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Essential Skills to succeed
Topic-1
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Classifying Numbers
Natural Numbers: N = { 1, 2, 3, …}
Natural numbers (N) – the set of whole numbers from one to infinity (no
negative numbers and no fractions)
N = {1, 2, 3…}
Whole numbers (W) – the set of numbers from zero to infinity (no fractions,
decimals, or negatives)
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Integers (I) – the set of all positive and negative numbers, including zero
I = {…-2, -1, 0, 1, 2…}
Number Systems
Rational Numbers (Q) – the set of integers, fractions, all terminating and
repeating decimals. Any number that can be made by dividing one integer by
another. The word comes from “ratio”.
Q={
Key symbols:
1.1.5
Number Systems
Irrational Numbers (Q) are numbers that cannot be written as a ratio (or
fraction). The decimal goes on forever without repeating.
Examples:
– Pi is an irrational number.
= 3.1415926535897932384626433832795…this numbers cannot be written as a
simple fraction.
= 1.4142135623790950 -the square root of two cannot be written as a fraction so
therefore it is also irrational
Complex Numbers
Real Numbers
Rational Numbers
Integers
Irrational Numbers
Imaginary Numbers
Whole Numbers
Natural
Numbers
1.1.3
Summary of Number Systems
N Natural Numbers
W Whole Numbers
I Integers
Q Rational Numbers
Q Irrational Numbers
R Real Numbers
Classifying Numbers
1.1.4
Identify the following number into different category
Number N W I Q Q R
- 8 79
0.2152115…
169
-67
.432432432…..
110
Topic-2
Prime and composite numbers
Prime numbers
Any natural number greater than 1 that can only be divided by 1 and itself is called a prime
number.
For example,
5 is a prime number as it’s divisible only by 1 and 5.
10 is not a prime number as it’s divisible by 1, 2, 5, and 10
REMEMBER:
2 is the only even prime number
0 and 1 are not prime numbers
First 15 prime numbers are: 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19, 23,29,31, 37, 41, 43, and 47
Composite numbers
All the natural numbers that are divisible by more than 1 and itself are called
composite numbers.
For example,
10 is a composite number because it’s divisible by 2,
Divisibility Test
Rules of divisibility
Use the following table for the divisibility rule. A number is divisible by
2 It ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8
3 The sum of the numbers divisible is by 3
4 The numbers which are formed by the last two digits are divisible by 4
5 It ends in 0 and 5
6 It’s divisible by both 2 and 3
8 The numbers which are formed by the last three digits are divisible by 8
9 The sum of the numbers is divisible by 9
10 It ends in 0
11 The difference of the sum of the digits at odd places and the sum of the digits at even
places is either 0 or divisible by 11
12 It’s divisible by both 3 and 4
Exercise
1. Which of the following is always odd?
4. If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two negative integers, then which of the following is always true?
I. a + b is positive II. ab is negative III. a – b is negative IV. ab is positive
a) I only b) III and IV only
c) II only d) I and II only
e) IV only
Topic-3
Square roots
Square Roots
Square Roots of Fractions
How do we find the square root of a fraction such as the following example?
Example:
9
25
The steps are to find the square root of the numerator and the denominator.
The answer would be 3
5
Square Roots with a “-” Sign
What happens if there is a negative sign in front of the square root symbol?
Let’s have a look at the following example.
-√9
This means that
you are required
to find the
negative square The answer would be -3. The
root of the negative square root of 9 is -3.
number 9.
Solving Problems
You can use square roots to solve problems. Let’s look at an example of this.
Example: The area of Esther’s square flower bed is 25 m2.Find the length of
one side of the flower bed.
Solution: Write the formula for area of a square and substitute the given
area.
A = s2
25 = s2
To solve for s, ask yourself, “What is the square root of 25, or what number
multiplied by itself is 25?”
The square root of 25 is 5 (5 x 5 = 25). Therefore, the length of one side of
the flower garden is 5 m.
Try This
1. If a square pool has a surface area of 64 m2, what is the length of one side
of the pool?
Area = s2
Not a Perfect Square?
You can find the approximate square root of a non-perfect square using a
calculator.
The square
root of 42 is
approximately
6.5
Try This
If the area of a baseball diamond is about 751 m2, what is the distance from
third base to home plate?
Write out the formula for area of a square and substitute the given area.
