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11
𝐵 = 1, 3, 7, 9
𝐶 = 3, 9, 11
𝐷 = 1, 9
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
(a) D ⊆ B (b) B ⊆ D
(c) C ⊆ A (b) U = A
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OPERATIONS
ON SETS

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 Complement
of a Set
represented with a “prime” ( ‘ )

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 A
A’
U

′
𝑨 = 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝑼, 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨}
Given a set A and a universal set U, the set of all
elements of U that do not belong to set A is the
complement of set A.
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Finding Complements of Sets

Let 𝑈 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
𝐴 = 1, 3, 5, 7
𝐵 = 3, 4, 6

Find each set.

(a) A’ (b) B ‘ (c) Ø’ (c) U’

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Intersection
of Two Sets
represented by ∩

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 A B

𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 ∈ 𝑩}
Given two sets A and B, the set of all elements
belonging to both set A and set B is the
intersection of the two sets, written A ∩ B.
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 Intersection of two sets
Given
𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟕 and 𝑩 = 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟏
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟕 ∩ 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗, 𝟏𝟏
𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝟐, 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟕

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 Disjoints Sets
Given
𝑨 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟓𝟏, 𝟓𝟒 and 𝑩 = 𝟓𝟐, 𝟓𝟑, 𝟓𝟓, 𝟓𝟔
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝑨 ∩ 𝑩 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟓𝟏, 𝟓𝟒 ∩ 𝟓𝟐, 𝟓𝟑, 𝟓𝟓, 𝟓𝟔
𝑨∩𝑩= ∅

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Finding Intersections of Two Sets

Find each of the following. Identify any disjoints sets.

(a) 9, 15, 25, 36 ∩ 15, 20, 25, 30, 35

(b) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ∩ 1, 2, 3, 4

(c) 1, 3, 5 ∩ 2, 4, 6

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Union of Sets
represented by ∪

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 A B

𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 ∈ 𝑩}
𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ 𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝑨 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩}
The set of all elements belonging to set A or to set
B (or to both) is the union of the two sets,
written A ∪ B. 64
 Union of Two Sets
Given
𝑨 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓 and 𝑩 = 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓 ∪ 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗
𝑨 ∪ 𝑩 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟕, 𝟗

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Finding Unions of Two Sets

Let 𝑈 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
𝐴 = 1, 3, 5, 7
𝐵 = 3, 4, 6

Find each set.

(a) A’ (b) B ‘ (c) Ø’ (c) U’

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Finding Intersections of Two Sets

Find each of the following. Identify any disjoints sets.

(a) 1, 2, 5, 9, 14 ∪ 1, 3, 4, 8

(b) 1, 3, 5, 7 ∪ 2, 4, 6

(c) 1, 3, 5, 7, . . . ∪ 2, 4, 6, . . .

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