Points of Intersections

•Simultaneous equations
•the substitution method
•One linear / One quadratic
 Algebraic Method
: Solving by substitution extended
y= 2x + 1 “Solve simultaneously by
3x + 2y = 9 substitution method”

3x + 2y = 9
Since, y= 2x + 1 When, x = 1
3x + 2(2x + 1) = 9 Put into, y= 2x + 1
3x + 4x + 2 = 9 y= 2 x 1 + 1
7x + 2 = 9 y= 2 + 1
7x = 7 y= 3
x=1
 Have a go at this one
: Solving by substitution extended
y= x - 7 “Solve simultaneously by
xy = 8 substitution method”

Since, y= x - 7 (x - 8)(x + 1) = 0
xy = x(x – 7) = 8
Either
x-8=0
(8,1)
x2 - 7x = 8 x=8
x2 - 7x – 8 = 0 y= x - 7 = 8 - 7 = 1

x2 - 7x - 8= 0 or x+1=0
x = -1 (-1,-8)
(x - 8)(x + 1) = 0 y= x - 7 = -1 - 7
= -8
 Where do these cross?
2x - y + 1 = 0 and y = 2x2 + 3x +1
Rearranges to: “Always means you solve the
y= 2x + 1 simultaneous equations to
y = 2x2 + 3x +1 get where they cross”

Since, y= 2x + 1 x(2x + 1) = 0
y= 2x + 1 = 2x2 + 3x +1
Either
x=0 (0,1)
2x + 1 = 2x2 + 3x +1 y= 2x + 1 = 0 + 1 =1

1 = 2x2 + x +1 or 2x + 1 = 0
0 = 2x2 + x 2x = -1 (-1/2,0)
2x2 + x = 0 x = -1/2
y= 2x + 1 = 2(-1/2) + 1
x(2x + 1) = 0 = -1 + 1 = 0
Solving Linear + quadratic Equations Graphically
2
y=2x^2 + 3x + 1
1.5 y=2x+1

(0,1)
0.5

0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

-0.5

-1 (-1/2,0)
-1.5

-2
 Inequalities
E.g. 5x + 1 > 3(x + 2)
“follow same rules as equations:-
whatever you do to one side - you do to the other”

5x + 1 > 3(x + 2)
Expand brackets
5x + 1 > 3x + 6
-3x from both sides
2x + 1 > 6
-1 from both sides
2x > 5
Divide both side by 2 Page 66
ex A
x > 2.5 Q2
 Quadratic inequalities
ax +bx+c>0
2 …means “for what values of x is
this quadratic above the x axis”
e.g. x2+ x - 20 >0

ax +bx+c<0
2 …means “for what values of x is
this quadratic below the x axis”
e.g. x2+ x - 20 < 0
 Quadratic inequalities (2)
e.g. x2+ x - 20 >0
Factorises to (x-4)(x+5) >0
If (x-4)(x+5) = 0
x-4=0 or x+5=0
so, x = 4 or x = -5
Sketch it:
crosses x-axis at -5 and 4
“x2” - so a bowl shape
y-intercept is -20
We want:- x2+ x - 20 > 0
“>0” means above the x-axis
Either: x > 4 or x < -5 -5 > x > 4
 Factor
and
Remainder
Theorems
 The Remainder Theorem
When p(x) is divided by (x-a)

…. the remainder is p(a)

The Factor Theorem

For a given polynomial p(x)
If p(a) = 0
… then (x-a) is a factor of p(x)
 The Remainder Theorem – example
p(x) = x3 + 2x2 - 9x + 10
What is the remainder when
p(x) divided by x-2?

If we calculate p(2) …..

p(2) = (2)3 + 2(2)2 - 9(2) + 10
= 8 + 8 - 18 + 10
= 8
Our remainder
2 from (x-2)=0
 Page 95; Ex.G; Q3
If:
p(x) = x3 + bx2 + bx + 5
When is p(x) divided by x+2 the remainder is 5
Which theorem? The Remainder Theorem
If we calculate p(-2) …..
p(-2) = (-2)3 + b(-2)2 + b(-2) + 5
= -8 + 4b - 2b + 5
-2 from (x+2) = 2b - 3
By the Remainder theorem:
2b - 3 = 5 Our remainder
2b = 8 b=4
 Page 97; Q2 – AQA 2002
If:
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
a) Find f(2) f(2) = (2)3 + 3(2)2 - 6(2) - 8
= 8 + 12 - 12 - 8
= 0
b) Use the Factor Theorem to write a factor of f(x)
For a given polynomial p(x)
If p(a) = 0
… then (x-a) is a factor of p(x)

f(2) = 0
…. so (x-2) is a factor of x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
 Page 97; Q2 – AQA 2002
If:
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
b) (x-2) is a factor of x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
c) Express f(x) as a product of 3 linear factors
.. means (x-a)(x-b)(x-c)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
We know (x-2)(x-b)(x-c)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
…. consider (x-2)(ax2+bx+c)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
a=? a=1 : so x x ax2 = x3
(x-2)(x2+bx+c)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
c=? c=4 : so -2 x 4 = -8
(x-2)(x2+bx+4)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
 Page 97; Q2 – AQA 2002
If:
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
b) (x-2) is a factor of x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
c) Express f(x) as a product of 3 linear factors
(x-2)(x2+bx+4)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
Expand : need only check the x2 or x terms
… + bx2 -2x2 + … = … + 3x2 + ….
b-2=3 b=5 EASIER
Or … - 2bx + 4x + … = … - 6x + ….
-2b + 4 = -6 b=5 HARD
(x-2)(x2+5x+4)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
 Page 97; Q2 – AQA 2002
If:
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
b) (x-2) is a factor of x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
c) Express f(x) as a product of 3 linear factors
(x-2)(x2+5x+4)=x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
(x2+5x+4) = (x+4)(x+1)

So,
(x-2)(x+4)(x+1) = x3 + 3x2 - 6x - 8
……. a product of 3 linear factors