A = s2
Topic-4
Power and Bases
Powers and Bases
23 This whole
expression is a
power.
The base is 2.
The exponent is
3.
Examples to Study
23 = 2 x 2 x 2
45 = 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x 4
4x3 = 4(x)(x)(x)
(-3)2 = -3 x -3
23y4 = (2)(2)(2)(y)(y)(y)(y)
Separating Terms
-4xy3z4g This is an
example of one
term.
Topic-5
Exponent Rules
Multiplying Powers
To multiply powers, add the exponents together only if the bases are the
same.
Examples:
22 x 23 = (2)(2)(2) x (2)(2) = 32
22 x 23 = 22+3 = 25 = 32
More Examples
To divide powers, subtract the exponents only if the bases are the same.
Any number with an exponent of zero is always equal to 1, except , which is undefined.
Examples:
=1
= -1
Zero Exponent Rule con’t…
(- -(-
If a bracket is included with the If the sign is not in the bracket, it
power, the sign in the bracket goes gets multiplied on after the power
to the power as well. has been applied.
Exponent Laws
62 ≠ 12 23 + 2 2 ≠ 25
62 x 63 ≠ 365 (a3)2 ≠ a9
65 ÷ 62 ≠ 13 (a + b)2 ≠ a2 + b2
1 3 2
16
5-2
=
25 4 = 9
-8a0 = -8
1 1 5
2 3 =
-32 = -9 6
4 = 100
2 3
3 2
-( 3 ) 0
= -1
6
50 + 5-1
= 2 3 9
5 2 =
-1 3 8
-6-2
=
36 3
(2-2 + 32 - 5-1)0 = -24
=1 3
2
32 + 2 3 + 4 0 = 18
Rewriting Powers to a Specified Base
25, 5 25 = 52 81, 3 81 = 34
Express as a power of 2:
Express as a power of 3.
272 x 814 x 93
= 318
2432
Simplifying and Evaluating Expressions with Powers
7. 5-3 8. -6a0
7. 5-3 1 8. -6a0 = -6
=
125
10. -5-2 -1
9. a x a
-3 4
= a1 =
25
11. (-5)-2 1 12. (-22)3 = -26 = -64
=
25
13. 8a10 ÷ 4a3 = 2a 7 14. -3a2b3 ÷ a-2b4 = -3a4b-1
1.7B.2
TOPIC-6
Introduction to Polynomials
Polynomial Terms
A polynomial is a collection of algebraic terms used to
represent a statement.
3
10x Degree 3
A term with more than one variable has a degree
equal to the sum of the exponents of the variables.
3 2
10x y Degree 5
The term with the highest degree, determines the
degree of the polynomial.
3.1.2
Additional Rules
The exponents must be whole numbers. This means that negative exponents
are not allowed.
This means we write the highest degree term first, the second highest degree
term next, and so on.
-5x2y3 has a degree of 5 (to find this we added the exponents of 2 and 3)
5x has a degree of 1
Degrees of Polynomials
Adding Polynomials
• When adding polynomials, drop the brackets and add like terms.
• Like terms MUST have the same variables and the same exponents
• Examples: 2x, -4x, and x
1(4x + 3) + 1(5x – 7)
4x + 3 + 5x – 7
4x + 5x + 3 – 7
9x - 4
Example
Identify like terms by circling or underlining them (include sign of each term).
2p + 5q – p3 + 4p3 + 3q2 + 6p – 9
Rewrite the polynomial with like terms grouped together. Again, be sure to
include the sign with each term.
3p3 + 8p + 3q2 + 5q - 9
Lesson : Subtracting polynomials
To subtract polynomials,
add the opposite
remove the brackets
group like terms
simplify
Example
9x – 3x + 4 + 1
6x + 5
Example
Instead of adding the opposite, you could multiply the second polynomial by “-1”.
(2x2 – 4x + 6) –1 (4x2 – 4x + 1)
2x2 – 4x + 6 – 4x2 + 4x – 1
3) 7x2 + 16x - 14
- 3x2 - 10x + 12
3.1.3
Practice Subtraction of Polynomials
-4x2 + 6x + 6
3.1.4
Lesson Outline
Multiply the coefficients together and add the exponents of the same base
together.
=
Example
Multiply the term outside of the bracket by each term inside the bracket.
NOTE: An addition sign is written before the “12” since the “3” being
multiplied in front is positive.
Example
Multiply the term outside of the bracket by each term inside the brackets.
Remember to watch the signs!
Don’t forget the exponent laws: when multiplying exponents with the
same base, add the exponents.
Multiplying Polynomials
FOIL
(2x + 3)(3x + 4) = 6x2 + 8x + 9x + 12
= 6x2 + 17x + 12
3.3.2
Expanding Binomials Squared
3.3.3
Practice Simplifying Polynomials
1. (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
3.3.4
Simplifying Polynomials
1. (3x + 2)(3x - 2)
= 9x2 - 6x + 6x - 4
= 9x2 - 4
3.3.4
Practice Simplifying Polynomials
5. (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 1)
3.3.5
Simplifying Polynomials
5. (x + 3)(x + 2)(x + 1)
= (x + 3)(x2 + 3x + 2)
= x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 3x2 + 9x + 6
= x3 + 6x2 + 11x + 6
3.3.5
Lesson Outline
When dividing exponents with the same base, subtract the exponents
Example
When dividing exponents with the same base, subtract the exponents
Practice Division by a Monomial
25x3 y 2
1.
5x 2 y
(4ab)(3a 2 )(6ab2 )
2. 2 2
8a b
8x 3 16x 2 24x
3.
8x
4.1A.4
Division by a Monomial
25x3 y 2 = 5xy
1. x≠0
5x 2 y y≠0
8x 3 16x 2 24x
3. = x2 - 2x + 3 x≠0
8x
4.1A.4
Practice Multiplying and Dividing Monomials
(6x3y2)(4x3y)
(-10xy4)(3x2y3)
16x4y5
-4xy
3.1.5
Multiplying and Dividing Monomials
(6x3y2)(4x3y) = 24x6y3
(-10xy4)(3x2y3) = -30x3y7
16x4y5
-4xy = -4x3y4
3.1.5
Lesson Outline
Manipulating Formulas
Manipulating formulas
4 2 LCD = 12
3
12 12 12 12
x 2 2x 3
1
4 3 6
3x + 12(1)= 4(2) + 2(2x + 3)
3x + 12 = 8 + 4x + 6
3x - 4x = 14 - 12
-x = 2
x = -2
Practice Using Cross-Multiplication
3 3
x≠2
2x 4 x 2
Using Cross-Multiplication
x 2 x 4 x ≠ 1, - 3
x 3 x 1
Solving Rational Equations
x 2 x 4 x ≠ 1, - 3
x 3 x 1
(x - 1)(x - 2) = (x + 3)(x + 4)
x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 + 7x + 12
-10x = 10
x = -1
23 x
6x 6x
7 3 5
1 LCD = 6x
3x 2x 6 x≠0
22
2
2x 3
22 = 2(2x - 3)
22 = 4x - 6
28 = 4x
7=x
Solving Rational Equations
3 5 4
2
x 7x 12 x 3 x 4
Solving Rational Equations
1. Factor first.
3 5 4
2 2. Find the LCD.
x 7x 12 x 3 x 4 3. Multiply every
(x-3)(x-4) (x-3)(x-4)
term by the
3 5 4 LCD.
(x 3)(x 4) x 3 x 4
3 + 5(x - 4) = 4(x - 3)
3 + 5x - 20 = 4x - 12
5x - 17 = 4x - 12
x=5
Last Topic
CIRCLE GEOMETRY
Lesson Outline
Circle Properties I
Vocabulary
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of the circle.
A lines that passes through the centre of a circle and is perpendicular to a
chord, bisects the chord.
A line that passes through the centre of a circle that bisects a chord is
perpendicular to the chord.
Perpendicular Bisector of Chord
•centre O
•chord AC
•OB is perpendicular to AC
Problem Solving
We can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find solve questions like this. In this
question we’re asked to find the radius.
Draw a radius from the centre point to either Point D or Point U (shown in
red).
Apply the Pythagorean Theorem.
a 2 + b 2 = c2
6 2 + 5 2 = c2
36 + 25 = c2
61 = c2
c = √61 = 7.8
Lesson Outline
Circle Properties II
Angles Inscribed in a Circle
The measure of the central angle is twice the measure of the inscribed angle
subtended by the same arc.
Angles Subtended by the Same Arc
Inscribed angles subtended by the same arc or chord are congruent (the
same; equal)
Angles Inscribed in a Semicircle